2. inheritance and population differences
(eugenics, the selection of best breeding
stock to develop superior strains of
humans) by Francis Galton (1892)
clinical medicine by Harold Cummins
(1936).
value of friction ridge prints in the field of
criminal identification by Henry Faulds
(1880)
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3. “ifthe expert does not have a basis
for understanding the permanence
and uniqueness of a feature . . . then
the expert cannot give any
consideration to that feature in
making an identification.”- Pat
Wertheim, 2000.
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4. “Noexpert should ever give weight to
any feature he or she does not
understand or is not able to defend in
court.”- Pat Wertheim, 2000.
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5. “By the late 1930s, fingerprint
examiners were already routinely
identifying latent prints without
knowing anything about the
morphology of their formation” –
Simon Cole,1999.
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6. • The largest organ of the human body.
It is approximately 15 to 20% of our body weight
and occupying almost 2 sq. m. (18 sq. ft.) of
surface area.
The skin that covers most our body is relatively
smooth, except palmar side of the hands, and in
the plantar side of the feet.
Such skin is called as volar skin or friction ridge
skin.
It is only 0.8 sq.m. and it’s the thickest
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12. The Basic Premises
• Principle of Permanence
- subsurface structure of friction skin
• Principle of Uniqueness
- prenatal development of friction ridges
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13. The Principle of Permanence
• the adherence of the epidermal cells to
each other
• the basal cell layer of the epidermis, and
its attachment to the basement
membrane, and
• the attachment of the basement
membrane to the dermis.
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20. The outermost layer. Flat, arranged in rows as dead cells.
DesmosomesCorneum , or Horny Layer
Stratum undergo degradation.
Consists of flat and translucent dead cells that contain protein
called eleidin. Lucidum, on palms and soles.
Stratum Appears only or Hyalin Layer
Initiates the process of keratinization associated with the dying
Stratum Granulosum, or Granular Layer
process of cells. The last of the living cells.
Called the “pickle cells” because of the many-sided cells that
have “spines” Spinosum, theirSpinous Layer
Stratum protruding from or surface.
Produces cells to replaced those being shed in the exposed
superficial layer. The deepest Generating Layer
Stratum Basale, or layer; parallel to the basement
membrane.
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21. These cells move on toward the surface,
Filled with keratin, become flatter and dryer.
The cells in the mid-layers are called cuboidal cells.
And when they get to the surface, they start to be
cornified, that means that they release keratin, become
dry and are flat. Then they die and shed off from the
surface.
The entire progression of keratinocytes in the basal
layer until it reached to the horny layer, the cells
(keratinocytes) are always bound by desmosomes.
After keratinizations occur, cells will slough off like
scales in the atmosphere.
This process is called desquamation.
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25. The Basement Membrane
• Basement membrane separates the
epidermis and dermis
• It serves as a filter of all the nutrients,
oxygen, waste and chemical signals to
and fro the epidermis.
• The basal layer cells is strongly
attached to the BMZ through a
hemidosmosome and small fibers.
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27. The Dermis
•Closely attached to the BMZ through
extensive network of fibers.
•Divide into papillary and reticular layers.
•Papillary layer surface area is increased
by the dermal papillae.
•Dermal papillae strengthen the epidemis-
dermis junction.
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28. The Principle of Uniqueness
• Before primary ridges emerge
- “units” of multiplying cells randomly growing
- units fuse together and form as linear ridges,
creating visible ridge structure at the bottom of
epidermis
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29. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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30. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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31. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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32. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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33. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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34. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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35. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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36. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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37. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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38. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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39. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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40. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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41. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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42. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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43. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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44. The onset of the first visible ridge structure at the epidermal-dermal junction
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45. The Principle of Uniqueness
• Development of a ridge
- 10.5 weeks EGA, ledge-like formations form on the
bottom of epidermis
- 14 weeks, primary ridges increase its dimension
and penetrate dermis
- 15 weeks, sweat glands begin to appear
- 16 weeks, secondary ridge emerge between
primary ridges. Sweat glands penetrate downward,
primary ridges push cells upward
- 17 to 24 weeks, minutiae permanently set.
Secondary ridges are almost the size and depth of
primary ridges.
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46. BEFORE the “critical stage of friction skin formation’
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47. DURING: 10-11 weeks EGA; Primary ridge protruding into the dermis
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51. AFTER: Secondary ridges continue to mature, surface ridges continue to form
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52. AFTER: Secondary ridges continue to mature, surface ridges continue to form
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53. AFTER: 17 to 24 weeks, minutiae permanently set. Secondary ridges are almost the size
and depth of primary ridges.
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54. The Principle of Uniqueness
• Three (3) levels of Uniqueness of
mature friction skin
- Level 1 is the overall pattern configuration, the
general ridge flow tendencies and the general
morphology (size and presence of incipient ridges)
exhibited by the friction ridge impression.
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55. Uniqueness of Level One Details
• Growth and regression of the volar pads
affect the alignment of ridges
• Genetics is not alone in controlling the
shape of the volar pads, also tensions
from the environment of the fetus, bone
morphology, and others, ex. Identical
twins, clones.
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74. Three (3) areas that primary ridges begin to form: apex of the volar pad, tip of the
finger, and interphalangeal flexion crease area
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75. Three (3) areas that primary ridges begin to form: apex of the volar pad, tip of the
finger, and interphalangeal flexion crease area
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76. Three (3) areas that primary ridges begin to form: apex of the volar pad, tip of the
finger, and interphalangeal flexion crease area
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77. Three (3) areas that primary ridges begin to form: apex of the volar pad, tip of the
finger, and interphalangeal flexion crease area
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78. Three (3) areas that primary ridges begin to form: apex of the volar pad, tip of the
finger, and interphalangeal flexion crease area
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79. Three (3) areas that primary ridges begin to form: apex of the volar pad, tip of the
finger, and interphalangeal flexion crease area
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80. The meeting of three (3) ridge fields
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81. The meeting of three (3) ridge fields
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82. The meeting of three (3) ridge fields
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83. The meeting of three (3) ridge fields
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84. The meeting of three (3) ridge fields
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85. The meeting of three (3) ridge fields
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86. Large count pattern formation: ridges form in the center first and proceed outward
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87. Large count pattern formation: ridges form in the center first and proceed outward
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88. Large count pattern formation: ridges form in the center first and proceed outward
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89. Large count pattern formation: ridges form in the center first and proceed outward
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90. Large count pattern formation: ridges form in the center first and proceed outward
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91. Large count pattern formation: ridges form in the center first and proceed outward
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92. Large count pattern formation: ridges form in the center first and proceed outward
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93. Small count pattern formation: ridges form on the outer perimeter of the pattern
area and proceed inward
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94. Small count pattern formation: ridges form on the outer perimeter of the pattern
area and proceed inward
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95. Small count pattern formation: ridges form on the outer perimeter of the pattern
area and proceed inward
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96. Small count pattern formation: ridges form on the outer perimeter of the pattern
area and proceed inward
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97. Small count pattern formation: ridges form on the outer perimeter of the pattern
area and proceed inward
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98. Small count pattern formation: ridges form on the outer perimeter of the pattern
area and proceed inward
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99. LARGE RIDGE COUNT WHORL PATTERN: Ridge proliferation was early; volar pad is
high
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100. LESSER RIDGE COUNT WHORL PATTERN: Volar pad regressing
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101. LESSER RIDGE COUNT WHORL PATTERN: Volar pad regressing
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102. LESSER RIDGE COUNT WHORL PATTERN: Volar pad regressing
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103. ARCH PATTERN: Volar pad totally regressed during the onset of primary ridge
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104. LARGE RIDGE COUNT LOOP PATTERN: Ridge proliferation was early; volar pad is
high
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105. LESSER RIDGE COUNT LOOP PATTERN: Volar pad regressing
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106. LESSER RIDGE COUNT LOOP PATTERN: Volar pad regressing
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107. LESSER RIDGE COUNT LOOP PATTERN: Volar pad regressing
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108. ARCH PATTERN: Volar pad totally regressed during the onset of primary ridge
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109. The Principle of Uniqueness
• Three (3) levels of Uniqueness of
mature friction skin
- Level 2 refers to the type and position of minutiae,
points, or ridge characteristics, including their
morphology (size and shape) which are a unique
formation.
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110. Uniqueness of Level Two Details
• As the volar surface is growing, existing
ridges are separated new ridges emerge
• During the critical stage, volar surface is
continually ridged
• Bifurcation results of new ridges pulling away
from existing ridges to fill the unridged
surface
• Short ridge results of developing ridge
sandwiched between established ridges
• Governed by interdependent stresses,
tensions, interactions with surrounding ridges
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111. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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112. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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113. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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114. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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115. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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116. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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117. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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118. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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119. Mechanical Fusion Theory: As existing ridges separate, a demand for new ridges is
created because the surface has a tendency to be continually ridged
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120. 16 weeks EGA, secondary ridges form, minutia becomes set
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121. Ridges increase in size and become mature
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122. Ridges increase in size and become mature
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123. Ridges increase in size and become mature
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124. Ridges increase in size and become mature
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125. Ridges increase in size and become mature
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126. Ridges increase in size and become mature
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127. The Principle of Uniqueness
• Three (3) levels of Uniqueness of
mature friction skin
- Level 3 includes all dimensional attributes of a
ridge, such as ridge path deviation, width, shape,
pores, edge contour, incipient ridges, breaks,
creases, scars and other permanent details.
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128. Uniqueness of Level 3 Details
• Ridge units have been subject to genetic and
physical pressures while growing
• Ridge units are growing at random and
independently (differential growth)
• As it mature, it fuses with each other to form a
complete friction ridge
• Unique ridge unit
+ Unique ridge unit
Unique friction ridge
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129. Uniqueness of Level 3 Details
• Along the surface of the ridge are minute
openings called as Pores
• Pores function as to
• Regulate body heat
• Remove waste from the body
• Increase friction by depositing moisture
onto the surface of the ridges
• Pores contribute to individuality
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130. • Double Loop
• Accidental Whorl
• Caused by
• irregular volar pad growth or regression
• Growth of bone in distal phalanx
• Pressure on digit while growing
• Dysplasia of Down’s syndrome patient
134. Cellular attachments ensure permanence
Variable stresses and cellular distributions
account for individuality on all “three levels”
of detail
The End
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135. Kasey Wertheim and Alice Maceo, ”The
Critical Stage of Friction Ridge and
Pattern Formation,” Journal of Forensic
Identification, 52 (1), 2002
136. No less than the Holy Quran is reminding us of Allah’s
(the Creator of mankind) power to provide us unique
identifier of our self. Surah 75:4 says,
“Yes, We are Able to put together in
perfect order the tips of his fingers.”
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