1. Digital Footprint and many
other challenges and
evolutionary paths
Justino Lourenço – Feb.2012
ISPGaya, V.N.Gaia, Portugal

2. Index
Digital Footprint
Mobile Communication technologies
Communication cells concept
Relevant issues
What comes next?

3. Digital footprint …

4. Definition
 A digital footprint is a trail left by interactions in a digital
environment; including the usage of TV, mobile phone,
internet and world wide web, mobile web and other devices
and sensors. Digital footprints provide data on what has been
performed in the digital environment; and are used in
behavioral targeting, personalization, targeted marketing,
digital reputation, and other social media or social graphing
services. In social media, a digital footprint is the size of a
person's "online presence" measured by the number of
individuals with whom they interact. [Wikipedia, 25 Jan 2013]
 A person's “digital footprint” reflects how he or she actively
participates in the digital universe, including use of the
Internet and social networks, e-mail, cell phones, digital
cameras and credit cards.
(Source: http://securitysolutions.com/mag/digital_footprint_idc/)

5. What is the problem?
 A big amount of personal data is distributed among several
heterogeneous Databases ….
1994: George Orwell publishes the book “1984”;
1997: Wim Wenders directs the movie “The End of Violence”;
2007: Mary Madden, Susannah Fox, Aaron Smith and Jessica
Vitak publishes the book “Digital Footprints”;
2009: Tony Fish publishes the book “My Digital Footprint”;
………………………;

6. Ordinary daily scenario
 After waking up, i start zapping on my cable TV;
 While eating I surf on my tablet;
 I am going to work, while my car (in the background) is
syncing some maintenance data threw a 4G network;
 During the trip I get caught by several traffic and surveillance
cameras;
 I stop @ an ATM;
 I arrive at work, I use my NFC phone to check in;
 I start the working day by checking email.

7. Any of you have “googled” your
own name?
 47 % of American users have at leas once searched on the
Internet their own name.
 Five years ago the number was only 22%.

8. Who profits with that?
 The collected data can be used by the several players, in order
to redirect marketing attacks in a one-to-one approach ….

9. How do we handle our personal
problem?
 Personal data spread in a non homogeneous form;
 Worldwide dissemination;
 Complex to be quantified;
 Dynamically changing.
Some companies already earn money in Googlewashing…

10. Digital Footprint Scenarios
 ATM
 Cable TV Interaction
 Traffic Control System
 Internet tracks
 Wired access
 Wireless access
 2G/ 3G / 4G
 Granularity of the cells

11. ATM

12. Cable TV interaction

13. Traffic Control System

14. Internet tracks
 Cookies approach;
 Spontaneous data spreading;
 Surfing tracks;
 Social network activities.

15. Surfing the web – Wireless
 WIRED: Allocated IP gives me a geographical position
 WLAN: Several software solutions track the users connected
to an AP.
 3G/4G: Databases keep track of geographical position;

16. Wired Access tracks
 IP Providers need to prevent fraud over Internet;

17. WLAN Access
 Access Points keep track of each connect client …

18. 3G / 4G Access

19. Some important issues:
 To have high rates of transmission you will have always to
deal with:
 Noise
 Signal attenuation
 Interference
 Spectrum availability

20. Technical Aspects
 Noise
 Noise Model
 Signal Attenuation
 Interference
 Multipath
 Conclusions

21. Noise ?

22. Noise model example

23. Signal attenuation

24. Interference
 Other signals in the same spectrum
 Coexistence of signals using the same channel
Exceptions for CDMA approach!

25. Co-channel Interference

26. Multipath Effect

27. Conclusions
 So as long as the signal travels in wireless/cable the signal
suffers from attenuation/noise/interference so:
Shorter paths are better
Move into smaller cells Easier user localization

28. Technical Aspects
 Evolutionary path of the mobile networks
 Standards for mobile communications
 1G
 2G
 3G
 LTE
 Wimax

29. What was the evolutionary path in
mobile networks?
 Analog approach (1G);
 Digital Approach (2G and beyond )

30. Steps in the evolutionary path
 1980’s
 @ First voice was treated in a similar form to PSTN;
 Broadband systems;
 Full analog communications;
 Voice centric;
 Up to 56 Kbps;
 Autonomy problems;
 Not as portable as desired;
 And of course the communication costs…

31. Standards for 1G
 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) - Nordic countries,
Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia;
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) - North America
and Australia,;
 TACS (Total Access Communications System) - United
Kingdom;
 C-450 - West Germany, Portugal and South Africa,
 Radiocom 2000 – France;
 RTMI - Italy.;
 Japan - JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications
System) .

32. Standards for 2G
 GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost
all countries on all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for
over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM
operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency
band (CDMA450).[2]
 IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as
simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of
Asia. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM
including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.
 PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
 iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the
United States and Telus Mobility in Canada
 D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA'
in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have
migrated to GSM.

33. Standards for 3G
 The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created
and revised by the 3GPP:
 W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated
on the 2,100 MHz band. A few others use the 850, 900 and 1,900
MHz bands.
 HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-
CDMA standard and offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76
MBit/s up. HSPA is backwards compatible with and uses the
same frequencies as W-CDMA.
 HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide
theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and
22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air interface
improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO.
Technically though, MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the
"+" enhancements of HSPA+

34. 3GPP Long Term Evolution
(LTE)
 The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is
often branded "4G-LTE", but the first LTE release does not
fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements!
 LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in
the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is
used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e.
antenna arrays, are used.
 IMT specifications are more severe, check this link!

35. Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
 The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless
broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro
in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak
data rates of hundred Mbit/s downlink and less then a
hundred Mbit/s uplink.

36. Communications Cell Concept

37. Concept / Evolution of cell
 Communication Cell: maximum range of a mobile
communications technology that guarantees the following
objectives:
 Acceptable quality communication
 Reasonable data flow (uplink / downlink)
 Adequate BER
 Technological Support

38. Types of cells
 Macrocell;
 Microcell;
Cell size decreasing
 Picocell;
 Femtocell.

39. Granularity of the cells
 Questions?
 More users
 Spectrum allocation Smaller Communication
Cells …
 More Bandwidth
 Better S/N
 Better BER
Better georeference detection of
each user!

40. Cells Evolution

41. Femtocell Approach

42. Architecture Review
 Technical aspects of Mobile Architectures from 1G to ..

43. GSM Architecture

44. 3 G Architecture

45. LTE

46. WLAN Traffic Offload in LTE

47. WLAN Traffic Offload in LTE (2)
 However, this works only for a complete offload, i.e. it is either
possible to communicate over the LTE connection or over the
WLAN connection, but not over (The reason is that in this
architecture the WLAN network is considered as a foreign
network, to which all the data packets are forwarded when there
is a corresponding entry in the binding cache of the HA)

48. Evolution perspectives ?

49. What about 5G, 6G ..
 All IP network;
 Infraestruture shared;
 Contents are Multimedia;
 Voice is becoming residual;
 Unit of communication Gbps;
 Massive optical fiber distribution around the cities;
 Increasing number of Cellular diffusion systems;
 Massive use of “Smart Antenna” technology;

50. Smart Antenna Tech

51. More future features ..
 With the increasing demand of :
 Data traffic;
 QoS;
 Low latency
Some services are non time critical !
Release resources to time critical services..

52. How to do it ?
 Delay Tolerant approach :

53. What can DTN brings?
 Preventive network overload;
 Bypass network disruptive connectivity.
 How ?
 Distribute contents whenever the nodes / network is ready!
 Examples ?

54. Multimedia Delivery

55. Internet is always changing ..

56. What about internet evolution ?
 Will IP v6 be enough ?
 Move into a new Future Internet Approach:
 4WARD
 NSF
 FIRE

57. Web versions evolution

59. What about TV / Radio?
 Buggles - Video killed the radio star 1979
 Now will Youtube kill the TV ?

60. So TV …?
 All IP (or future Internet support) will be nothing more then a
multimedia repository ….
 We will keep watching the news / sports/ … alive;
 But we will see the contents as we want.
 E-learning solutions;
 E-health solutions;
 TV and Computer fusion?

61. Questions ?
Thank you for your time and
patience ..
Justino Lourenço – ISPGaya
http://www.linkedin.com/in/justinolourenco
jml@ispgaya.pt