1. Aristotle Natural Motion

2. Galileo Experimentation

3. Newton Newton’s Laws of Motion, Gravity

4. Linear Motion distance SPEED = time

5. Linear Motion displacement VELOCITY = time

6. Earth -> Sun distance 1.497 x 1011m Time = velocity = 3 x 108m/s = 498.9 seconds = 8.3 minutes

7. Sun -> Mars d 2.28 x 1011m t = v = 3 x 108m/s = 760.3 seconds = 12.67 minutes

8. Acceleration change in velocity Acceleration = time

9. Deceleration = Negative Acceleration

10. Saleen S7 Turbo vf– vi 60 mph – 0 mph mph a = t = 3.3 s = 18.2 s = 0.005 mi/s2

11. Gravitational Acceleration

12. Free Fall Acceleration due to GRAVITY Mass doesn’t matter

13. Gravitational Acceleration Velocity increases at a constant rate vf - vi a = t 20m/s - 10 m/s = 1 second = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2

14. Distance Fallen Distance = Velocityaverage x time vi + vf = 2 x t 0 + gt = 2 x t = 1/2 gt2

15. Transamerica Building 46 g golf ball droppedfrom top of Transamericabuilding 7.35 seconds to hit ground d = ????

16. Transamerica Building 46 g golf ball droppedfrom top of Transamericabuilding 7.35 seconds to hit ground d = 1/2gt2 = (0.5)(9.8 m/s2)(7.35s)2 = 265 m = 853 ft

17. g and elevation ATT vs. Coors Field sea level 5280 ft 9.8185 m/s2 9.8136 m/s2

18. G force Extreme Acceleration > 1g Breathing difficultiesblackout

19. Gravity

20. Newton’s Laws of Motion Every body continues in a state of rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. INERTIA

21. Inertia

22. Newton’s Laws of Motion 2) The acceleration produced by a Force acting upon on body is directly proportional to the mass of the body. F = m x a

23. Force Units F = m x a = 2000 kg x 0.05 m/s2 = 100 kg m/s2 = 100 Newtons

24. Force of Gravity F = m x a Fg = m x g Fg = WEIGHT

25. Mass vs. Weight 60 kg person Weight = m x g Earth Moon Jupiter (60 kg)(9.8m/s2) (60 kg)(1.67 m/s2) (60 kg)(25.9 m/s2) 588 N 100 N 1552 N

26. Weightlessness “less” gravityNOT no gravity

27. Newton & Gravity 1687 Principia “Every object in the universe is attracted to and attracts every other object in the universe by a force called gravity”

28. Gravitational Force Mutually attractive force Inverse square GM1M2 Fg = r2 where G = 6.67 x 10-11Nm2/kg2

29. g on Uranus? Fg = m x g = GM1M2/r2 G Mplanet g = rplanet2 (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2)(8.44 x 1025 kg) g =(2.56 x 107 m)2 g = 8.59 m/s2

30. Size of Gravitational Force (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) (60 kg)(60 kg) Fg = (1 m)2 Fg = 2.4 x 10-7 N

31. Size of Gravitational Force (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) (6 x 1024 kg)(7.35 x 1022kg) Fg = (3.83 x 108 m)2 Fg = 2 x 1020 N

32. Escape Velocity d = 1/2gt2 for objects in free fall 2d = gt2 but t = v/g for free fall2d/g = t2 = (v/g)2 2 dg = v2 √2dg = v = ESCAPE VELOCITY

33. Escape Velocity vE = √2dg = √2gREarth = √2(9.8m/s2)(6.378 x 106 m) = 11.18 X 103 m/s

34. How high will it go? V2 = 2dg V2/2g = d (10 m/s)2 2 (9.8 m/s2) = d d = 5.1 m

35. Newton’s Laws of Motion In the absence of outside forces, the total momentum of a set of objects remains the same no matter how the objects interact with one another. p = m v

36. Conservation of Momentum m vbefore = m vafter (3000 kg)(10m/s) + (1000 kg)(0 m/s) = (3000 kg)v’ + (1000 kg) (15 m/s) 30,000 kg m/s = (3000 kg) v’ + 15,000 kg m/s 15,000 kg m/s = (3000 kg) v’ -------> v’ = 5 m/s

37. Conservation of Momentum m vbefore = m vafter (2000 kg) (8 m/s) + (50 kg) (0 m/s) = (2000 + 50 kg) v’ 16,000 kg m/s ÷ 2050 kg = v’ = 7.8 m/s

38. Inelastic Collisions (2 kg)(10 m/s) 3 kg v = 0 m/s v’ =?

39. Elastic Collisions (2 kg)(10 m/s) 3 kg v = -2 m/s v’ =?

40. Angular Momentum m1 x v1 x r1 = m2 x v2 x r2

41. Circular Motion 2 r = diameter 2πr = circumference Magnitude of v doesn’t change but direction does

42. Centripetal Acceleration v a = t vt - vb = 1/2(2r)/v 2v =r/v v2 mv2 ac = rFc = r

43. Applications Spin cycle washer

44. Car turning

45. The ROTOR

46. Centripetal Force mball = 0.25 kg r = 0.5 m v = 2 m/s Fc = ?

47. Centripetal Force mball = 0.25 kg r = 0.5 m v = 2 m/s (0.25 kg)(2 m/s)2 Fc = 0.5 m = 2 Newtons

48. Roller Coaster Loop Fc > Fg mv2 r > mg V2/r > g

49. Conservation of Energy The Energy of the Universe Is neither created nor destroyed; It merely changes form.

50. Forms of Energy

51. Work and Power W = F x d work Power = time

52. Work W = F x d W = m x g x d W = (50 kg)(9.8m/s2)(5m) = 2450 kg m2/s2 = 2450 Joules

53. Power Work Power = time 2450 J = 30 s = 81.67 J/s = 81.67 Watts

54. Kinetic Energy Work = F x d = (m x a) x d If d = 1/2at2 and v = atthen d = 1/2a(v/a)2 = 1/2v2/a W = m a d = m a (1/2 av2/a) = 1/2mv2

55. Potential Energy Potential Energy = m x g x h

56. Potential & Kinetic Energy PE + KE = Total Energy PEtop = KEbottom mgh = 1/2mv2 2gh = v2 V = √2gh

57. Escape Velocity vE = √2dg = √2gREarth = √2(9.8m/s2)(6.378 x 106 m) = 11.18 X 103 m/s

58. Terminal Velocity 1 Kg book falls 1 meter vf = ? V = √2gh = √2(9.8m/s2)(1m) = √19.6 m2/s2 = 4.4 m/s

59. How tall is the incline? V = 5.42 m/s V = √2gh Thus h = v2/2g = (5.42 m/s)2/2(9.8 m/s2) = 1.5 m

60. Roller Coaster

61. Pole Vault World Record = 6 m V = √2gh = √2 (9.8m/s2)(6 m) = 10.9 m/s

62. Heat transfer Heat: Energy transferred between 2 systems in contact and at different temperatures

63. Temperature Average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules

64. Temperature scales

65. Biological Temperature Regulation Human: 37C = 98.6 F Shivering, flushing

66. Biological Temperature Regulation Birds Animal fat layer

67. Specific Heat The Amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of a given substance

68. Heat Energy Q Q = m C T C in units of Joules/g °C or calories/g °C Heat Energy

69. Heat Capacity C

70. Calories 1 calorie: amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1.0 gram H2O 1° C

71. Dietary Calories 1 Calorie = 1000 calories 100 Calories 100,000 calories!

72. Calorie burning

73. Heat Transfer Wooden vs. Aluminum Each pot contains 500 cal. Each spoon 100 g How hot will each one get?

74. Heat Transfer Aluminum spoon Q = mCT = 500 cal = (100g)(0.22cal/gºC) T 500 cal T = (100g) (0.22cal/gºC) = 22.73°C

75. Heat Transfer Wooden spoon Q = mCT = 500 cal = (100g)(0.58cal/gºC) T 500 cal T = (100g) (0.58cal/gºC) = 8.82°C

76. Identifying Unknowns A 400 g metal w/3680 Joules of Heat Temp 50°C -> 60°C What is C? Q C = mT = 3680 J/400g (10°C) = 0.92 J/g °C

77. Limiting Heat Transfer Cair = 0.17 cal/g°C

78. Refrigeration

79. Sound Energy Result of Vibrations Air molecules disturbed Ear membrane vibration Auditory nerve -> Brain

80. Hearing

81. Cochlea

82. Waves

83. Wavelength: distance between crests() Frequency: # crests pass a given pt/time (f)  x f = velocity of sound (m) (1/sec) 1/sec = HERTZ

84. Infrasound f of elephant communication if  is 34 m? f x  = vs = 340 m/s vs Thus f =  = 10 1/s = 10 Hz

85. Ultrasound f of dolphin communication if  is 0.0034 m? f x  = vs = 340 m/s vs Thus f =  = 105 Hz

86. Audible Sound Waves Hearing range fornormal human:20 - 20,000 Hz S,z,c soundsvs. M,b sounds

87. Sound & Medium Velocity of sound in different media

88. Sound & Temperature vs = vo + (0.61 m/sºC)T

89. Hot Day vs. Cold Day 110° F vs. –30 ° F? At 110° F = 43.33 °C vs = 331 m/s + (0.61m/s °C) (43.3 °C) = 357.43 m/s At –30 ° F = –34.4 ° Cvs = 331 m/s + (0.61m/s °C) (–34.4 ° C) = 310 m/s

90. Echolocation Bat sends signal and receives echo 0.7 slater in 4° C cave --how far is the wall? vs = 331 m/s + (0.61m/s °C) (4°C) =333.4m/s d = v x t = vs x t/2 = (333.4m/s)(0.35s) =116.7 m

91. Sound Intensity Bel = 10 db intensity doubling (d2)2 I1 (d1)2 = I2 Intensity drops with (distance)2

92. Sound Intensity

93. Intensity comparison Standing 2 m vs. 200 m from jet taking off? (200m)2 120 db (2 m)2 x 40000/4 = 105 = 5 factors of 10 x = 70 db

94. Doppler Effect

95. Doppler Effect Approaching sound f Vs f’ = f VS - V Retreating sounds f Vs f’ = f VS + V

96. Doppler Example Approaching at 30m/s: 340m/s f’ = (440 Hz) 340 - 30 m/s = 483 Hz Retreating at 30 m/s: 340m/s f’ = (440 Hz) 340 + 30 m/s = 404 Hz

97. Medical Doppler Blood flow velocity F= 80000 Hz, f’ = 80020 Hz f’ vs 1500 m/s f = vs - v = 1.00025 = 1500 - v m/s => v = 0.375 m/s = 37.5 cm/s

98. Sonic Boom

99. Music Pythagoras Octave = 2 f Harmonious frequencies = simpler ratio