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A Regional Geography of Canada: Its Physical Base and Historical Development
- 1. A Regional Geography ofA Regional Geography of CanadaCanada Study Canada 2012 David RossiterDavid Rossiter Department of Environmental Studies, WWUDepartment of Environmental Studies, WWU F H Johnston: Fire Swept – Algoma, 1920
- 2. “If some countries have too much history, we have too much geography.” – PM W.L. Mackenzie King,1936 Whistler, BC backcountry. Photo: D. Rossiter,
- 3. Oh, to brag…Oh, to brag… • Second largest country • Canada’s total area: 9,984,670 sq.km – 9,093,507 sq.km land – 891,163 sq.km freshwater. • Coastline: 243,042 km – Longest in world • Resource rich • Sparse yet diverse population Source: Statistics Canada
- 4. BC ALTA SASK MTBA ONT QUE NB NS PEI NFLD and LAB YK NWT NVT Pop QuizPop Quiz
- 6. How to make sense of it all?How to make sense of it all? • Physical base • Human geography – current patterns • Historical geography and political economy • Oil Canada: regions, environment, and economy
- 7. The Physical BaseThe Physical Base • Geology • Topography • Soils • Vegetation • Climate Fundamental to understanding Canada’s human geography and historical development
- 8. The Late Wisconsin Ice AgeThe Late Wisconsin Ice Age • Maximum extent 18,000 years ago • Started to recede 15,000 years ago • Last remnants in Rockies 7,000 years ago Glacial till and erratic – NS Drumlin – Alberta Glacial valley - Alberta
- 11. Appalachian UplandsAppalachian Uplands • N. Appalachian Mountains • Rounded uplands; narrow river valleys • Rocky, shallow soils • Mixed forest • Cool, maritime climate – short summer, wet winter NFLD Coast
- 12. Great Lakes – St. LawrenceGreat Lakes – St. Lawrence LowlandsLowlands • Sedimentary rock and glacial deposits • Flat, rolling topography • Good soil • Moderate climate, good growing season – humid and hot summer / cold winter Oak Ridges Moraine – S. Ontario
- 13. Canadian ShieldCanadian Shield • Geol. core of N.A. • Precambrian rocks – > 3 billion yrs old • Widespread glaciation – shallow soils, exposed granite • Mixed and Boreal forest • Northern continental climate – hot, short summer / cold, long winter North Shore, Quebec
- 14. Interior PlainsInterior Plains • Sedimentary rock • Shaped by glacial and hydrological processes – river valleys • Drain east to Hudson Bay • Decent soils in south • Oil and gas deposits • Continental climate – moderate precip. – hot summer / cold winter Wheat fields outside Winnipeg, MB South Saskatchewan River
- 15. CordilleraCordillera • Formed 40-80 million years ago – colliding NA and Pac. plates • Glaciers in high alpine • Fertile river valleys and deltas • Mostly coniferous forest • Micro-climates – warmer, wetter on coast – colder, drier in interior Alberta Rockies The Barrier – Coast Mountains
- 16. Hudson Bay LowlandsHudson Bay Lowlands • Youngest phyiso. reg. in Canada • Muskeg – w/ low ridges of sand and gravel • Poorly drained – low elev., level surface • Northern climate – maritime influence – short summer / long winter Muskeg James Bay delta
- 17. Arctic LandsArctic Lands • ~25% of Canada’s territory • Coastal lowlands & plateaux and mtns. (Innutian) • Mainly sedimentary rock w/ permafrost • Glaciers still active • Areas of polar desert Baffin Island - Nunavut
- 18. Where are all the people?Where are all the people? Short answer: • In cities, near the USA – ~80% of Canadians live in cities (100,000+) – ~80% of Canadians live within 100km of USA
- 19. Population density, 2006Population density, 2006 Map source: Atlas of CanadaMap source: Atlas of Canada Total population, 2011 - 33,476,690Total population, 2011 - 33,476,690 Source: Statistics CanadaSource: Statistics Canada LegendLegend Density by Census Div. (persons / sq.km) < 0.1 0.1-0.9 1.0-3.5 3.6-19.9 20.0-49.9 50.0-150.0 > 150.0
- 20. Major Cities andMajor Cities and ProductiveProductive AgriculturalAgricultural LandsLands
- 21. Where are all the people?Where are all the people? Longer answer: • All over – “Heartland” (cities) draws on resources of “hinterland” – north dominated by resource towns and regional service centres
- 22. Resource ReliantResource Reliant Communities, 2001Communities, 2001 Map source: Atlas of CanadaMap source: Atlas of Canada LegendLegend 30-100% of income from: AgricultureAgriculture EnergyEnergy FisheryFishery ForestryForestry MiningMining
- 23. Financial Specialization, 1996Financial Specialization, 1996 Map source: Atlas of CanadaMap source: Atlas of Canada LegendLegend Degree of specialization LowLow toto High
- 24. An historical-geography ofAn historical-geography of Canada’s political economyCanada’s political economy in 10 minutes…in 10 minutes…
- 25. Three Popular ExplanationsThree Popular Explanations • Staples Development – Canada developed by resource extraction • Heartland-hinterland patterns – International, national, regional scales • Physical disunity (or, unity despite geography) – Human settlement in patches, difference from USA
- 26. Storehouse of Raw Materials?Storehouse of Raw Materials? • “Hewers of wood and drawers of water” • Early Euro interests more commercial than colonial – fish, fur, timber • Settlement through extraction and export – Trade with “mother countries” • Resources still major economic sector
- 27. Regional Run-downRegional Run-down • New France (later Quebec / Lower Canada) – From 17th C: “habitant” agriculture, fur trade, forestry • Maritimes (NFLD, Acadia; later NB, NS, PEI) – From 17th C: fisheries, lim. ag.; 19th C: forestry NB • Upper Canada; later Ontario – From 18th C: freehold agriculture; 19th C: manufacturing in south, mining & forestry in north • West (“the NW”, the prairies, the cordillera) – From 18th C: fur trade; 19th C: mining & forestry in BC, agriculture in prairies
- 28. Source: www.canadianheritage.org ChangingChanging EconomicEconomic Geographies:Geographies: From East toFrom East to West (and backWest (and back again) in the late-again) in the late- 1919thth C…C…
- 29. ……to North and South (and all over) in theto North and South (and all over) in the 2020thth C.C. GM plant – Oshawa, ON
- 33. Northern GatewayNorthern Gateway Map source: pacifcwild.org
- 34. References • Many maps and images were obtained at: – www.canadainfolink.ca/geog.htm – http://atlas.nrcan.gc/site/english/index.html • Other resources: – A good atlas of Canada – Historical Atlas of Canada, vols. 1-3, University of Toronto Press – Heartland and Hinterland, McCann and Gunn – Regional Geography of Canada, Bone