This document provides guidance on effective public speaking. It emphasizes that public speaking is about engaging an audience, not just reciting a script. The speaker should focus on spontaneity, experiences, and relating to the audience rather than themselves. Nonverbal communication, including eye contact, gestures, and body language, account for at least 80% of the message. Speakers are advised to structure speeches by introducing the issue, providing facts, outlining options, proposing a solution, and ending positively. Targeting the speech to the audience's characteristics and keeping the content concise are also important aspects of public speaking covered.

1. PUBLIC SPEAKING
Claudio Calini

2. “Courage is what it takes to stand
up and speak; courage is also what
it takes to sit down and listen”.
Winston Churchill

3. What “public speaking” is NOT...
1. reading a speech
2. reciting a speech learnt by heart
3. reading powerpoint slides
4. follow a pre-defined plot

4. WHY?
Because you have to deal with the
audience.
Audience is not a blank entity but
it's compounded of people with
emotions, reactions, expectations,
culture, thoughts.

5. Thanks to the previous slide we
can say that:
1. “public speaking” is, first of all,
addressing the others and not
ourselves.
2. “public speaking” is a relation
process with someone.

6. The core of “public speaking” is the
PERSON
- spontaneity: “I'm so prepared that I
can forget the plot”.
- experiences: “what I say is filtered by
memories, experiences etc”.
- the audience: “the others are so
important that I forget about myself”.
- relation: “No plot or speech can make
me forget about the other people”.

7. Through “public speaking” you
might be able to:
1. Convince
2. Touch
3. Teach
4. Urge to do something

8. Target audience (if possible)...

9. Your speech must suit the target audience
that you are addressing:
ISSUES
PROBLEMS
GENERAL ATTITUDES
CULTURAL LEVEL
SENSIBILITIES

10. “Public speaking” is not only about
words. Just 7% of the
communication deals with words.
At least 80% of our relation with
audience happens through our
body (gesture, way to walk, look...)

11. How to use our body...

12. EYES
1. Never stare at the same person.
2. Never look at the audience too
fast.
3. Look at one group of people for
few seconds, then change group
and so on.
4. Never look at the roof, floor or
something which is not related to
the audience.
5. Never turn your back to the
audience.

13. ARMS+HANDS
1. Never cover the screen with your
arms.
2. Don't move just your arms or
your hands but all your body.
3. Gestures make our words
effective, full of meaning.
4. Use natural, simple and definite
gestures.
5. Never cross your arms.

14. LEGS AND POSITION:
1. Never cross your legs.
2. Never walk too fast or too
nervously.
3. Stand in the middle of the room
or at least where everyone can see
you clearly.
4. You can walk among people but
then come back to the “center of
gravity” (the neuter point you've
choosen to start your speech).

15. LEGS, POSITION AND
BEHAVIOUR:
5. Don't put barriers between you
and the audience (desk, chair,
laptop).
6. Create a contact between you
and the audience. Be one of them.
7. Never be nasty even when the
audience disagree with you.
8. Be opened to questions.

16. How to structure a speech...

17. - Issue – in your introduction make it clear
exactly what you will be talking about.
- Facts - give the basic facts about the issue or
describe the reasons for the problem, and what
will happen if nothing is done.
- Options – briefly tell people what could be done
about this issue or problem. Here you can
describe a number of alternatives.
- Proposal – clearly state what you believe is the
right way to deal with the issue or problem and
describe your organisation’s policies,
programmes or plans for dealing with it.
Always try to end your speech on a positive note
and give the audience a clear way forward.

18. TIPS:
1. Don't try to say “everything”.
2. The audience has limited time
and patience: remind it.
3. Mix emotional (stories and
personal experiences, direct
questions) and factual elements
(quotes, certain informations,
data).