1. describe key characteristics of Canada between 1885 and 1914,
including social and economic conditions, the roles and contributions
of various people and groups, internal and external pressures for
change, and the political responses to these pressures;
• use a variety of resources and tools to gather, process, and
communicate information about the factors that shaped Canada as it
was entering the twentieth century;
• compare living and working conditions, technological developments,
and social roles near the beginning of the twentieth century with
similar aspects of life in present-day Canada.

2. An unprecedented age of prosperity and massive
immigration transform Canada at the turn of the 20th
century. Canada's first francophone leader, Prime Minister
Wilfrid Laurier, leads a country marked by Prairie boom
times and massive industrialization. Those who shape the
new society include peasants from Eastern Europe, in
search of free land; socialists who try to mobilize an
emerging urban working class; and campaigners for
temperance and women's suffrage. The dizzying pace of
change also brings ethnic intolerance and racism,
particularly against Asian immigrants. As well, growing
tensions over Canada's role in the British Empire,
foreshadow divisive times to come as the First World War
looms on the horizon.

3. At the start of the
20th century, Canada
was a young country
trying to define
itself at home and
on the world stage.
Under the Dominion Lands Policy,
land is cheap and plentiful for
immigrants and pioneers willing to
farm it. 160 acres cost only $10.
Homesteaders are given 3 years to
build a house - often out of sod or
logs - and cultivate a set amount of

5. Population (Total) : 5,301,000 in 1900
By Province:
Ontario 2,182,000
Québec 1,648,000
Nova Scotia 459,000
New Brunswick 331,120
Manitoba 255,000
British Columbia 178,000
Prince Edward Island 103,000
Territories and Districts 400,000
Males 2,752,000
Females 2,620,000
Young people between the ages of 10 and 19 -
1,140,000 (21%)
People per square mile - 1.55
The average number of people per household
in 1900 - 5. In 1976 - 3.1

6. By Origin:
European 5,105,000 (96.3%)
Aboriginal 127,000 (2.0%)
Asian 23,000 (.004%)
African 17,000 (.003%)
1 British 2,075,700
2 French 1,649,000
3 Irish 988,000
4 German 310,000
5 Aboriginal 127,000
6 Misc Europeans 47,000
7 Dutch 33,000
8 Scandinavian 31,000
9 Asian* 23,000
10 Russian 19,000
11 Africa 17,000

7. Canada was a class-based society, with
clear racial and economic distinctions
separating the rich and the working
class.
The average yearly wage for production
workers is $375.
For office and supervisory employees,
the annual income is $846.
On average, women earn about half of
what men do .
In most cases, services are available
based on money, not need.
A new emphasis on capitalism is
creating a small but growing middle
class of office workers and managers.

8. Montreal is the largest city in
the country, with 267,730
inhabitants in 1901.

9. Dominating the political scene was Prime
Minister Wilfrid Laurier, Canada first
francophone leader. He was a charming,
shrewd politician who believed he could
smooth over Canada's many divisive issues
with a spirit of diplomacy. Laurier had
opposed Confederation as a young man but
now he was the greatest advocate of a
united Canada
Nicknamed the "Great Conciliator," Laurier
led the country from 1896 to 1911. He rarely
strayed from the middle ground in dealing
with issues that ranged from the Manitoba
School Crisis to the question of free trade
with the United States.

10. "I do not pretend to be an
imperialist. Neither do I
pretend to be an anti-
imperialist. I am Canadian
first, last and all the time."
- Wilfrid Laurier

11. The Klondike Gold
Rush symbolically
ushered in an era of
prosperity marked
by Prairie boom
times, rapid
industrialization
and technological
innovation

12. Immigration
Newcomers flock to Canada and
change the cultural landscape of
the country. But not everyone is
welcome, as prejudice and hate
grows in the land of promise.

13. French and English
divide
But even Laurier's spirit of
diplomacy was sorely
tested when it came to
French and English
relations. During this era, a
young French Canadian
politician named Henri
Bourassa emerged as the
prime minister’s greatest
adversary.
Bourassa came to embody a
new French nationalism,
which maintained that
French culture should be on
equal footing with English

14. Ties to Britain
Canada's relationship with the mother country was a
key issue during Laurier's tenure.
In 1899, young Canadian men marched off to war in
South Africa in aid of Britain. And a few years later,
Britain came calling again for assistance prompting the
creation of the Canadian navy. Canada's support of
Britain imbued a sense of pride and confidence in
English Canada. But in French Canada, the ties to Britain
underscored Quebec’s feelings of isolation from the
rest of the country.
In 1910, Henri Bourassa quit politics, founded the
newspaper Le Devoir and led a fierce struggle against
Laurier's naval bill, blaming him for Canada's
involvement in all imperialist wars to come. In 1911, the
reign of the "Great Conciliator" ended. Laurier had
been unable to mend the great divide but Canada's
identity was stronger. French Canada and English

15. technology
 analyse the impact on society of new technologies
 e.g., prospecting, radio, the telephone, the automobile,
electricity
Shubham

16. Canada was home to invention and innovation in the
emerging age of technology

17. In the early 1900s,
technology was
transforming Canada and
the world. And some of
the early innovations of
the century were being
devised right at home.

18. No theory of relativity. No quantum physics.
No TV. No radio. No traffic jams. No atomic
energy. No black holes. No Play Station® or
computers. No electric refrigerators or air
conditioners. No quantum physics. No
satellites. No airplanes. Only a handful of
automobiles. No motorized tractors for
agriculture. No central heating. No indoor
plumbing outside of most urban centres.
Electric lights were invented in 1877, but
most Canadian homes still use oil lamps for
light.

20. About 1880 they had begun installing lighting on some Montréal streets.
Electric-powered tramcars have been circulating in city streets in 1892.
In 1889, Quebec City boasted it was "the best lit city in the country".
Telephones began to be popular:
Bell leases its phones for $5 a year. In Montreal, the Compagnie de téléphone des
Marchands is likewise providing service to merchants.
Casavant organs, manufactured in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, are renowned world-
wide.
The Hollerith Punch Card, Tabulating Machine and Sorter compiles the results of
the 1890 census, in 2 ½ years, rather than the usual 10 year period. The inventor,
Herman Hollerith, a Census Bureau statistician, forms the Tabulating Machine
Company in 1896. A few mergers and name changes later, the company becomes
known as IBM.

21. Radi
o

22. The Radio
The Roots of Radio
During the 1860s, Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell
predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886,
German physicist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz demonstrated
that rapid variations of electric current could be projected
into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of
light and heat. In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American
dentist, successfully demonstrated "wireless telegraphy."
Loomis was able to make a meter connected to one kite
cause another one to move, marking the first known
instance of wireless aerial communication.
Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the
feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received
his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed
the first wireless signal across the English Channel and
two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from
England to Newfoundland. This was the first successful
transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902.

23. Growth of Radio - Radiotelegraph and Spark-Gap Transmitters
Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same dot-dash message
(morse code) used in a telegraph. Transmitters at that time were called
spark-gap machines. It was developed mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-
ship communication. This was a way of communicating between two points,
however, it was not public radio broadcasting as we know it today. Wireless
signals proved effective in communication for rescue work when a sea
disaster occurred. A number of ocean liners installed wireless equipment. In
1899 the United States Army established wireless communications with a
lightship off Fire Island, New York. Two years later the Navy adopted a
wireless system. Up to then, the Navy had been using visual signaling and
homing pigeons for communication.
In 1901, radiotelegraph service was instituted between five Hawaiian Islands.
By 1903, a Marconi station located in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, carried an
exchange or greetings between President Theodore Roosevelt and King
Edward VII. In 1905 the naval battle of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese war
was reported by wireless, and in 1906 the U.S. Weather Bureau experimented
with radiotelegraphy to speed notice of weather conditions.

24. Cape Breton was a magnet for technological development in the first
decade of the century. In 1902, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi
journeyed to the island to try and convince the world that he could
connect Europe and North America with nothing but radio waves.
He had had success the previous year, when he transmitted the
Morse signal for "s" from Cornwall, England to St. John's,
Newfoundland, but his success had been publicly doubted.
In Cape Breton, anticipation grew as Marconi worked on his
invention.
"Excitement around town is intense and all kinds of news is going
the rounds concerning events the future will unfold," wrote a
reporter with the Sydney Record.
On December 15, 1902, Marconi sent the first full wireless message
across the Atlantic. It was a short greeting to the Times newspaper
of London from its correspondent, a Dr. Parkin, in Glace Bay.
Marconi's success gained international attention. He also
revolutionized communication, opening the door to the
development of the wireless industry.

25. The Automobile
Daimler of
1899
The Rolls Royce Silver Ghost of
1906
Cadillac roadster
Driving an automobile required a
high degree to technical dexterity,
mechanical skill, special clothing
including hat, gloves, duster coat,
goggles and boots. Tires were
notoriously unreliable and
changing one was an excruciating
experience. Fuel was a problem,
since gasoline was in short supply.

27.  A few years later, Cape Breton was again the home of innovation.
Alexander Graham Bell, a communication pioneer himself, owned a
summer estate on Bras d'Or Lakes.
 Bell had patented the telephone in the early 1880s but now he turned
his attention to flight. The Wright brothers had beaten Bell off the
ground in 1903 with the first manned airplane flight but the inventor
was determined to go farther, faster - and higher.
 On a February afternoon in 1909, Bells Silver Dart airplane was ready
for testing on the frozen lake of Bras d'Or. A reporter looked on.
 "Before some people realized what was taking place, the buzz of the
engine could be heard and the machine was seen advancing rapidly.
She had gone about 90 feet along the ice when she rose gracefully into
the air ... Everyone seemed dumbfounded."
 The Dart, piloted by a local man named J.A.D. McCurdy, flew about
half a mile, higher and longer than the Wright Brothers' plane. It was
the first manned flight in the British Empire.

28. Alexander Graham Bell
 If the telephone wasn't born in Canada, it was
certainly conceived here. In 1874, in Brantford, Ont.,
inventor Alexander Graham Bell first described the
scientific principle that would convey the human voice
over wires. By the Second World War, Canadians led
the world in talking by telephone. Later they reached
out to each other and around the globe with long
distance calling, transatlantic connections and
predictions for the future.

29. Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in
1847, and emigrated to Canada with his parents in 1870.
Bell began his career as a teacher of the deaf in Boston in 1871. Using a method called
visible speech, developed by his father, Bell successfully taught his students how to speak.
• Through his work, Bell met his two primary financiers: Thomas Sanders, a student's
father; and Gardiner Greene Hubbard, president of the Clarke School for the Deaf.
• Bell was fascinated by sound and how it travelled, and often tinkered with new ways to
teach his students. In the summer of 1874 he constructed a device he called the
"phonautograph": a dead man's ear attached to a lever. Speaking into the ear caused its
membrane to vibrate, moving the lever, which then drew a wavelike pattern on a piece of
smoked glass. Bell noted how the miniscule vibrations of the membrane moved the heavy
lever.
• Bell speculated that a similar system could work with a wire attached to a membrane on
either end. Speaking into one membrane would vary the intensity of the electrical current,
which would vibrate the membrane at the other end of the wire.
• This was the theory of variable resistance, which makes electrically transmitted speech —
and thus the telephone — possible

30. Bell was good with blueprints and theory, but he was not mechanically
inclined. Hubbard and Sanders backed his idea for the harmonic telegraph,
and Bell enlisted Watson's help.
• One evening as they worked on the harmonic telegraph, Bell described his concept of
variable resistance to Thomas Watson. Watson was enthusiastic and the pair began
experimenting with metal diaphragms, magnetized reeds, currents and springs to
produce a working telephone.
• A telegraph works by interrupting an electrical current with a series of short and long
taps ("dots" and "dashes") known as Morse code.
• By comparison, the telephone works with a continuous electrical current that varies in
intensity according to the sounds of the voice.
• Bell and Watson discovered this by accident one day when a contact screw was attached
too tightly, allowing a constant current that transmitted a "twang" as Watson tweaked a
spring.
• On Feb. 14, 1876, Bell filed a patent on his invention, just hours before that of his
nearest competitor, Elisha Gray. The theory of variable resistance was scribbled in the
margins of Bell's application. This led to speculation that Bell had later been allowed to
amend his application.
• In the following years Bell's patent was challenged in court over 600 times but he always
won.

31. The Bell Telephone Company was founded by Bell, Hubbard and Sanders on July 9,
1877. Watson was granted ten per cent of the company.
• Years later, Bell remarked on his discovery: "I now realize that I should never have
invented the telephone if I had been an electrician. What electrician would have been
so foolish as to try any such thing? The advantage I had was that sound had been the
study of my life — the study of vibrations."
• In 1915 Bell and Watson re-enacted their famous telephone call to usher in the first
cross-continent telephone line. Bell, in New York, called Watson in San Francisco.
"Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!" he said. Watson replied that it would take him a
week to get there.
• All his life, Bell answered the telephone with "Ahoy!" — a greeting he advocated for
everyone. Thomas Edison, a fellow inventor, is thought to be the first to introduce and
popularize "Hello" as a telephone greeting.
http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/technology/topics/1139/

32. The question, 'who
invented electricity?'
does not have a one word
answer. The invention of
electricity was rather a
chain of inventions that
paved a path for use of
electricity in modern
times.

33. Electrici
ty

34. Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847
– October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, scientist, and
businessman who developed many devices that greatly
influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the
motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light
bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New
Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first
inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large
teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often
credited with the creation of the first industrial research
laboratory.[1]
Edison is the third most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093
US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United
Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous
inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in
particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a
mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical
power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work
in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a
telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and
implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to
homes, businesses, and factories – a crucial development in the
modern industrialized world. His first power station was on
Manhattan Island, New York.

35. Electricity - A Brief History of Discovery
1780 – Italy -Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani while experimenting with static ‘electricity’
and dissected frogs stumbled upon what is today known as ‘electric current’ 1791 – Italy -
Luigi Galvani published a paper regarding the presence of a continuous flow of electricity,
at the time referring to it as ‘animal electricity’
1800 – Italy - Italian Alessandro Guiseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta’s experiments lead to
the first version of the battery
1807 – London - Sir Humphrey Davy’s discovery of the ‘electric arc’ during experiments
with a 2,000-cell battery, was the beginning stage towards incandescent lighting
1820 – Copenhagen - Hans Christian Orstead experiments during a class at the University
of Copenhagen led to the discovery of ‘electromagnetism’
1827 – Albany New York – Joseph Henry – discovered the lifting power of ordinary magnets
could be intensified with electricity thus developing ‘electromagnets’. Penfield Iron Works;
NY used Henry’s electromagnets to separate iron ore from rock. This was one of the first
uses of electric technology in industry.
1830’s – London - Michael Faraday’s experiments lead to the discovery of the first electric
generator
1831 – Albany, New York – Joseph Henry experiments with an electromagnet, wire and a
closed circuit revealed an electric current could cause a mechanical action at some distant
point. This was the beginning of the electromagnetic telegraph.
1837 – London – William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone obtained a patent for a galvanic
and electromagnetic telegraph.
1839 – London - The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph ran along the Great Western Railway
for 18 miles from London to Slough.

36. 1839 – French physicist – Edmund Bequerel discovered the photoelectric effect (certain
materials when exposed to light produced a small electric current)
1843 – Washington – Samuel F. B. Morse who discovered the dots and dash communication
system laid a 41-mile long telegraph line in glass insulators from Washington to Baltimore
1844 – Washington – Samuel F. B. Morse sends his first coded message.
By 1855 – telegraphs transmitted printed words.
By 1861 – the telegraph lines of Western Union spanned from coast to coast.
By 1866 – a telegraph cable was laid across the Atlantic Ocean.
1876 – Ontario – Alexander Graham Bell working with electrician named Thomas Watson
developed a device to transmit human voice. The first telephone took shape.
1877 – New Jersey – Thomas Alva Edison failed experiment with the telephone results in the
phonograph. The first recorded sound.
1879 – New Jersey – Edison and his team create the first electrically powered glass lamp.
Edison further went on to design the system and circuitry to power the electric light.
1880 – Europe – Nikola Telsa, Galileo Ferraris, and Michael von Dolivo–Dobrowolski had all
developed motors using ‘alternating current’
1882 – New York – Edison establishes his first commercial power station and provided
‘direct current’ to approx. 85 local consumers
1886 – US – Approx. 60 local Edison companies all supplying ‘direct current’
1887 – New York – Nikola Telsa (now in the US) applied for patents for his two-phase and
three-phase AC motors
1888-1896 – Pittsburgh – George Westinghouse bought the patents and hired Telsa to work
with his engineers to develop a long-range productive AC system for commercial and
domestic use.

37. 1891 – Colorado – The first commercial AC power transmission system in America was
installed in a mine
1893 – Chicago – World’s Fair – Westinghouse demonstrated that use of AC generators,
transformers, and rotary converters changed AC to DC. He showed how a single AC
generating plant could deliver both AC and DC power
1893 – Niagara Falls, US – J.P. Morgan and William K. Vanderbilt formed the Cataract
Construction Company and with a two-phase AC system started to generate several
thousand-horse powers of electricity which later developed into a more powerful
system.
1897 – Britain – J. J. Thomson identifies the ‘electron’. It is the particle of energy that
flows through wires and creates the electric current.
1905 – Albert Einstein – defined the essence of light and the photoelectric effect (the
basis for photovoltaic technology)
1954 – United States – Bell Laboratories developed the first photovoltaic cell (solar cell)
and module
1960’s – United States - Space industry (NASA) began to experiment with photovoltaic
technology (solar power) as a power source for spacecrafts
1970’s – Research by various companies began into using photovoltaic technology
(solar power) as a source of electricity for everyday applications

38. Adam Beck: "Power for the People."
 Further afield in Canada, Adam Beck was powering his own
contribution to the age of technology. The cigar box maker from
London Ontario - turned provincial politician - dreamed of
harnessing the power of Niagara Falls to produce cheap and
bountiful electricity.
 Becks slogan was "Power for the People."
 "The poorest working man will have electric light in his home ...
Nothing is too big for us. Nothing is too expensive to imagine."
 In 1906, he introduced a bill in the provincial legislature to create
the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario.
 Beck became head of the new power commission and led the
movement to develop electricity from Niagara Falls. Beck created
the world's largest electrical company and helped ignite an
industrial boom in Canada.

39.  In Ontario, politician Adam Beck created the largest hydro-
electric company in the world in 1906. The Hydro-Electric
Power Commission of Ontario helped ignite an industrial
boom in the province, providing cheap and available
electricity for everyone.
 It was people like Beck, who helped define the Canada of
the new century. A country where it seemed all people had
a chance to make their dreams could true. At the time it
was hard to deny "that the twentieth century shall be the
century of Canada."

40. The
Automobil
e

41. In 1900…
There are less than 200 automobiles
registered in all of Canada - and every one of
them is in Ontario. The first automobile in
Canada, however, was on the road in
Rustico, Prince Edward Island, 34 years
earlier; at the wheel was the local priest,
Father Georges-Antoine Belcourt, originally
from Quebec. The first one had been built in
Canada 3 years earlier.

42. Politics
The Parliament of Canada is the legislative
branch of the federal government in
Canada and makes the laws of Canada.
Parliament is made up of three parts: the
Crown or Queen, represented by the
Governor General of Canada, the House of
Commons and the Senate.
The original Parliament
Buildings were built between
1859 and 1866, just in time to
be used as the seat of
government for the new
Dominion of Canada in 1867.

43. The First 11 Prime Ministers of Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1921 to 1926)
Arthur Meighen (1920 to 1921)
Sir Robert Borden (1911 to 1920)
Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1896 to 1911)
Sir Charles Tupper (1896)
Sir Mackenzie Bowell (1894 to 1896)
Sir John Thompson (1892 to 1894)
Sir John Abbott (1891 to 1892)
Sir John A Macdonald (1878 to 1891)
Alexander Mackenzie (1873 to 1878)
Sir John A Macdonald (1867 to 1873)

44. Sir John A Macdonald
(1867 to 1873)
Highlights as Prime Minister:
*building a trans-continental railway, the Canadian
Pacific Railway
*building a nation with the entry into Confederation of Prime
Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories Minister
(including Alberta and Saskatchewan), Manitoba, and of
British Columbia
*opening the West for settlement
Canada:
*creation of the North-West Mounted Police 1867-73,
*the Northwest Rebellion and the hanging of Louis Riel 1878-91
*the National Policy of tariffs against imports to protect
Canadian industry

45. Alexander Mackenzie
Alexander Mackenzie was the first
Liberal prime minister of Canada. A
severe economic depression was a
major problem for Alexander
Mackenzie, but his government
implemented some major reforms,
including: Prime
Minister
*the secret ballot
of
*Supreme Court of Canada Canada:
*Office of Auditor General 1873-78
*Royal Military College of Canada
*Department of Militia and Defence

46. Sir John Abbott
Sir John Abbott was Prime Minister of
Canada for only 17 months and saw
himself as a caretaker prime minister,
stepping in on the death of Sir John A.
Macdonald in 1891.
Prime Minister Sir John Abbott has a few notable firsts to
of Canada: his name:
1891-92 *Sir John Abbott was the first Canadian
prime minister to be born on Canadian
soil.
*Sir John Abbott was the first Senator to
become Prime Minister of Canada.
*Sir John Abbott was the first Canadian
prime minister to be a member of both
the House of Commons and the Senate.

47. Sir John Thompson
Sir John Thompson was the first
provincial premier to become
prime minister of Canada and
the first Roman Catholic prime
minister of Canada. Sir John
Thompson died suddenly after
just two years as Canadian prime Prime Minister
minister. of Canada:
His major contribution was the 1892-94
Canadian Criminal Code of 1892.

48. Sir Mackenzie Bowell
Canadian Prime Minister
Mackenzie Bowell was anti-
Catholic and anti-Liberal and in
over his depth on the divisive
Manitoba Schools Question on
minority education rights.
Prime Minister of Mackenzie Bowell was the only
Canada:
prime minister of Canada to be
1894-96
forced to resign by his own
cabinet, which he called a "nest
of traitors."

49. Sir Charles Tupper
With an impressive career in Canadian politics,
Sir Charles Tupper was 75 when he finally
became Prime Minister of Canada, and
then served for only 10 weeks.
His Conservative government was defeated
by Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Liberals on
the Manitoba Schools Question on minority education rights.
As well as Prime Minister of Canada, Sir Charles Tupper was:
*a Father of Confederation
*the first president of the Canadian Medical Association
*a premier of Nova Scotia largely responsible for Nova Scotia
joining Confederation in 1867
Prime Minister of Canada:
1896

50. politics
 Why did Canadians support Laurier’s leadership for
fifteen years?.......
Highlights of Sir Wilfred Laurier as Prime Minister:
*established the Departments of Labour and External Affairs
*recruited immigrants to the West provinces of Alberta and
Saskatchewan created in 1905
*two new transcontinental railways begun, although the
projects were riddled with scandal
*reciprocity deal with the United States for lower rates on
natural products, but Liberals were defeated on free trade in 1911
*stand against conscription split the Liberal party

51. Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Sir Wilfrid Laurier had the
longest unbroken term of office
of any Canadian prime minister.
Laurier was Prime Minister of
Canada for 15 years and a
member of the House of
Commons for 45 years. Sir
Wilfrid Laurier was the first
francophone Prime Minister of
Canada, fluently bilingual, and
spent much of his time in office
trying to balance the interests of
the French and English in
Prime Minister of Canada: Canada. Laurier was a moderate
1896-1911 and known for his ability to
compromise.

52. Political Career of Sir Wilfrid Laurier:
Wilfrid Laurier was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of
Quebec in 1871.
He was first elected to the House of Commons in 1874, and
served as Minister of Inland Revenue from 1877 to 1878.
Wilfrid Laurier was elected Leader of the Liberal Party in 1887.
He was Leader of the Official Opposition from 1887 to 1896.
With the election of the Liberal Party in the 1896 general
election, Wilfrid Laurier became Prime Minister of Canada.
The Liberals lost the 1911 general election over the issue of
"unrestricted reciprocity" or free trade with the United States.
Sir Robert Borden became Prime Minister.
Wilfrid Laurier was Opposition Leader from 1911 to 1919.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier died in 1919 while still a member of
parliament.

53. Sir Robert Borden
Prime Minister Robert Borden led Canada
through World War I, eventually committing
500,000 troops to the war effort. Robert
Borden formed a Union Government of
Liberals and Conservatives to implement
conscription, but the conscription issue split
Prime Minister of
Canada: the country bitterly - with the English
1911-20 supporting sending troops to help Britain and
the French adamantly opposed.
Robert Borden also led in achieving Dominion
status for Canada and was instrumental in the
transition from the British Empire to the
British Commonwealth of Nations. At the end
of World War I, Canada ratified the Treaty of
Versailles and joined the League of Nations as
an independent nation.

54. Sir Robert Borden
 Highlights as Prime Minister:
 Emergency War Measures Act of 1914
 Wartime Business Profits Tax of 1917 and the
"temporary" Income Tax, the first direct taxation by
the Canadian federal government
 Veterans benefits
 Nationalization of bankrupt railways
 Introduction of a professional public service

55. People found riches in the golden wheat of the prairies. By the
beginning of the 20th century, the discovery of a new variety of climate-
resistant wheat, as well as mechanization of agriculture, contributed to
thriving wheat harvests.
Strong demand in the United States, Britain and Europe, made wheat
Canada's main export.
From 1896 to 1911, annual exports of wheat went from 8 million to 75
million bushels, which made the Prairies the breadbasket of the British
Empire.

56. The Growth of the Wheat Industry
Millions of Bushels
80
70
60
50
40
30 Millions of Bushels
20
10
0
1904
1899
1906
1900
1901
1902
1908
1905
1911
1903
1909
1896
1907
1898
1910
1897

57. From 1867-1891, Canada was open for business, from an immigrant's point of
view. There weren't many restrictions on who could enter the country, except
for a head tax on Chinese immigrants, which was introduced in 1885. Eastern
and Central Canada was the destination of choice, with British Columbia
attracting many people from Asia.
By 1900, Minister of the Interior Clifford Sifton's immigration policy is more
restrictive.

58. Clifford Sifton and Canada’s
Immigration Policy
 In 1896, Sifton was elected a Member of Parliament and served as
Minister of the Interior under Laurier. As Minister of the Interior
he started a vigorous immigration policy to get people to settle
and populate the West. Sifton established colonial offices in
Europe and the United States. He enticed people to come to
western Canada. While many of the immigrants came from
Britain and the United States, Canada also had a large influx of
Ukrainians, Doukhobors, and other groups from the Austro-
Hungarian Empire. Between 1891 and 1914, more than three
million people came to Canada, largely from continental
Europe, following the path of the newly constructed continental
railway. In the same period, mining operations were begun in the
Klondike and the Canadian Shield.

59. Clifford Sifton
 In 1897, Canada's Minister of the
Interior, Clifford Sifton implemented an
immigration policy that encouraged
millions of Europeans to settle in the
West and cultivate the agricultural gold.

60. One of the principal factors contributing to the
increase in immigration to Canada was the
immigration policy of the Liberal government of
Prime Minister Sir Wilfred Laurier.
Only Farmers Need Apply
Laurier’s Minister of the Interior from 1896-
1905, Clifford Sifton, desired to populate
western Canada with farmers in order to add to
the production of the country, solve the “railway
problem” and help pay the national debt. The
government offered free homesteads to
applicants who qualified.
To settle the prairies, Sifton vigorously wooed
American farmers, people from Scotland and the
North of England, and Eastern and Central

62. Herds of the Proletariat
Stephen Leacock, writing in 1911, although
referring to immigrants from
Europe, comments: “The whole
movement of the population has been
made easy, automatic, effortless.
Steamship companies vie in cheap
transportation. Immigration aid societies
extend a temporary welcome and the co-
operation of national brotherhood.” And
these conditions contribute to the arrival
of “…herds of the proletariat of
Europe, the lowest classes of industrial
society, without home and work…”

63. Canada’s 1901 census put our population at 5,371,315. Fifty-seven percent of those counted
claimed British origins.
In 1902 the greatest influx of immigrants in Canada’s history began and continued until the
beginning of World War 1 in 1914.

64. After an emigration office was established in Trafalgar House, Trafalgar
Square, London, in 1903 the number of Britons enticed to emigrate to Canada increased
to 42,198 (30% of the total) from 17,275 (just 19% of the total) the previous year.
The number of immigrants to Canada reached its peak in the years 1912 and
1913.(Knowles 2000)
Between 1902 and 1914, of the approximately 2.85 million newcomers who arrived on
Canadian soil, 1.18 million had English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh or other British roots.
These newcomers came from every British class from paupers to upper-class.
Year Total British Percentage
Immigrants Immigrants of total
1912 375,756 147,619 39%
1913 400,870 158,398 39%

65. Factors in Europe contributing to emigration:
*Collapse of the social structure;
*Transformation of agriculture and
industry;
*Precipitous increase in population.

66. Factors leading to increase in immigration in
Canada, late 1890s to 1914:
1. Yukon gold rush (1897-1899);
2. Completion of the first continental railway
(CPR 1885) and building of other lines;
3. Closing of the American frontier;
4. New developments in dry land farming;
5. Canadian government’s first concentrated
policy to promote immigration.
http://www.british-immigrants-in-montreal.com/index.html

67. Town Dwellers Not Desirable
Sifton felt strongly that town dwellers, artisans, shopkeepers and labourers were not
desirable immigrants as they didn’t make good pioneers and would increase the
population of the major cities, add to unemployment, create slum areas and become a
“festering sore…which…will remain as long as Canada endures.”
“When I speak of quality I have in mind, I think, something that is quite different from
what is in the mind of the average writer or speaker upon the question of Immigration. I
think a stalwart peasant in a sheep-skin coat, born on the soil, whose forefathers have
been farmers for ten generations, with a stout wife and a half-dozen children, is good
quality. A Trades Union artisan who will not work more than eight hours a day and will
not work that long if he can help it, will not work on a farm at all and has to be fed by the
public when his work is slack is, in my judgement, quantity and very bad quantity. I am
indifferent as to whether or not he is British-born. It matters not what his nationality
is; such men are not wanted in Canada, and the more of them we get the more trouble
we shall have.” From: Only Farmers Need Apply: Sir Clifford Sifton, “The
Immigrants Canada Wants,” Maclean’s magazine, April 1, 1922, pp. 16, 32-4.

68. Immigration is funnelled to the West in order to settle and farm the wide tracts of
Prairie land. The profile of the preferred immigrant is white and British; as stated by
Minister Clifford Sifton, "stalwart peasants in sheepskin coats". If British immigrants
are not available, other white immigrants will do. White immigrants from Eastern
Europe are reluctantly accepted in large numbers, but black and Asian immigration is
discouraged. Chinese immigrants are subject to a head tax, which requires every
Chinese immigrant to pay a special $50 tax upon entering the country. Although
relatively few in number - there are only 23,000 Chinese people in Canada in 1900 -
arrivals from Asian countries are resented by the white majority. Originally, male
Chinese labourers were allowed into Canada to work for low wages in British
Columbia's gold mines and on the trans-Canada railroad. They sent most of their
earnings back to China to help support their families. Chinese workers will accept
lower wages than white workers, and this causes resentment in the white
population, especially when jobs are scarce. The populace generally perceives Chinese
people to be immoral opium addicts. There is no official policy restricting Blacks from
entering Canada, but the unofficial policy is to discourage it whenever possible. As a
result, there are far fewer black immigrants than there may have been otherwise.

69. In 1899, Canada admitted 44,543
immigrants. Between 1894 and 1899, 154,613
immigrants came to call Canada home. In
the five year period between 1991 and
1996, well over 1,000,000 immigrants will
arrive. Between 1896 and 1907, Canada
admitted 1.3 million European and
American immigrants. Less than 900 Blacks
were included in that number. In fact, the
black population of Canada decreased from
50,000 in 1860 to 17,000 in 1911. In the
lumber industry, Chinese workers are paid
only between 25% and 50% of the wages
paid to white labourers for the same work.

70. Rating the Immigrants
Eager to develop the West, Canadian immigration authorities rate immigrants according to their
race, perceived hardiness and farming ability:
Rating the Immigrants
Eager to develop the West, Canadian immigration authorities rate immigrants according to their race, perceived hardiness and farming ability:
Most Wanted English
French
white American farmers
Acceptable Belgians
Dutch
Scandinavians
Swiss
Finns
Russians
Germans
Austro-Hungarians
Ukrainians
Poles
Need Not Apply Italians
South Slavs
Greeks
Syrians
Jews
Blacks
Asians
Gypsies

71. From 1988 until his death in 1925, Jean Gaire, a priest born in
Lorraine, France and landed in Saint-
Boniface, Manitoba, worked to attract Frenchmen to Western
Canada. He founded Grande-Clairière in 1888. In July 1889, the
settlement had 150 inhabitants; it grew to 400 by 1891, and to
600 in 1892. Gaire went on to found Cantal, Bellegarde and
Wauchope, contributing to the development of what later
became Saskatchewan. "Sir, I am to say to you in answer to your
letter... that it is not desired that any negro immigrants should
arrive in western Canada."
From an 1899 letter written by a Canadian immigration
official, and quoted in "How they kept Canada almost lily white:
The previously untold story of the Canadian immigration
officials who stopped American blacks from coming to Canada"
by Trevor W. Sissin

72. Organized Hate
The San Francisco-based Asiatic Exclusion
League, dedicated to preventing Asian
immigration to America, opens up a number
of new chapters in Canadian cities such as
Vancouver. Victoria has its own Anti-
Chinese Association.

73. The development of the West encouraged the federal
government to take on the construction of a second
transcontinental railroad in order to better serve this
vast territory. Railroad construction became, at the
beginning of the 20th century, the most important
sector of investment. It stimulated in turn, the
operation of iron and coal mines, heavy industry and
the deployment of other transportation networks on
the ground and in the water.

74. At the turn of the century, the industrial age enveloped.
Natural resources such as wheat still anchored the
country’s economy but now manufactured goods were in
big demand. Factories sprung up to produce such goods as
rubber products, leather goods and farm machinery.
As the demand for manufactured goods increased so did
the size of Canada’s working class. From sea to
sea, Canadian cities developed at a frantic rate. More of the
population left the countryside to settle in cities, with the
hopes of finding factory work. Residential and commercial
construction was increasing, new roads were being laid
out, and tramway and streetcar networks were developed

76. globalization

77. Social conditions
of Canadians around the beginning
of the twentieth century
 on farms
 in cities

78. Working conditions
of Canadians around the beginning
of the twentieth century
 mining,
 forestry,
 factory work;
 on farms;
 in cities

79. The First World War,
 treaties, alliances, events, and people
 Who started the First World War?
 Jushwin

80. laws establishing compulsory education

81. Childhood in 1900 didn't really exist; until the mid-1800s, there
wasn't a distinction between childhood and adulthood.
Most people lived on farms and the household was the central
economic unit, not an office or factory. Children were expected to
work from an early age, to contribute to the family's success, and
to keep their opinions to themselves.
The father ruled the family without challenge, and mothers
looked after the children's religious and moral education.
Child mortality was high, as a result of infectious diseases like
diphtheria, tuberculosis and typhus, and from infections.
In the decades before 1900, all that has begun to change. The
infant mortality rate has started to improve. Children are seen as
more than little workers - they are seen as emotionally and
psychologically dependent beings. They have become
sentimentalized, and have been labeled weak, innocent, and
vulnerable. Laws have been passed to protect them.

82. Juvenile courts have recently set up a new
criminal system for youth. Previously, for
most crimes, children were dealt with as
adults. Now, wayward youth are given
special consideration.
Recently, many churches have set up youth
groups to keep children interested in
religion and out of trouble.

83. children only make up about 3.6% of the workforce - down from about 10% in the
mid-1800s. Church organizations and secular groups are created just for their
welfare, and the courts treat them differently.
Yet, by today’s standards, their lives are difficult. They work harder and at a younger
age, and are much less pampered. They are expected to contribute more and
complain less. They are subject to corporal punishment for "discipline and moral
correction." Candy is a treat, not a constant. Consumerism, as we know it in the year
2011, just doesn't exist.
If you are a male teenager, you are probably up at 4 a.m. to milk the cows and do your
chores on the farm before school, if you make it there. School is strictly a winter
activity, and you have to trudge through the snow to the outhouse. If you live in the
city and your family isn't well off, you are up at dawn to work long hours in a factory
under really lousy conditions. Complaining will get you fired or a shot in the chops.
If you are a female teenager, odds are you're milking those cows too, and then helping
your mother sew and make butter before the sun rises. In the cities, you are a live-in
domestic servant, working for negligible wages 29 days a month. Book learning isn't a
priority for you. On the bright side, you can sleep in until dawn.
In the 1870s, kids younger than 10 were still working in the coal mines, but minimum
age laws have changed that. In Ontario, the minimum age to work in a factory is now
14 years. School is compulsory in most provinces until the age of 14 or 16.

84.  A system of common public schools financed with
public funds has been operating in Quebec for close to
60 years. The Montréal Catholic School Board has
existed since 1845 and Laval University, the first
French-speaking university in North America, for close
to 50 years.

85. Nellie McClung,
Emily Carr,
Lucy Maud Montgomery,
Pauline Johnson;
the Temperance Movement,
Maryum, Aliza , Gurleen, Parvir

86. Women's Rights
January 1, 1900
The weaker sex but the more virtuous one; that's how women are seen as the 20th
century dawns.
Canadian society recognizes the role of women as important, especially when it comes
to education and family, but secondary to the role of men. Women are believed to need
protection.
The laws of the country reflect this.
Although women can vote in municipal elections in 4 provinces, they cannot vote
anywhere in Canada federally or provincially, and cannot run for office.
With the exception of British Columbia, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Ontario, in
most provinces, when a woman marries she loses her right to hold property. All her
wealth and goods pass to her husband. A married woman can't make legal contracts or
go into business on her own. The reforms that changed that in the provinces mentioned
above are as recent as two years ago.
Divorce laws make it difficult, if not often impossible, to escape an abusive marriage.
Women who claim to have been sexually assaulted are given little support by the courts.
Women work, but they hold lower paying jobs, such as domestic servants. A woman's
average income is likely to be about half of a man's. Until 1880, no woman had practiced
medicine in Canada. In 1897, Clara Brett Martin became the first woman lawyer in
Canada despite intense opposition from members of the profession.

88. Thanks to the intervention of the Grey Nuns
who, as early as 1893, opened free "shelters"
to care for children, Francophone women in
Montreal can work outside of the home
more readily than their Anglophone
compatriots, who lack access to similar
"childcare" services.

89. So what can women do? Volunteer! They
organize numerous charities, political and
social groups, and lead the fight against
alcohol use. They fight for the vote and
tackle issues like child welfare, prostitution,
and Canada's ethnic and cultural purity. To
avoid subservience to men, they form
separate groups, like the Women's Christian
Temperance Movement, Women's Institutes
and Local Councils of Women.

90. Women make up about 13% of the work
force in Canada. 40% of these are employed
in domestic service.

91. By 1900, women have won the right to vote
municipally in the provinces of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia
Ontario and Prince Edward Island but not in
provincial and federal elections?

92. Women make up more than 80% of the
Catholic teaching personnel in Quebec.
They are paid two to three times less than
male teachers and do not have access to the
same training; moreover, lay teachers suffer
the competition of the nuns, who hold 35%
of the elementary school positions and are
not required to undergo an admissions
examination
The nursing profession is monopolized by
nuns. Girls had been admitted as students at
the Notre-Dame hospital in Montréal only
three years earlier.
A French-speaking woman in Quebec who
wishes to exercise her talents is best advised
to join a religious community. They have a
virtual stranglehold on
education, nursing, and charitable works
(orphanages, childcare, hospices, etc.). They
employ hundreds of people and manage
substantial funds.

93. A Working Woman's Life (1889) $
Average hours worked per week 54
Average number of days 359
worked/year
Average income 216.71
Cost of clothing 67.31
Cost of room and board 126.28
Total cost of living 214.28
Surplus 2.43

94. Domestic service is the most common paid
employment for women in 1900. In the
1890's, up to 40% of female employment was
in this area. Many secretaries and office
support staff are male. By 1921, the
percentage of employed women in domestic
service will be down to 17%, as women move
in non-traditional jobs. A good ladies street
skirt will set you back $6.00, a pound of
Mocha-Java coffee costs 35 cents, and a pair
of skate blades cost between 25 cents and
$5, depending on the quality.

95. Nellie McClung, born Nellie Letitia
Mooney (20 October 1873 – 1
September 1951) was a Canadian
feminist, politician, and social activist.
She was a part of the social and moral
reform movements prevalent in
Western Canada in the early 1900s. In
1927, McClung and four other women:
Henrietta Muir Edwards, Emily
Murphy, Louise McKinney and Irene
Parlby, who together came to be
known as "The Famous Five" (also
called "The Valiant Five"), launched
the "Persons Case," contending that
women could be "qualified persons"
eligible to sit in the Senate. The
Supreme Court of Canada ruled that
current law did not recognize them as
such. However, the case was won upon
appeal to the Judicial Committee of
the British Privy Council—the court of
last resort for Canada at that time.

96. Nellie McClung
 "It was uproariously funny," says Manitoban Beatrice
Brigden, recalling Nellie McClung's famous 'mock
parliament' of 1914. McClung was an instrumental
figure in the fight for women's votes in Canada. In her
groundbreaking mock parliament speech, McClung
port
 http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/clips/
9553/ rayed a world in which gender roles were
reversed.

97. Emily
Carr

101. Lucy Maud Montgomery (1874-1942),
Isn't it splendid to think of all the things there are to find out
about? It just makes me feel glad to be alive—it's such an
interesting world. It wouldn't be half so interesting if we know
all about everything, would it? There'd be no scope for
imagination then, would there? But am I talking too much?
People are always telling me I do. Would you rather I didn't
talk? If you say so I'll stop. I can stop when I make up my mind
to it, although it's difficult.”
Matthew Cuthbert has gone to the train station to
pick up the little boy he and his kind-hearted sister
Marilla Cuthbert, owners of Green Gables farm,
adopted from the Halifax orphanage. But what he
finds is a precocious little red-haired girl named Anne
Shirley, with a cheery disposition and some profound
thoughts to share. Anne soon becomes best friends
with Diana Wright, and although Gilbert Blythe can
be a pest at times, he too becomes a loyal friend. Anne
wins the hearts of many and has continued to attract
readers of all ages and touch the hearts of millions of
fans world-wide.

102. Pauline Johnson
Emily Pauline Johnson (Mohawk:
Tekahionwake –pronounced: dageh-eeon-
wageh, literally: 'double-life')[1] (10 March 1861 –
7 March 1913), commonly known as E. Pauline
Johnson or just Pauline Johnson, was a
Canadian writer and performer popular in the
late 19th century. Johnson was notable for her
poems and performances that celebrated her
First Nations heritage; she also had half English
ancestry. One such poem is the frequently
anthologized "The Song My Paddle Sings". Her
poetry was published in Canada, the United
States and Great Britain. Johnson was one of a
generation of widely read writers who began to
define a Canadian literature

103. Canadian actor Donald Sutherland narrated the following quote from her poem
"Autumn's Orchestra", at the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympics
in Vancouver.
Know by the music woven through
This fragile web of cadences I spin,
That I have only caught these songs
Since you voiced them upon your haunting
violin.

104. It may seem that without television, radio, movies, video games or cars,
people have very little to do for fun. Not true! In 1900, people make
their own fun with social gatherings, live theatre, singers, reading and
especially sports.
Live theatre is big business across Canada. American and other foreign
stars regularly tour Canada in a variety of productions from
Shakespeare to more modern comedies. Winnipeg's 2,000-seat Walker
Theatre put on a performance 7 days a week every week of the year. The
companies of the Marks Brothers - not those Marx Brothers - tour
constantly across the country. Canadian actors often trek south to wow
audiences in the United States.

105. In Quebec, local professional theatre companies have just been
formed. The Monument national and Théâtre des variétiés
boast Francophone stars like Blanche de la Sablonnière and
Juliette Béliveau. Felix-Gabriel Marchand's comedies draw full
houses. The great Sarah Bernardt has performed for a 4th time in
Montreal.
However, entertainment is definitely a class-oriented pursuit.
Only the rich, and the small but growing middle-class, can
afford many of the diversions available in Canada at the start of
the 20th century.
Snowshoer clubs organized races, skating rinks proliferated and
slides were erected throughout those towns and cities where
natural slopes were not sufficient. During the summer, bicycles
became so popular that in 1898, the city of Montréal had to
adopt a by-law to control cyclists' behaviour.

106. Baseball is the most popular spectator sport across the country, and it attracts all
classes to both play and watch. At urban commercial rinks, there are carnivals and ice
shows to draw crowds. Boxing and lacrosse enjoy strong popularity.
Hockey is gaining in popularity, but its real popularity is only with the upper and
middle classes. The NHL won't be founded for another 17 years. Still, the Stanley Cup
has been around for 8 years, and has been won by a variety of amateur teams. This
year, the Winnipeg Victorias are the champs.
Now that school is compulsory, more and more Canadians can read. Newspapers are
starting to flourish. Serious and politically-oriented papers are being joined by
"gossipy" rags like the Montreal Star.
Literature occupies a large part of the cultivated Francophone population. Les Soirées
du Château de Ramezay had just been published, with works by such members of the
École littéraire de Montréal as the poet Émile Nelligan, the painter and poet Charles
Gill, the writer Jean Charbonneau and many others.
For most people, though, community events and homemade fun help them relax:
church picnics, making ice cream, barn dances and poetry recitals. These kinds of
diversions brought people together as friends and neighbours.

107. The first football game was played 16 years
ago between Harvard University and
Montreal's McGill. The first Canadian
football championship was won by Osgoode
Hall just 8 years ago.
Taverns are common but not everywhere.
Drinking is blamed for many of the ills of
society, and anti-alcohol sentiments are on
the rise. A national referendum on
temperance held just two years ago found a
majority voting to ban alcohol in Canada.
Because the margin was so narrow, Prime
Minister Laurier has left it to local
governments to decide whether to allow
liquor to be served.

108. Just 4 years earlier, in 1896, Ottawans paid 10
cents to become the first Canadians to watch
a new technology developed by Thomas
Edison called the Vitascope. Featured on
this new moving picture machine [graphic
of Ottawa Citizen coverage of the event]
were short shots, including "four coloured
boys eating watermelons, ... a bathing scene
at Atlantic City and a coloured film of Lo Lo
Fuller's Serpentine Dance." The showing
provoked both excitement and moral
outrage in some quarters.
In 1902, Vancouver's Schulberg's Electric will
charge a nickel to customers to watch these
new silent movies. These movie theatres
became known as nickelodeons.
In the last 10 years, newspapers have started
to add a new feature called the Sports Page.
That helps fuel the growing interest in
amateur and professional sports.

109. Canada’s
role within the British Empire
 The Naval Question,
 Canada’s participation in Imperial Conferences

110. The Boer Wars
(known in Afrikaans as
Vryheidsoorlog
(lit. "freedom wars")) were
two wars fought between
the British Empire and the
two independent Boer
republics, the Orange Free
State and the South African
Republic (Transvaal
Republic).

111. Canada gets
its first
taste of
battle when
it fights with
Britain in
South Africa

112. The Boer War has been sputtering
along since October 11, 1899. It's
being fought by Britain against the
Boers of South Africa, and due to
popular demand in some quarters,
Canadian troops are in the thick of it.
But it's causing a devil of a problem
for Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier.

113. care. Yet, because her mother was one of the "undesirables" due to
the fact that her father neither surrendered nor betrayed his
people, Lizzie was placed on the lowest rations and so perished
with hunger that, after a month in the camp, she was transferred
to the new small hospital. Here she was treated harshly. The
English disposed doctor and his nurses did not understand her
language and, as she could not speak English, labeled her an idiot
although she was mentally fit and normal. One day she dejectedly
started calling for her mother, when a Mrs Botha walked over to
her to console her. She was just telling the child that she would
soon see her mother again, when she was brusquely interrupted by
one of the nurses who told her not to interfere with the child as she
was a nuisance". Quote from Stemme uit die Verlede ("Voices
from the Past") - a collection of sworn statements by women who
Boer women and children in detained in the concentration camps during the Second Boer
were a British
concentration camp War (1899-1902). (http://www.boer.co.za/boerwar/hellkamp.htm)

114. the native vote
 "I felt it was so unjust that they didn't have the vote,"
says John Diefenbaker. "I brought it about as soon as I
could after becoming prime minister." Diefenbaker is
talking about native Canadians, who couldn't vote in
Canadian elections without giving up their treaty
rights until 1960.
 http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/topics
/1450/

115. Voting Age
 "Why is the voting age not lowered to 18?" asks a young
woman in this radio report from 1948. It's a highly debated
issue in the '40s. At the 1948 Hansard Society youth
conference, Agnes Macphail — Canada's first female
member of Parliament — says the voting age should be
lowered. "I think a person at age 18 is as mature as a great
many people ever are," she answers, and the audience of
young people laughs.
MP John Diefenbaker is reluctant to say he supports the
other side of the debate, but does suggest a few important
points to think about. When Saskatchewan lowered the
voting age to 18, he says, "a very small proportion" of those
young people actually voted.
 http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/topics/145
0/

116. Voting rights for Canadian immigrants

117. Voting rights for Canadian
immigrants
 Chinese- and Indo-Canadians were denied the right to
vote until 1947. Japanese-Canadians were finally
allowed to vote a year later, in 1948.
 http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/clips/
9555/

118. RCMP v. NWMP
 compare the image and duties of the North-West
Mounted Police to the image and duties of the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police today;

119. The British immigrants living in the Dominion of
Canada at the outbreak of World War 1 were largely
staunch supporters of the British Empire as were other
British-born elsewhere . These British-born
immigrants would be quick to volunteer to fight when
war was declared in August, 1914. Those who couldn't
fight would support their soldiers from the home
front. They were ready to sacrifice for the cause.

120. Build-up to World Warit1 to war with
Britain had agreed in 1907 to support the French if came
Germany. The British had become uncomfortable with the growth of
Germany’s Navy and had brought their ships back from the
Mediterranean to defend the English Channel. Meanwhile, after 1907,
military training, organization and equipment had been standardized
throughout Britain’s colonies.
 By 1909, most Canadian provinces, including Quebec, had started
cadet training in the schools.
 Leading up to outbreak of World War 1, the Minister of Militia (1911-
1916), Colonel Sam Hughes, had been working at preparing the
populace in the event of war. He foresaw the eventuality of a war with
Germany.
 In 1913, 55,000 militia men and 44,000 cadets drilled in militia camps.
Valcartier camp, a site 20 miles north of Quebec City, had been
designated a future militia camp early in 1914.
 On July 29th, 1914, Canada received a warning from Britain to take
precautions in case of a surprise attack. Armed militia men were posted
to guard tunnels, bridges, canals and railway stations.(Morton &
Granatstein, 1989)

121. War Declared
 When Britain declared war on Germany August 4th,
1914, thousands of men were ready and willing to offer
their lives as soldiers of the Empire. From Montreal,
just one of two battalions, The Royal Highlanders of
Canada, headed to Valcartier on August 24th with 1,017
soldiers.

122. British Reservists
 Immediately after the war that would be known as
World War 1 was declared, some 10,000 British
reservists living in Canada prepared themselves to
return to Britain. Thousands more from France and
Belgium headed home to defend their countries
against the German invasion

123. Canadian Patriotic Fund:
 With the reservists heading back to the home countries, it
became immediately apparent that any dependants they
left behind would be in need. Within two weeks, a
Montreal M.P., Herbert Brown Ames, was promoting The
Montreal Patriotic Fund, an association intended to raise
money for the care and support of these dependants. He
petitioned the Governor-General of Canada, His Royal
Highness, The Duke of Connaught, to create a national
fund for this purpose: The Canadian Patriotic Fund. One
centralized organization would provide a uniform system
for collecting voluntary contributions from the populace
and determining who would be eligible for support. By
September 1st, the Canadian Patriotic Fund was in
operation based in Ottawa.

124. British-born soldiers:
 Of the first 30,000 who joined up, two-thirds were
British-born immigrants. These soldiers of the first
Division sent over in October, 1914, came mostly from
three cities: Toronto, Winnipeg and Montreal. Each
city sent two full regiments. Montreal contributed the
13th and 14th Battalions, two of four battalions in the
3rd Brigade.

125. The Home Front 1914-1918
 Volunteerism – with many men gone and the special needs of a
country at war, most people wanted to “do their bit” .
 “Give til it hurts” – The Canadian Patriotic Fund depended on
the populace to fund their charity. People were told that if they
couldn’t fight, they could pay.
 Local Militia – Some men were needed on the home front to
protect the country. If you weren’t quite fit for overseas duty, you
might be suitable for tasks at home.
 Opportunity for women – The needs for volunteers and
shortage of workers opened the doors for new experiences for
women. Certainly, to not have their husbands questioning their
movements, women would be freer to do what they saw fit.
Additionally, in many cases, the income from the soldier who
was away could fund schooling for a child who otherwise
wouldn’t be able to afford it.

126. Canadian Immigration and World
War 1
 Immigration during the war years, 1914-1918, decreased
dramatically from its height immediately before.
Throughout the war, not only did the total number of
immigrants decrease, the percentage of British
immigrants became minimal. After the end of the
war, between 1919 and 1924, immigration again
increased and the percentage of immigrants from
Britain varied between 48% and 56% of the total.

127. Health
 If you took all the scientific and medical advances since the
beginning of human history to the year 2000 and lined
them up, the 20th century would have more than all the
other time periods combined.
 Knowledge in science and medicine in 1900 is probably
closer to that of the year 1700 than the year 2000. In many
cases, if you are ill, there isn't much that medicine can do.
 The life expectancy of a 60 year old man in 1900 is greater
than the life expectancy of a 60 year old man in 1971, and
basically the same as a 60 year old man in the year 2000.
What tends to be different is the cause of death. Whereas
in 1900, a common cause of death is bacterial or viral
infection, this will gradually be surpassed by death from
"lifestyle" - cancer and heart disease.

128. Lister
 By 1900, thanks to Joseph Lister's germ theory, doctors
have learned not to put their scalpels in their mouths
when they operate. But the "wonder drugs" that you
have come to know and love - like antibiotics, vaccines
and insulin - just don't exist. That means that a cut or a
scratch can lead to a fatal infection, and juvenile
diabetes is a death sentence.

129. Sir William Osler.
 The most famous doctor in the Western world was a
Canadian - Sir William Osler. He has been called the
"Father of modern medicine. Osler was a
pathologist, physician, educator, bibliophile, historian,
author, and renowned practical joker

130. If you needed a doctor, you had to pay for one yourself. Health insurance programs didn’t
exist in 1900, and a serious illness can mean financial disaster for most Canadians.
If you are a Canadian born today, your life expectancy is about 57 years. That's almost
equivalent to the life expectancy of a Russian male born on January 1, 1998. However, if you
survive childbirth and childhood and survive to the age of 40, your life expectancy isn't
much different than in 2011
Your odds of dying from cancer or heart disease then were relatively low. "Lifestyle" and
environmental diseases aren't at the top of the mortality list.
Your chances of dying from infection or of an infectious disease such as tuberculosis,
diphtheria, influenza, whooping cough, measles or scarlet fever are relatively high,
especially if you are a child. Women are at high risk of dying as a result of complications
from childbirth, such as infection and bleeding.
Smallpox still takes its toll, but is declining due to vaccination. The last big epidemic was in
Montreal in 1885.
Tuberculosis (also known as consumption) is Canada's leading killer.
Polio, a viral disease that can lead to paralysis, and to which children in particular are
vulnerable, is also relatively common. This disease will devastate North America in the
decades to come.

131. The Scourge of Tuberculosis
 Imagine a serious disease that spreads through casual contact. Imagine that such a disease is incurable, wearing down its victims,
causing them to lose weight, develop other complications, and eventually die.
 In 1900, such a disease exists. Known as TB, consumption and the "white plague", tuberculosis is ravaging the country. The death
rate is about 200 per 100,000, which may not seem high, but makes it the leading cause of death in Canada. It is especially
devastating for Aboriginal peoples and city dwellers.
 Medical treatment, such as rest and fresh air in a special TB hospital called a "sanatorium", is only effective in some cases, and is
only available to the wealthy. There are no antibiotics or other drugs to fight the disease. Natural therapies, quack therapies and
miracle cures that don't work, are advertised and sold everywhere.
 The poor are often left to suffer, and in many cases, to die. Their bodies must fight off the infection on their own.
 Doctors around the world have only recently come to understand that illnesses like TB are caused by germs and spread by
breathing infected air. Better sanitation and living conditions are now seen as key parts of the battle. Doctors are beginning to
avoid seeing healthy patients after treating patients with TB - one way the illness spread.
 The death rate for TB in 1900 is up to 200 per 100,000 persons. In some aboriginal communities, it is up to 10 times higher. The
death rate from TB for newborn aboriginal babies is over 1,018 per 100,000.
 In 1996, the death rate from AIDS will be 4.2 per 100,000, and from cancer 185 per 100,000.
 Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs, but can attack the glands of the neck, bone, kidneys and other
organs. It is usually spread by breathing the air infected by the germ. Not everyone that becomes infected goes on to develop the
disease.
 Symptoms of TB include:
 A cough that will not go away
 Feeling tired all the time Weight loss
 Loss of appetite
 Fever
 Coughing up blood
 Night sweats
 Canada's first TB sanatorium opened in Muskoka, Ontario in 1897. TB sufferers were sent to sanatoriums to be benefit from rest
and fresh air and to avoid infecting others.

132. the Parliament Buildings
Fire of 1916:
While World War I was raging in
Europe, the Canadian Parliament
Buildings in Ottawa caught fire on a
freezing February night in 1916.
With the exception of the Library of
Parliament, the Centre Block of the
Parliament Buildings was destroyed
and seven people died. Rumours
were rife that the Parliament
Building’s fire was caused by enemy
sabotage, but a Royal Commission
into the fire concluded that the
Seven people died in the cause was accidental.
Parliament Buildings fire

133. http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/en/getBriefed/1900/immigrants.asp

134. Individuals
 Martha Black,
 Guglielmo Marconi,
 Alexander Graham Bell,
 J.A.D. McCurdy,
 Samuel McLaughlin,
 George Ross,
 Adam Beck

135. Vocabulary
 advocate,
 movement,
 temperance,
 reciprocity,
 entrepreneurs,
 multiculturalism,
 alliance,
 entente