2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. Present (ar,er,ir)
4. Stem Changes
5. Irregular “Yo”
6. Saber vs. Conocer
7. Reflexives
8. “se” Impersonal
9. Dipthongs with „
10. Verbs like .. Uir/guir. Cer/cir.Ger/gir
11. Hace+___+que ___
12. Imperfecto
13. Preterite
14. Irregulars- car gar zar
15. Spock
16. snakey/snakeys
17.Trigger words
3. PRESENT (AR,ER,IR)
Irregular Present
For present tense of Ir: Estar: Ser: Dar:
a regular verb you Voy Estoy Soy Doy
change the ar/er/ir Vas Estas Eres Das
Va Esta Es Da
ending with the Vamos Estamos Somos Damos
corresponding Van Estan Son Dan
conjugation.
Ar
Yo-o Er/ir
Tu-as •Yo-o
•Tu-es
Ud. El/ella- a
•Ud.el/ella-e
Nosotros-amos •Nosotros-imos
Uds.ellos/ellas-an •Uds.ellos/ellas-en
4. STEM CHANGES
Have a stem change in all forms except for
nosotros.
• Cerrar→ Cierro, Cierras,
E→IE Cierra, Cerramos, Cierran
• Acoster→ Acuesto, Acuestes,
O→UE Acueste, Acostimos, Acuesten
• Pedir→ Pido, Pides, Pide,
E→I Pedimos, Piden
5. IRREGULAR “YO”
go‟ verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener.
Ex: pongo
zco‟ verbs(cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducer
Ex: conozco
Y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver
Ex: soy
6. Saber vs. Conocer
•Both verbs mean “to know”
Saber Conocer
•To know a •To be familiar
with, to be
fact, acquainted, with
information, people,places,
or data and general
concepts
7. REFLEXIVES: REFLEXIVES ARE WHAT IS BEING
REFLECTED UPON.
Me Te Se Nos Se
• myself • yourself • Himself • ourselves • themselves
• Herself
• itself
Example: Lavarse- to wash
•Me lavo
•Te lavas
•Se lava
•Nos lavamos
•Se lavan
8. “SE” IMPERSONAL
There isn‟t anyone in
specific its referring to, it
means people in general.
Passive • Indicates what happened to the
Voice- subject of the sentence without
Se habla saying who or what carried out the
espanol action.
Reciprical • Indicate that action ismore subjects.
preformed on one or
being
action- Nos Like people doing something to or
vemos with each other.
9. DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS:
WHEN A STRONG AND WEAK VOWEL OR TWO WEAK
VOWELS COMBINE TO FORM A SINGLE SYLLABLE.
Mas Mas
Esquiar
palabras Palabras
• Esquio • Continuar: • Puerto
• Esquias to continue • Siete
• Esquia • Graduarse: • Hay
• Esquiamos to graduate • Cuidad
• Esquian • hacia
11. HACE+ TIME+ QUE + PRESENT TENSE OF THE
VERB:
This formula is used to show how long an action
was happening or the length of time an action took
place.
Hace + dos anos+ que + trabajar a brusters=
Hace dos anos que trabaja a brusters.
12. IMPERFECT
Ar
Aba
Abas
Aba
Abamos
Aban
Er/ ir
Ia
Ias
Ia
Iamos
ian
13. PRETERITE
é í
Past tense
Known beginning/and or
aste iste
ending
Snapshot of time
ó ío
Trigger words
Ayer
Anoche amos imos
Anteayer
La semana pasada
aron ieron
Esto es el preterite
14. LAS IRREGULARES (PRETERITE)
Car que
Only in the you
Car gar zar Gar gue
Que gue ce
Tocar- toqué Zar ce
Jugar- jugué
comenzar-comencé
Spock
Hacer –ir ser- dar ver
Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
Ir/ser: fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron
Dar: di diste dio dimos dieron
Ver: vi viste vio vimos vieron
15. CUCARACHA
Only the base of verb changes while preterit endings stay same
Andar anduve e
Estar estur iste
Poder pud io
Poner pus imos
Querer quis ieron
Saber sup eron
Tener tuv eron
Venir vin
If verb conjugation ends in a j drop the “I” in the ending if it
follows the j.
Conducir conduj
Producir produj
Traducir traduj
Traer traj
Decir dij
16. SNAKE/SNAKEY
Stem changers and y changers
Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the
usted and ustedes forms.
Dormir leer
dormi dormimos lei leimos
Dormiste leiste
durmio durmiero leyo leyeron
17. TRIGGER WORDS
Ayer=yesterday
El otro dia=the other day
El dia anterior=the day before
Va a vez=one time
Ayer por la mañana=yesterday morning
El fin de samana passado=last weekend
Entonces=then
En ese memento=in that moment
Hace dos dias=two days ago
18. COMPARITIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
Mas que .. More than •Superlatives indicate that
Menos que.. one person or thing is the
Less/fewer than best, most, least, or worst.
•noun + más or menos +
Tan.. Come as..as
adjective
Tanto como.. As
•Es la ciudad menos
much/many as interesante del mundo…It's
Are the comparison of the least interesting city in
a person or thing to the world.
another thing. (more,
less, or as…as)
19. EL FUTURO
Infinitive + é ás á emos an
Vivir____
Comer____
Hablar____
Will factor
Just add the endings onto the ending a conjugation
needed
Ir+a+ infinitive
(immediate future)
20. IRREGULAR FUTURES
Decir-dir- to say
Haber-habr- there to be Infinitive + é
Poder-podr- to be able ás
á
Poner-pondr- to put,place,set emos
án
Querer-querr- to want, love
Saber-sabr- to know a fact,
Salir-saldr- to leave, go out
Tener- tendr- to have
Valer-valdr- to be worth
Venir-vendr-to come
21. TRIGGER VERBS
Todos los dias
Siempre
A menudo
Cada dia
Generalmente
Por lo general