2. Outline
What is managerial accounting?
Comparison between managerial
accounting and financial accounting
Cost classifications in different ways
Flow of manufacturing activities
Job order cost accounting systems and
process cost accounting systems
Cost allocation
2
3. Introduction
The previous presentations focus on the financial
accounting topics
Please summarize the basic points of financial accounting
→Users/ Time focus/ Emphasis/ Importance/ Subject focus/
Requirements
Thinking
→Is the information provided by financial accounting enough for an
enterprise to conduct its operation and management?
→If not, how to satisfy this demand for the internal used information?
→Have you ever heard ―managerial accounting‖?
3
4. What is Managerial Accounting?
An activity that provides financial and
nonfinancial information to managers and
other internal decision makers
Is quite important to planning, control, and
decision making activities
4
5. The Environment of
Managerial Accounting
Complexity and
size of organizations
Regulatory Emphasis
environment on quality
Environment of
Managerial Accounting
Competition Development of
technology
5
6. Managerial Accounting and
Financial Accounting
Financial Managerial
Accounting Accounting
1. Users Investors, creditors, and Managers, employees, and
other external users other internal users
2. Time focus Historical perspective Future emphasis
3. Emphasis Objectivity and Relevance
Verifiability for planning and control
4. Importance Precision of information Timeliness of information
5. Subject focus Summarized data for Detailed segment reports
the whole organization of an organization
6. Requirements Structured and often Relatively flexible
controlled by GAAP (no GAAP)
6
8. Costs Classification by
Relevance
Relevant
If costs influence a decision
→Costs that are applicable to a particular decision.
→Costs that should have a bearing on which
alternative a manager selects.
→Costs that are avoidable.
→Future costs that differ between alternatives.
Irrelevant
If costs do not influence a decision
8
9. Costs Classification by
Relevance
Sunk Costs
All costs incurred in the past that cannot be changed by
any decision made now or in the future.
should not be considered in decisions.
Irrelevant
Example: You bought an automobile that cost $30,000
two years ago. The $30,000 cost is sunk because whether
you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you cannot change
the $30,000 cost.
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10. Costs Classification by
Relevance
Out-of-pocket costs
require future outlays of cash
associated with a particular decision
relevant for future decisions
Example: Considering the decision to take a
vacation or stay at home, if you choose a
vacation, you will only have travel costs (out-of-
pocket costs).
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11. Costs Classification by
Relevance
Opportunity Costs
The potential benefit that is given up when one
alternative is selected over another.
Example: If you were not attending college or
university, you could be earning $25,000 per
year. Your opportunity cost of attending college
or university for one year is $25,000.
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12. Costs Classification by Behavior
Cost behavior refers to
how a cost will react to changes in the level of
business activity.
Fixed costs
do not change when activity changes.
Variable costs
change in proportion to changes in the volume
of activity
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13. Costs Classification by
Behavior
Total fixed costs remain unchanged
when activity changes within a relevant range.
Fixed costs per unit decline as activity increases.
Fixed costs per unit
Total fixed costs
Volume of Activity Volume of Activity
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14. Costs Classification by
Behavior
Total variable costs change when activity changes.
Variable costs per unit do not change as activity
increases.
Variable costs per unit
Total variable costs
Volume of activity Volume of activity
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15. Costs Classification by
Behavior
Mixed costs
contain a combination of fixed and variable costs.
Total Compensation
Variable
Sales Commissions
Fixed
Monthly salary
Sales
15
16. Costs Classification by
Behavior
Step-Wise Costs
remain fixed over limited ranges of volumes but increase
by a lump sum when volume increases beyond maximum
amounts.
Example: additional production supervisors must be
added when another shift is added.
Supervisory Salaries
Production Volume
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17. Costs Classification by
Controllability
Controllable vs. not controllable
depends upon the employee’s responsibilities.
Example: A lower level manager may have
control over overtime costs but not over the
purchase of high-cost machinery.
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18. Costs Classification by
Traceability
Management often traces costs to cost
objects
To obtain a better measure of their total cost
Cost objects include
→Products
→Services
→Departments
→Divisions
→Customer groups
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19. Costs Classification by
Traceability
Traceable costs are classified as
Direct costs
→can be conveniently traced to a unit of product or
other cost objective.
→Examples: salaries of production workers, salary of
maintenance department employees.
Indirect costs
→must be allocated to a unit of product or other cost
objective.
→Examples: factory rent, factory light and heat,
factory accounting costs.
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20. Costs Classification by Function
Manufacturing Costs
are necessary and integral to the production of
finished goods.
Examples: direct labour, direct materials, and
manufacturing overhead.
Non-Manufacturing Costs
are not integral to the manufacture of finished
goods.
Examples: selling and administrative expenses.
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21. Costs Classification by Function
Direct Direct Manufacturing
Material Labour Overhead
Manufacturing
Costs
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22. Costs Classification by Function
Direct materials
Materials that are clearly and easily identified with a
particular product.
Example: Steel used to manufacture an automobile
Direct labour
Labour costs that are clearly traceable to, or readily
identifiable with, the finished product.
Example: Wages paid to an automobile assembly
worker.
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23. Costs Classification by Function
Manufacturing overhead
All manufacturing costs except direct material
and direct labour.
Manufacturing costs that cannot be traced
directly to specific units produced.
Examples:
→Indirect labour – maintenance
→Indirect material – cleaning supplies
→Factory utility costs
→Supervisory costs
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24. Costs Classification by
Function
Manufacturing costs are often
combined as follows:
Direct Direct Manufacturing
Material Labour Overhead
Prime Conversion
Cost Cost
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25. Costs Classification by
Function
Non-Manufacturing costs (period costs) are
expenses not charged to the product.
Selling Costs
→Costs incurred to obtain customer orders and to
deliver finished goods to customers —advertising
and shipping.
Administrative Costs
→Non-manufacturing costs of staff support and
administrative functions —accounting, data
processing, personnel, research and development.
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26. Discussions
ABC company manufactures a portable radio
designed for mounting on the wall of the
bathroom. The following list represents some of
the different types of costs incurred in the
manufacture of these radios:
1. The plant manager's salary.
2. The cost of heating the plant.
3. The cost of heating executive offices.
4. The cost of printed circuit boards used in the radios.
5. Salaries and commissions of company salespersons.
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27. Discussions
6. Depreciation on office equipment used in the executive
offices.
7. Depreciation on production equipment used in plant.
8. Wages of janitorial personnel who clean the plant.
9. The cost of insurance on the plant building.
10. The cost of electricity to light the plant.
11. The cost of electricity to power plant equipment.
12. The cost of maintaining and repairing equipment in the
plant.
13. The cost of printing promotional materials for trade
shows.
14. The cost of solder used in assembling the radios.
15. The cost of telephone service for the executive offices.
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29. Discussions: the answer
1 Product 6 Period 11 Product
2 Product 7 Product 12 Product
3 Period 8 Product 13 Period
4 Product 9 Product 14 Product
5 Period 10 Product 15 Period
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30. Flow of Manufacturing
Activities
Materials Activity Production Activity Marketing Activity
(raw materials) (goods in process) (finished goods)
Goods in Process
Raw Materials Finished Goods
Beginning Inventory
Beginning Inventory Beginning Inventory
Raw Materials Used
Raw Materials Goods
Purchases Manufactured
Direct Labour Used
Factory Overhead
Used
Financial Reports Raw Materials Goods in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods
Ending Inv. Ending Inv. Ending Inv. Sold (income
statement)
(balance sheet) (balance sheet) (balance sheet)
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31. Job Order Cost
Accounting Systems
Job Order Cost Accounting Systems
The production of products in response to
special orders.
quite flexible in the number of products they
can produce.
→Jobs involving the production of more than one unit
of product are called job lots.
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32. Job Order Cost Accounting
Systems
Direct
Materials
Indirect
Factory Allocate Goods in Completed Finished
Overhead Process Goods
Indirect
Delivered
Cost of
Direct
Labour Goods
Sold
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33. Job Order Cost Accounting
Systems
Direct
Materials
Finished Cost per unit
Job No. 1 for Job No. 1
Goods
Direct
Labour
Finished Cost per unit
Job No. 2 for Job No. 2
Goods
Factory
Overhead
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34. Process Cost Accounting
Systems
Process Cost Accounting Systems
Used for production of small, identical, low-
cost items.
Mass produced in automated continuous
production process.
Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of
product.
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35. Process Cost Accounting
Systems
Direct
Materials
Finished
Process 1 Process 2
Goods
Direct
Labour
Cost per Cost per Total cost
equivalent equivalent per
Factory unit for unit for equivalent
Overhead Process 1 Process 2 unit
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36. Process Cost Accounting
Systems
Unit cost
To determine the cost of goods transferred from
department to department and to finished
goods, we need to calculate unit cost.
Unit cost is computed by dividing the
accumulated costs by the number of equivalent
units produced in the period.
Cost per Product costs for the period
equivalent
unit
= Equivalent units for the period
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37. Process Cost Accounting
Systems
Costs are accumulated for a period of time
by process or department.
Equivalent units is a concept expressing a
number of partially completed units as a
smaller number of fully completed units.
Example: Three one-third full pitchers are
equivalent to one full pitcher.
Equivalent units may be different for material
and labour and overhead at different stages of a
process.
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38. Comparing Job Order and
Process Production
Similarities
Same objective
→to determine the cost of products
Same inventory accounts
→raw materials, goods in process, and finished goods
Same overhead assignment method
→predetermined rate times actual activity
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39. Comparing Job Order and
Process Production
Differences
Job Order Systems Process Systems
Custom orders Repetitive production
Heterogeneous Homogeneous offerings
products High output volume
Low output volume Low product flexibility
High flexibility High standardization
Low to medium
standardization
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41. Cost Allocation
Plant-wide Overhead Rate
A single plant-wide overhead rate is relatively
easy to use
but may result in inaccurate product costs
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42. Cost Allocation
Two-stage Cost Allocation
more accurate method than plant-wide
Stage 1: Allocate service department costs to
production departments. Service department
costs are assigned to operating (or production)
departments.
Stage 2: Allocate production department costs to
cost objects. Costs accumulated within operating
(or production) departments are assigned to cost
objects.
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43. Cost Allocation
Service Departments
Janitorial Maintenance Factory
Accounting
Stage 1
Machining Assembly
Department Department
Stage 2
Job 236 Job 237 Job 238
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44. Cost Allocation
Activity-based Costing
Attempts to better allocate costs to the desired
cost objects by focusing on activities consumed
by the cost objects.
Many activities within a department drive
overhead costs.
→Products require activities.
→Activities consume resources.
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45. Cost Allocation
Activity-based Costing: Procedures
Identify activities that consume resources.
Assign costs to a cost pool for each activity.
Identify cost drivers associated with each activity.
Compute overhead rate for each cost pool.
Estimated overhead costs in activity cost pool
Rate =
Estimated number of activity units
Allocate overhead cost: Overhead
× Actual
Rate Activity
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46. Cost Allocation
Activity-based Costing: Identifying Cost
Drivers
Most cost drivers are related to either volume
or complexity of production.
Examples: purchasing, invoicing, quality
inspection, product design.
Three factors in choosing a cost driver:
→ Causal relationship
→ Benefits received
→ Reasonableness.
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47. Cost Allocation
Activity-based Costing: Cost and Cost Driver
Cost Cost Driver
Materials purchasing Number of purchase orders
Materials handling Number of materials
requisitions
Personnel Number of employees
Equipment amortization Number of products
produced or hours of use
Quality inspection Number of units inspected
Indirect labour in setting up Number of setups required
equipment
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48. Cost Allocation
Activity-based Costing: Benefits
More detailed measures of costs
Better understanding of activities
More accurate product costs for . . .
→Pricing decisions
→Product elimination decisions
→Managing activities that cause costs
Benefits should always be compared with costs
of implementation
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49. Summary
Managerial accounting is quite important to planning,
control, and decision making activities.
Managerial accounting and financial accounting are
different in users, time focus, requirements, etc.
Costs can be classified by relevance, behavior,
controllability, traceability, and function.
Flow of manufacturing activities.
Similarities and differences between job order and
process cost accounting systems
The methods of cost allocation: plant-wide overhead
rate, two stage cost allocation, activity-based costing
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