Nanomedicines (3)

Kinnaird College for Women 3/11/2013

By Mahnoor Khawaja

Kinnaird College for Women
3/11/2013

Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.


 Diagnostic nanomachines could be employed to monitor
the internal chemistry of the body. Mobile
nanorobots, equipped with wireless transmitters, could
circulate in the blood and lymph systems, and send out
warnings when chemical imbalances occur or worsen.
 Similar fixed nanomachines could be planted in the
nervous system to monitor pulse, brain-wave activity, and
other functions.
 Implanted nanotechnology devices could dispense drugs
or hormones as needed in people with chronic imbalance
or deficiency states.
 In heart defibrillators and pacemakers, nanomachines
could affect the behavior of individual cells.
 Artificial antibodies, artificial white and red blood
cells, and antiviral nanorobots might be devised.


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45
40
35 Cardiovasculars
30 CNS products
25 Anti-inflammatories
20 Anticancers
15 Anti-infectives
10 Other applications
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2009 2010 2011 2016
3/11/2013

 Drug Delivery Systems
 Prescription Drugs
 Disease
 Prosthetics
 Future Advances


 Economic Upheaval
 Privacy and Security
 Ethical Issues


By Ramlah Ejaz

3/11/2013

 Cyclic peptides
 Dendrimers
 Detoxification agents
 Fullerenes
 Functional drug carriers
 MRI scanning (nanoparticles)
 Nano barcodes
 Nano emulsions
 Nano fibers
 Nanoparticles
 Nano shells
 Carbon nanotubes
 Non carbon nanotubes
 Quantum dots


 Dendrimers:
Dendrimers are manmade molecules having a tree like structure.
They are prepared generation by generation in a series of controlled
steps that increases the number of small branching molecules
around a central core molecule. Dendrimers measure between 2-20
nanometers across and are branching molecules with the
branching beginning at the core. The core generally consists of an
amine core, but sugars and other molecules can be used as well. All
core molecules share the characteristic of having multiple reaction
sites that are identical. Dendrimers are the ideal building block for
creating biologically active Nano materials because of their
consistency of structure. The Center for Biologic Nanotechnology
has been running tests of functioning biologic Nano devices based
on dendrimers especially of Nano device called anticancer
therapeutic Nano device. These tests confirm that this Nano device
will work as therapeutic agent. It will perform cancer cell
recognition, diagnosis of cancer cause, drug delivery, reporting
drug levels in tumors and reporting cancer cell death.


 Nano Shells:

Nano shells have a core of silica and a metallic outer layer. These
Nano shells can be linked to antibodies that can recognize tumor
cells. Once the cancer cells take them up, by applying a near infra
red light that is absorbed by the Nano shells, it is possible to create
intense heat that selectively kills the tumor cells and not the
neighboring healthy cells.


 Nano Particles:

Nanoparticles can be engineered to target cancer cells for use in
the molecular imaging of a malignant lesion. Large numbers of
nanoparticles are safely entered in to the body and they
preferentially bind to the cancer cell, finding the anatomical
counter of the lesion and making it visible. These nanoparticles give
us the ability to see cells and molecules that we otherwise cannot
detect through conventional imaging.


 Quantum Dots:

Quantum dots Nano crystals are used to tag biological molecules
and would have applications in medical diagnostics, targeted
therapeutics, and high-throughput drug screening. They will
allow, for the first time, direct imaging of small numbers of dying cells
in degenerative eye diseases. They will also greatly enhance
imaging during surgical removal of lymph nodes associated with
cancerous tumors, thereby improving the prognosis for cancer
patients and saving lives while simultaneously reducing the cost and
training required for the procedures. They can also bind to short
DNA strands to detect mutations inside cells.


 Platelets and clottocytes
 Nano tubes
 Nano Sensors
 Carbon Nanotubes


 Platelets and Clottocytes:
The artificial mechanical platelet or CLOTTOCYTES may allow
complete hemostasis in as little as ~1 second, even in moderately
large wounds. This response time is 100-1000 times faster than the
natural system. The clottocyte is a Serum Oxyglucose-Powered
Spherical Nano robot about 2 microns in diameter containing a fiber
mesh that is compactly folded onboard. Upon command from its
control computer, the device promptly unfurls its mesh packet in the
immediate vicinity of an injured blood vessel. Blood cells are
immediately trapped in the overlapping artificial nettings released
by multiple neighboring activated clottocytes, and bleeding halts at
once. Clottocytes may perform a clotting function that is equivalent
in its essentials to that performed by biological platelets -- but at only
~0.01% of the bloodstream concentration of those cells. Hence
clottocytes appear to be ~10,000 times more effective as clotting
agents than an equal volume of natural platelets.


 Nano Tubes:
Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California
developed NANOTUBES. The nanotubes are made up of amino acid
subunits very similar to those found in our bodies, but with one
important difference; alternating subunits have a structure that is the
mirror image of the structure of our own amino acids. The strings of
subunits therefore form small disks, which under right conditions can
stack to form tubes. These nanotubes are used to punch holes in
bacteria. With holes in their membranes bacteria become leaky
and die quickly, hence they are used as ANTI-BACTERIAL DRUGS.


 Nano Sensors:
They were first developed by T. Vo-Dinh et al, from Oak Ridge
National Laboratory. They are diagnostics and therapeutics based
on intracellular sensors. They have the capability to monitor
biochemical processes in a single cell. They are also used for early
detection of Diseases, Tumors and Infections


 Carbon Nanotubes:

Single-wall carbon nanotubes tiny hollow rods that are one-
atom-thick sheets of graphene rolled into cylinders 10,000 times
smaller in diameter than a human hair are prized for their
extraordinary optical, mechanical, thermal and electronic
properties. They are being used to produce lightweight and
extremely strong materials, which enhance the capabilities of
devices such as sensors, and provide a novel means of
delivering drugs with great specificity.


By Hafiza Maleeha Ahmad

3/11/2013

 Nervous system tracking
 Drugs dispersion
 Heart and ECG machine
 Artificial antibodies


 Nervous system tracking:
Nanomedicine has also helped doctors to better understand the
phenomenal changes in the human nervous systems. Fixed
nanomachines could be inserted in the nervous system of the human
body to monitor pulse rate, brain activity, and other important functions.

 Drugs Dispersion:
Live saving drugs are one of the important ingredients in the latest
medicines but its unusual and its excess usage could cause death.
Nanomedicine also has successful applications for the reduction of
extra drugs from human body. Implantation of nanomedicine
devices could disperse drugs or hormones as required in people with
chronic imbalance or deficiency states.


 Heart and ECG Machine:
Advanced and fully equipped nanomedical heart trackers are
present in the major hospitals to accurately track the heart beat
and it‟s down falls and also for treating it as needed in the body. In
human heart defibrillators and pacemakers, nanodevices could
influence the behavior of individual cells.

 Artificial Antibodies:
Nanomedicine was the first to conceptualize the artificial red and
white blood cells and later on it successfully showed the positive
results.Cancer patients are now treated by injecting artificial red
blood cells to balance the human body blood level. Artificial
antibodies, white & red blood cells and antiviral nanorobots could
be considered as successful applications of nanomedicine.


 Nanobots
 Nanoparticles
 Nanobiotix


 Nanobots:
Nanobots can scan each of the body‟s cells for cancerous
tendencies, and subject any suspicious cells to careful analysis; if a
cancer is detected, they can wipe it out quickly, using more
focused and vigorous tactics than the immune system is designed
for. Given such molecular tools, a small device can be designed to
identify and kill cancer cells. The device would have a small
computer, several binding sites to determine the concentration of
specific molecules, and a supply of some poison which could be
selectively released and able to kill a cell identified as cancerous.
The device would circulate freely throughout the body and would
periodically sample its environment by determining whether the
binding sites were occupied or not.


 Nanoparticles:
Investigators constructed synthetic “protocells” that were used to kill liver
tumor cells without adversely affecting healthy cells. Protocells are
made by enclosing highly porous silica nanoparticles, 100-150
nanometers in diameter, with a lipid bilayer thus mimicking a cell
membrane. The bilayer includes protein ligands that specifically target
tumor cells, and the porous core is preloaded with anti-cancer
drugs. Upon binding to its target, the protocell enters the tumor cell and
releases its cargo, thereby killing the cancerous cell. Protocells can carry
high concentrations and different combinations of cargo, such as
drugs, small interfering RNAs, and other toxins. The cargo capacity and
time course of release can be controlled by changing the pore size and
chemistry of the silica core, but the protocell is designed to release the
cargo only upon entry into the target cell. In the future, protocells may
be designed to efficiently and effectively target and kill various types of
cancer cells, depending on the cargo loaded inside and the targeting
molecules used on the surface of the protocell.


 Nanobiotix:
Nanobiotix is focused on the development of NanoXray, a pipeline
of patented products, which are based on the physical mechanism
of action of the nanoparticles interacting with X-rays and maximizing
radiation effect into tumor cells.NanoXray products aim at
enhancing the efficacy of the radiotherapy in the tumor without
increasing damage to healthy tissues. They are meant to be used
with existing standard radiation equipment available in almost every
hospital worldwide.NanoXray products aim to target the major
indications of cancers (breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung
cancer).


 Microsphere for oral insulin production
 Artificial Pancreas
 The Nanopump


 Microsphere for oral insulin production:

The most promising strategy to achieve oral insulin is the use of a
microsphere system which is inherently a combination strategy.
Microspheres act both as protease inhibitors by protecting the
encapsulated insulin from enzymatic degradation within its matrix
and as permeation enhancers by effectively crossing the epithelial
layer after oral administration.


 Artificial Pancreas:
Development of artificial pancreas could be the permanent
solution for diabetic patients.The original idea was first described in
1974. The concept of its work is simple a sensor electrode
repeatedly measures the level of blood glucose;this information
feeds into a small computer that energizes an infusion pump, and
the needed units of insulin enter the bloodstream from a small
reservoir.Another way to restore body glucose is the use of a tiny
silicon box that contains pancreatic beta cells taken from animals.
The box is surrounded by a material with a very specific nanopore
size (about 20 nanometers in diameter).These pores are big
enough to allow for glucose and insulin to pass through them, but
small enough to impede the passage of much larger immune
system molecules. These boxes can be implanted under the skin of
diabetes patients.This could temporarily restore the body‟s delicate
glucose control feedback loop without the need of powerful
immunosuppressant that can leave the patient at a serious risk of
infection.


 Nanopump:
The nanopump is a powerful device and has many possible
applications in the medical field. The first application of the
pump, introduced by Debiotech, is Insulin delivery. The pump injects
Insulin to the patient's body in a constant rate, balancing the
amount of sugars in his or her blood. The pump can also administer
small drug doses over a long period of time.


 Nanorobots
 Tooth repair
 Tooth repositioning


 Nanorobots:

Dental nanorobots might use specific motility mechanisms to
crawl or swim through human tissue with navigational
precision, acquire energy,sense, and manipulate their
surroundings, achieve safe cytopenetration and use any of the
multitude techniques to monitor, interrupt, or alter nerve impulse
traffic in individual nerve cells in real time.These nanorobot
functions may be controlled by an onboard nanocomputer that
executes preprogrammed instructions in response to local sensor
stimuli.


 Tooth Repair:
Nanorobotic manufacture and installation of a biologically
autologous whole replacement tooth that includes both mineral
and cellular components, that is, „complete dentition replacement
therapy‟.Scientists took advantage of these latest developments in
the area of nanotechnology to simulate the natural
biomineralization process to create the hardest tissue in the human
body, dental enamel, by using highly organized microarchitectural
units of nanorod-like calcium hydroxyapatite crystals arranged
roughly parallel to each other.


 Tooth Repositioning:
Orthodontic nanorobots could directly manipulate the periodontal
tissues, allowing rapid and painless tooth straightening, rotating and
vertical repositioning within minutes to hours.


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