Part 6 of a series of lessons on writing an academic paper. Presented in English to graduate students at Kansai University, Osaka, Japan.

1. Lesson 6 Academic PaperResults Section Kansai University Spring 2011

2. Body of Academic Paper (1) Introduction Introductory Paragraph Literature Review Concluding Paragraph or Study Overview Methods Introductory Paragraph Participants Step-by-step Description of Procedure Explanation of How Data was Analyzed Concluding Paragraph

3. Body of Academic Paper (2) Results & Discussion Introductory Paragraph Present your data Information about your data Tables and Figures Explain your data Concluding Paragraph Conclusion

4. Purpose of Results Section The purpose of the Results Section is to report the results of your data analysis. Describe how you analyzed the results related to your study. Briefly mention any problems or missing data. Avoid talking about whether your results were positive or negative. Save that for the Conclusion or Discussion Section.

5. Introductory Paragraph Restate your hypothesis or the purpose of your research Present the main findings of your data Describe how you analyzed your data Briefly state the results of your research Write your introductory paragraph after you organized and explained your data.

6. Your Results (1) Tell us the answer immediately. Describe what you found in your data. Start with BIG picture, then give detail. Explain method of data analysis. Ex: How raw data was coded into useful data. Explain special conditions related to obtaining your data. Explain shortcomings or data that is missing.

7. Your Results (2) Provide tables and figures to easily view your data. Tables and figures should be understandable without reading your explanation. Avoid putting too much data in one table. If there is a lot of data, separate them into parts. Write a summary of the results of your table or figures. Discuss only your major findings (2-5).

8. Example of a Table Table 1. Communication technologies used by 35 students

9. Example of a Figure Figure 1. Student use of communication technologies

10. Publishing a Table Table 1. Communication technologies used by 35 students

11. Publishing a Figure Figure 1. Student use of communication technologies

12. Concluding Paragraph Summarize your research results. Include main ideas of your results. State key findings for your data. State any shortcomings of your research. Offer ideas for future research. Keep this section short (1-2 paragraphs).

13. Conclusion This is an important section because it shows what you learned from your research. It should convince the reader that your hypothesis is correct. Make some recommendations based on the results. Suggest ways for improving the results. Offer ideas for future research.

14. Homework Write a title for the Result Section on your Google Docs paper. If you have results for your academic paper, write the results into your Google Document. If you do not have any data, use today’s group results. This will serve as a example foryour research. Write reflections about what you learned and how you can apply what you learned when write your paper. Post reflection in FaceBook ADP Group.

15. Question and Answers Kansai University Spring 2011