This document provides an overview of chapter 8 from Campbell Biology, 9th edition, which discusses metabolism. It covers several key topics in 3 paragraphs or less:
Metabolism transforms matter and energy according to the laws of thermodynamics through metabolic pathways mediated by enzymes. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules. ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.
Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy. Each enzyme has a specific substrate that binds at its active site, orienting the reactants in a way that facilitates the reaction. Environmental factors like temperature and pH can impact an enzyme's activity by influencing its
9. Figure 8.2
A diver has more potential Diving converts
energy on the platform potential energy to
than in the water. kinetic energy.
Climbing up converts the kinetic A diver has less potential
energy of muscle movement energy in the water
to potential energy. than on the platform.
22. Figure 8.5
• More free energy (higher G)
• Less stable
• Greater work capacity
In a spontaneous change
• The free energy of the system
decreases (∆G < 0)
• The system becomes more
stable
• The released free energy can
be harnessed to do work
• Less free energy (lower G)
• More stable
• Less work capacity
(a) Gravitational motion (b) Diffusion (c) Chemical reaction
24. Figure 8.6 (a) Exergonic reaction: energy released, spontaneous
Reactants
Amount of
energy
released
Free energy
(∆G < 0)
Energy
Products
Progress of the reaction
(b) Endergonic reaction: energy required, nonspontaneous
Products
Amount of
energy
required
Free energy
(∆G > 0)
Energy
Reactants
Progress of the reaction
28. Figure 8.8
Adenine
Phosphate groups
Ribose
(a) The structure of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy
Inorganic
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
phosphate
(b) The hydrolysis of ATP ΔG = -7.3 kcal/mol
33. Figure 8.10
Transport protein Solute
ATP ADP Pi
P Pi
Solute transported
(a) Transport work: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins.
Vesicle Cytoskeletal track
ATP ADP Pi
ATP
Motor protein Protein and
vesicle moved
(b) Mechanical work: ATP binds noncovalently to motor
proteins and then is hydrolyzed.
35. Figure 8.11
ATP H2O
Energy from Energy for cellular
catabolism (exergonic, work (endergonic,
energy-releasing ADP Pi energy-consuming
processes) processes)
41. Figure 8.13
Course of
reaction EA
without without
enzyme EA with
enzyme
enzyme
is lower
Free energy
Reactants
Course of ∆G is unaffected
reaction by enzyme
with enzyme
Products
Progress of the reaction
45. Figure 8.15-3
1 Substrates enter active site.
2 Substrates are held
in active site by weak
interactions.
Substrates
Enzyme-substrate
complex 3 Active site can
lower EA and speed
up a reaction.
6 Active
site is
available
for two new
substrate
molecules.
Enzyme
5 Products are 4 Substrates are
released. converted to
products.
Products
48. Figure 8.16
Optimal temperature for Optimal temperature for
typical human enzyme (37°C) enzyme of thermophilic
(heat-tolerant)
Rate of reaction
bacteria (77°C)
0 60
20 80 40 100 120
Temperature (°C)
(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes
Optimal pH for pepsin Optimal pH for trypsin
(stomach (intestinal
enzyme) enzyme)
Rate of reaction
0 1 5 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
pH
(b) Optimal pH for two enzymes
57. Figure 8.19
(a) Allosteric activators and inhibitors (b) Cooperativity: another type of allosteric activation
Allosteric enzyme Active site Substrate
with four subunits (one of four)
Regulatory
site (one
Activator Stabilized active
of four) Inactive form
Active form Stabilized active form form
Oscillation
Non- Inhibitor
Inactive form Stabilized inactive
functional
active site form
59. Figure 8.21
Initial
substrate
Active site (threonine)
available Threonine
in active site
Enzyme 1
(threonine
Isoleucine
deaminase)
used up by
cell
Intermediate A
Active site of Feedback
enzyme 1 is inhibition Enzyme 2
no longer able
to catalyze the
Intermediate B
conversion
of threonine to Enzyme 3
intermediate A;
pathway is Intermediate C
switched off. Isoleucine
binds to Enzyme 4
allosteric
site. Intermediate D
Enzyme 5
End product
(isoleucine)
Notas del editor
Figure 8.UN01 In-text figure, p. 142
Figure 8.2 Transformations between potential and kinetic energy.
Figure 8.3 The two laws of thermodynamics.
Figure 8.4 Order as a characteristic of life.
Figure 8.5 The relationship of free energy to stability, work capacity, and spontaneous change.
Figure 8.6 Free energy changes ( G ) in exergonic and endergonic reactions.
For the Cell Biology Video Space Filling Model of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 8.8 The structure and hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
For the Cell Biology Video Stick Model of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 8.9 How ATP drives chemical work: Energy coupling using ATP hydrolysis.
Figure 8.10 How ATP drives transport and mechanical work.
Figure 8.11 The ATP cycle.
Figure 8.UN02 In-text figure, p. 152
Figure 8.12 Energy profile of an exergonic reaction.
Figure 8.13 The effect of an enzyme on activation energy.
For the Cell Biology Video Closure of Hexokinase via Induced Fit, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 8.14 Induced fit between an enzyme and its substrate.
Figure 8.15 The active site and catalytic cycle of an enzyme.