4. Training Response Arja L.T. et al, 2001

5. Training Response Arja L.T. et al, 2001

9. Central/Peripheral - Metabolic Fatigue Hargreaves, (2005)

15. Glycolytic System Low-Moderate Intensity Exercise glucose / glycogen pyruvate NAD NADH (mitochondria) NADH NAD H + + e- O 2 lactate LDH acetyl CoA PDH

16. What’s the problem with increased lactate? Low-Moderate Intensity Exercise “ Lactic Acid ” H + + Lactate –  muscle pH “ Metabolic inhibition” (  enzyme activity) “ Contractile inhibition” (  X-bridge cycling )

28. Main Food Energy Sources in Exercise Metabolism • amino acids 95-100% of total energy production “ fuel mix” depends on exercise intensity Nutrition • glucose • glycogen • fatty acids • triglycerides Carbohydrates (CHO) Lipids (Fats) Protein

35. Protein and CHO

43. Take home points… Hydration IOM Guidelines, (2004) Sedentary Daily Allowance Sedentary Upper Limit Active/Athlete Daily Allowance Active/Athlete Upper Limit Water 3.7 L/day (male) 2.7 L/day (female) None 3.7 L/day (male) 2.7 L/day (female) None Sodium 1.5 g/day (3.8 g/day salt) 2.3 g/day (5.8 g/day salt) >1.5 g/day (>10 g/day salt) None Potassium 4.7 g/day None 4.7 g/day None

48. REST, LIGHT EXERCISE OR CRYOTHERAPY: WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO RECOVER BETWEEN REPEATED BOUTS OF INTENSE EXERCISE? Doug Stacey , BHScPT Sport Physiotherapist – Diploma B.W. Timmons †† and M.J. Gibala † . † Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Dept. of Kinesiology, †† Children’s Exercise and Nutrition Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Hydrotherapy

49. Methods Recovery Intervention – 20 min Rest, Active, Cryo Familiarization VO 2peak Hydrotherapy Pre Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Testing & Familiarization Training – 3 bouts Random intervention Training – 3 bouts Random intervention Training – 3 bouts Random intervention Bout1 50KJ Bout 3 50KJ Bout 2 50KJ Rest Blood Sample and Questionnaires Lactate, IL-6, CBC – RPE, VAS, Preparedness lactate lactate

50. * p .≤ .05 vs bout 1 (main effect) * * Hydrotherapy

51. ** * p .≤ .05 vs Rest(main effect); ** p .≤ .05 vs Passive, Cold * * * Hydrotherapy

52. * p .≤ .05 vs Rest, Bout 2 (main effect) * Hydrotherapy

53. * p .≤ .05 vs Rest (main effect); ** p .≤ .05 vs Active, Passive ** * * Hydrotherapy

60. Testing the Water: Are the Effects of Hydrotherapy More Psychological Than Physiological? Doug Stacey , Sport PT – dip. K. Martin-Ginis 2 , M. Poling 1 , and M.J. Gibala 1 . 1. Exercise Metabolism Research Group and 2. Health Psychology Laboratory, Dept. of Kinesiology, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, ON. Hydrotherapy

61. Methods: Pre Training Training Post Training Familiarization trials VO 2max Wingate Challenge ride VO 2max Wingate Challenge ride 5 5 6 4 4 Numbers represent the # of Wingate tests / training session Hydrotherapy N=6 Vs. Control N=6 Hydrotherapy

85. “ Art vs. Science”