This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers. I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.

1. 1

2. E0
192.168.1.150
E0
192.168.3.150
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
HYDERABAD OFFICE
BANGLORE OFFICE
E0
192.168.2.150
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
CHENNAI OFFICE
2

3. Frame Relay
• Frame Relay is a data link layer
packet-switching protocol that uses digital circuits.
• It is used for medium to longer distances and for
longer connectivity.
• Leased lines also provide longer connectivity but a
physical circuit is used to make connection between
2 sites and the same circuit path is used always.
• Frame Relay connections use logical circuits to make
connections between 2 sites. These logical circuits are
referred to as Virtual Circuits(VCs).
• Multiple VCs can exist on the same physical
connection.
• VCs are Full duplex.
3

4. Advantages of Frame Relay
• VCs overcome the scalability problems of
leased lines by providing multiple logical circuits
over the same physical connection.
• Only one serial interface of a router is needed to
handle the VC connections to multiple sites Whereas
using leased lines multiple serial interfaces are needed
to connect to multiple sites.
• VCs provide full connectivity at a much lower price
compared to leased lines.
4

5. Frame Relay Terminology
• Sub-interfaces
• Uses Shared bandwidth
• Local Management interface(LMI):
– used between the Frame relay DTE(eg.Router) and the
Frame Relay DCE(eg. Frame Relay switch)
– Defines how the DTE interacts with the DCE
– Locally significant
– Provides VCs status information(a keep-alive
mechanism)
– LMI standards : Cisco, ANSI, Q933a
The DTE and DCE must have the same LMI signaling type
5

6. Frame Relay Terminology
• Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI) :
– used to identify each VC on a physical interface
(i.e.) Each VC has a unique local address called a DLCI
number.
– switch will map to the destination depending on the
DLCI number
– Inverse ARP is used to map DLCIs to next hop
addresses.
– Mapping can also be done manually.
– Its Locally significant.
– These numbers are given by the Frame relay
service providers, Service providers assign DLCIs in
the range of 16 to 1007.
6

7. Frame Relay Terminology
• Virtual circuits are of two types:
– Permanent Virtual Circuits – PVCs
– Switched Virtual Circuits –SVCs
• Permanent Virtual Circuit :
– similar to a dedicated leased line , permanent
connection.
– used when constant data is being generated.
• Switched Virtual Circuit :
– also called as Semi-permanent virtual circuit
– similar to a circuit switched connection where the
VC is dynamically built and then torn down once the
data has been sent.
– used when data has to be sent in small amounts
7
and at periodic intervals.

8. Frame Relay Terminology
• Committed Information Rate(CIR) :
– Average data rate measured over a fixed period
of time that the carrier guarantees for a VC.
– committed bandwidth
• Burst Rate(BR) :
– Average data rate provider guarantees for a VC.
– Excess bandwidth
8

9. Frame Relay Terminology
• FECN and BECN :
– Forward Explicit Congestion Notification
– Backward Explicit Congestion Notification
• When congestion occurs switch marks the FECN and
BECN bits in the frame header.
• FECN is sent to the destination
• BECN is sent to the source
• Thereby notifying both source and destination
about the congestion.
• FECN = 0 and BECN =0 implies no congestion.
9

10. Frame-Relay - Network Diagram
FRAME-RELAY
SWICH
10.0.0.1/8
S0
HYD
11.0.0.1/8
S0
S1
10.0.0.2/8
E0
192.168.1.150/24
DLCI NO : 100
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
CHE
S1
11.0.0.2/8
E0
192.168.2.150/24
BAN
E0
192.168.3.150/2
DLCI NO : 200
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
10

11. Frame-Relay - Network Diagram
FRAME-RELAY
SWICH
10.0.0.1/8
S0
HYD
CHE
E0
192.168.1.150/24
DLCI NO : 100
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
S1
10.0.0.2/8
E0
192.168.2.150/24
BAN
E0
192.168.3.150/2
DLCI NO : 200
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
11

12. 12

13. Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:> telnet 192.168.1.150
Connecting .....
Configuring Serial interface
Configuring Serial interface
================================
Router(config)#interface serial <no>
Router(config)#interface serial <no>
Welcome to Hyderabad Router
Router(config-if)#ip address <address> <mask>
Router(config-if)#ip
================================ address <address> <mask>
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
User Access Verification
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
password : ****
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
Hyderabad> enable
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
password : ****
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
Hyderabad# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Hyderabad(config)# interface serial 0
Hyderabad(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Hyderabad(config-if)# no shut
Hyderabad(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
Hyderabad(config-if)# frame-relay lmi-type cisco
Hyderabad(config-if)# frame-relay interface-dlci 100
Hyderabad(config-if)# exit
Hyderabad(config)#
13

14. Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:> telnet 192.168.3.150
Connecting .....
Configuring Serial interface
Configuring Serial interface
================================
Router(config)#interface serial <no>
Router(config)#interface serial <no>
Welcome to Banglore Router
Router(config-if)#ip address <address> <mask>
Router(config-if)#ip
================================ address <address> <mask>
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
User Access Verification
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
password : ****
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
Banglore> enable
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
password : ****
Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
Banglore# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Banglore(config)# interface serial 1
Banglore(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Banglore(config-if)# no shut
Banglore(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
Banglore(config-if)# frame-relay lmi-type cisco
Banglore(config-if)# frame-relay interface-dlci 200
Banglore(config-if)# exit
Banglore(config)#
14

15. Configuring Frame-relay Switch
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] Switch
Configuring Frame-relay
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoftserial <no>
Router(config)#interface serial <no>
Router(config)#interface Corp.
C:> telnet 192.168.2.150
Router(config-if)#no ip address
Router(config-if)#no ip address
Connecting .....
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
================================
Router(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate>
Router(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate>
Welcome to Chennai Router
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
================================
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
User Access Verification
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
password Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce Switch
: ****
Converting Router to intf-type dce
Router(config-if)#frame-relay Frame-relay Switch
Converting Router to Frame-relay
Chennai> enable
Router(config-if)#frame-relay switching
Router(config)#frame-relay switching
Router(config-if)#frame-relayroute <Source dlci no>
Router(config)#frame-relay route <Source dlci no>
password : ****
interface <int type> <int. no>
interface <int type> <int. no>
Chennai# configure terminal
<Destination dlci no>
<Destination dlci
Enter configuration commands, one per line.no> with CNTL/Z.
End
Chennai(config)# frame-relay switching
Chennai(config)# interface serial 1
Chennai(config-if)# no ip address
Chennai(config-if)# no shut
Chennai(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
Chennai(config-if)# clockrate 64000
Chennai(config-if)# frame-relay lmi-type cisco
Chennai(config-if)# frame-relay intf-type dce
Chennai(config-if)# frame-relay route 100 interface serial 0 200
15

16. Chennai(config)# interface serial 0
Chennai(config-if)# no ip address
Chennai(config-if)# no shut
Chennai(config-if)# encapsulation Frame-relaySwitch
Configuring Frame-relay Switch
Configuring frame-relay
Chennai(config-if)# clockrate 64000
Router(config)#interface serial <no>
Router(config)#interface serial <no>
Chennai(config-if)# frame-relay address cisco
lmi-type
Router(config-if)#no ip address
Router(config-if)#no ip intf-type dce
Chennai(config-if)# frame-relay
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Chennai(config-if)# frame-relay route 200 interface serial 1 100
Router(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate>
Router(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate>
Chennai(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>
Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce
Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce
Router(config-if)#frame-relay route <Source dlci no>
Router(config-if)#frame-relay route <Source dlci no>
interface <int type> <int. no>
interface <int type> <int. no>
<Destination dlci no>
<Destination dlci no>
16

17. Hyderabad# show frame-relay pvc
PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)
DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0
input pkts 0
output pkts 2
in bytes 0
out bytes 60
dropped pkts 0
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0
out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 2
out bcast bytes 60
pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20
Hyderabad#
PVC STATUS = ACTIVE
PVC STATUS = ACTIVE
Implies, all configurations and the connectivity are
Implies, all configurations and the connectivity are
fine.
fine.
17

18. Hyderabad# show frame-relay pvc
PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)
DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL,PVC STATUS = INACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial0
input pkts 0
output pkts 2
in bytes 0
out bytes 60
dropped pkts 0
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0
out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 2
out bcast bytes 60
pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20
Hyderabad#
PVC STATUS = INACTIVE
PVC STATUS = INACTIVE
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Remote LMI
Remote LMI
18

19. Hyderabad# show frame-relay pvc
PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)
DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL,PVC STATUS = DELETED,INTERFACE = Serial0
input pkts 0
output pkts 2
in bytes 0
out bytes 60
dropped pkts 0
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0
out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 2
out bcast bytes 60
pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20
Hyderabad#
PVC STATUS = DELETED
PVC STATUS = DELETED
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Local LMI
Local LMI
19

20. Banglore# show frame-relay pvc
PVC Statistics for interface Serial1 (Frame Relay DTE)
DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial1
input pkts 8
output pkts 7
in bytes 570
out bytes 586
dropped pkts 2
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0
out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 7
out bcast bytes 586
pvc create time 00:12:26, last time pvc status changed 00:02:06
Banglore#
20

21. Chennai# show frame-relay pvc
PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DCE)
DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = SWITCHED,PVC STATUS = ACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial0
input pkts 0
output pkts 0
in bytes 0
out bytes 0
dropped pkts 0
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0
out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 0
out bcast bytes 0
pvc create time 00:02:07, last time pvc status changed 00:00:56
Num Pkts Switched 0
PVC Statistics for interface Serial1 (Frame Relay DCE)
DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = SWITCHED,PVC STATUS = ACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial1
input pkts 4
output pkts 3
in bytes 186
out bytes 202
dropped pkts 0
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0
out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 0
out bcast bytes 0
pvc create time 00:02:21, last time pvc status changed 00:01:04
Num Pkts Switched 4
Chennai#
21

22. Hyderabad# show frame-relay map
Serial0 (up): ip 10.0.0.2, dlci 100(0x64,0x1840), dynamic,
broadcast, status defined, active
Hyderabad#
22

23. Banglore# show frame-relay map
Serial1 (up): ip 10.0.0.1, dlci 200(0xC8,0x3080), dynamic,
broadcast, status defined, active
Banglore#
23

24. Chennai# show
Input Intf
Serial0
Serial1
Chennai#
frame-relay
Input Dlci
200
100
route
Output Intf
Serial1
Serial0
Output Dlci
100
200
24
Status
active
active

25. Hyderabad(config)# no ip routing
Hyderabad(config)# ip routing
Hyderabad(config)# router rip
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Hyderabad(config-router)# ^Z
Configuring RIP
Hyderabad# show ip route
Configuring RIP
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config)# router rip
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, <Network ID> area
Router(config-router)# network IA - OSPF inter
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
C
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R
192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0
Hyderabad# ping 192.168.3.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Hyderabad#
25

26. Banglore(config)# no ip routing
Banglore(config)# ip routing
Banglore(config)# router rip
Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0
Banglore(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Banglore(config-router)# ^Z
Configuring RIP
Banglore# show ip route
Configuring RIP
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config)# router rip
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, <Network ID> area
Router(config-router)# network IA - OSPF inter
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
R
192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1
C
192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Banglore# ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Banglore#
26