37. Ekološki izazovi Source: Toyota Motor Corporation Energy Supply/Demand 2010 2020 2000 Ambient Air Quality Climate Change Emissions increasing (NOx, CO, HC) Energy mix required CO 2 increasing Oil, Nuclear, Natural gas, Coal Renewable energy Standard of living Expansion to developing countries Emission standard
38. Energy supply/demand Source: NEDO Production volume of primary energy incrude oil equivalent tons (millions) Year In ovativne Te hnologije Photovoltaic Wind Power Hydraulic Geothermal Biomass Nucleair Power Natural gas Crude oil Coal
39. Klimatske promene Source: IPCC95 annual report CO 2 density (ppmv) Year IPCC limit 550 Reducing CO 2 is essential for our sustainable growth 280 370 700-800
41. U susret Ultimat ivnom E k o- vozilu Ultimate Eco-Car Hybrid technology boosts performance for all powertrain systems
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52. Why Hybrids are efficient Start-up Normal driving Acceleration Deceleration Stopping Engine shuts off & Electric motor drive Engine Motor + engine (power boost) Battery charging Engine shuts off Energy recovery No energy consumption Engine operating with maximum efficiency Energy source Fuel tank Battery
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57. Fuel Consumption Improvement Engine technologies play a key role even for a hybrid vehicle Index of Fuel Consumption (%) Base Vehicle (AT) THS Vehicle City Mode THS Vehicle Highway Mode THS: Toyota Hybrid System 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Idle stop Regeneration Engine improvement Engine op erating area
58. Comparison of CO 2 emissions Source: Toyota Reference mass (kg) 260 220 180 140 100 60 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Petrol Diesel Prius I VW Lupo 3L Audi A2 3L MCC Smart CO 2 g/km Prius II 104 g/km 140g/km 2008/9
59. Well-to-Wheel emissions & ‘Eco score’ of vehicles Source: Van Mierlo Joeri Macharis Cathy, Goederenvervoer en Personenvervoer – Vooruitzichten en breekpunten, Garant 2005 CO 2 SO 2 NO x NMVOS PM Energy Ecoscore Petrol Euro 4 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 64.5 Diesel Euro 4 78% 56% 171% 26% 421% 72% 63.2 LPG Euro 4 93% 54% 90% 41% 68% 105% 69.5 Natural gas Euro 4 77% 25% 28% 24% 34% 110% 75.8 Hybrid Euro 4 67% 61% 39% 54% 61% 61% 75.8 Electric Euro 4 27% 43% 38% 1% 132% 67% 85.3
73. Incentives Status as of March 2007 Lexus RX 400h Tax reductions (€) Ireland 11,662 Norway 10,000 Netherlands 3,000 Iceland 3,072 Cyprus 1,719 (tax) + 1,200 (fund) Sweden 3,248 (road tax + income tax) 2,555 Stockholm CC Greece 16,040 Toyota Prius Benefits Country Tax reduction (€) Annual (€) benefit Ireland 3,794 Cyprus - 235 (tax) + 1,200 (fund) Sweden 2,240 (road & income tax) 2,555 Stockholm CCharge Estonia (Tallin only ) 1,200 Free parking Italy (Bolzano only ) 2,000 France 2,000 income tax Norway 2,000 Spain (Castilla Leon only ) 2,500 incentive UK 3,000 London -CCharge Iceland 3,072 Greece 3,328 Portugal 1,820 Netherlands 6,000 tax exemption
