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Chapter 12:  Indexing and Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],search-key pointer
Index Evaluation Metrics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ordered Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Indexing techniques evaluated on basis of:
Dense Index Files ,[object Object]
Sparse Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Sparse Index Files
Multilevel Index ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multilevel Index (Cont.)
Index Update:  Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Index Update:  Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Secondary Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Secondary Index on  balance  field of  account
Primary and Secondary Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
B + -Tree Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],B + -tree indices are an alternative to indexed-sequential files.
B + -Tree Index Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A B + -tree is a rooted tree satisfying the following properties:
B + -Tree Node Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Leaf Nodes in B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Properties of a leaf node:
Non-Leaf Nodes in B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of a B + -tree B + -tree for  account  file ( n =  3)
Example of B + -tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],B + -tree for  account  file ( n  - 5)
Observations about B + -trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Queries on B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Queries on B +- Trees (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates on B + -Trees:  Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates on B + -Trees:  Insertion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Result of splitting node containing Brighton and Downtown on  inserting Clearview
Updates on B + -Trees:  Insertion (Cont.) B + -Tree before and after insertion of “Clearview”
Updates on B + -Trees: Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates on B + -Trees:  Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples of B + -Tree Deletion ,[object Object],Before and after deleting “Downtown”
Examples of B + -Tree Deletion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Deletion of “Perryridge” from result of previous example
Example of B + -tree Deletion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],Before and after deletion of “Perryridge” from earlier example
B + -Tree File Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
B + -Tree File Organization (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example of B + -tree File Organization
B-Tree Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
B-Tree Index File Example ,[object Object]
B-Tree Index Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Static Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Hash File Organization (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hash file organization of  account  file, using  branch-name  as key  (See figure in next slide.)
Example of Hash File Organization  Hash file organization of  account  file, using  branch-name  as key   (see previous slide for details).
Hash Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Handling of Bucket Overflows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Handling of Bucket Overflows (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hash Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Hash Index
Deficiencies of Static Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dynamic Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Extendable Hash Structure  In this structure,  i 2  =  i 3  =  i , whereas  i 1  =  i  – 1 (see next slide for details)
Use of Extendable Hash Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates in Extendable Hash Structure  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],To split a bucket  j  when inserting record with search-key value  K j :
Updates in Extendable Hash Structure (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Use of Extendable Hash Structure:  Example  Initial Hash structure, bucket size = 2
Example (Cont.) ,[object Object]
Example (Cont.) Hash structure after insertion of Mianus record
Example (Cont.) Hash structure after insertion of  three Perryridge records
Example (Cont.) ,[object Object]
Extendable Hashing vs. Other Schemes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Index Definition in SQL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multiple-Key Access ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Indices on Multiple Attributes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Suppose we have an index on combined search-key ( branch-name, balance ).
Grid Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example Grid File for  account
Queries on a Grid File ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Grid Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Efficient Implementation of Bitmap Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End of Chapter
Partitioned Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sequential File For  account  Records
Deletion of “Perryridge” From the B + -Tree of Figure 12.12
Sample  account  File

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12. Indexing and Hashing in DBMS