19. Distributed Databases in DBMS

Chapter 19: Distributed Databases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distributed Database System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Homogeneous Distributed Databases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distributed Data Storage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Data Replication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Data Replication (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Data Fragmentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Horizontal Fragmentation of account Relation branch-name account-number balance Hillside Hillside Hillside A-305 A-226 A-155 500 336 62 account 1 =  branch-name=“Hillside” (account) branch-name account-number balance Valleyview Valleyview Valleyview Valleyview A-177 A-402 A-408 A-639 205 10000 1123 750 account 2 =  branch-name=“Valleyview” (account)

Vertical Fragmentation of employee-info Relation branch-name customer-name tuple-id Hillside Hillside Valleyview Valleyview Hillside Valleyview Valleyview Lowman Camp Camp Kahn Kahn Kahn Green deposit 1 =  branch-name, customer-name, tuple-id (employee-info) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 account number balance tuple-id 500 336 205 10000 62 1123 750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A-305 A-226 A-177 A-402 A-155 A-408 A-639 deposit 2 =  account-number, balance, tuple-id (employee-info)

Advantages of Fragmentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Data Transparency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Naming of Data Items - Criteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Centralized Scheme - Name Server ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Use of Aliases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distributed Transactions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Transaction System Architecture

System Failure Modes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Commit Protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Two Phase Commit Protocol (2PC) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Phase 1: Obtaining a Decision ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Phase 2: Recording the Decision ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Handling of Failures - Site Failure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Handling of Failures- Coordinator Failure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Handling of Failures - Network Partition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Recovery and Concurrency Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Three Phase Commit (3PC) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Alternative Models of Transaction Processing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Alternative Models (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Error Conditions with Persistent Messaging ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Persistent Messaging and Workflows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Implementation of Persistent Messaging ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Implementation of Persistent Messaging ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Concurrency Control in Distributed Databases

Concurrency Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Single-Lock-Manager Approach ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Single-Lock-Manager Approach (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distributed Lock Manager ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Primary Copy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Majority Protocol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Majority Protocol (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Biased Protocol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Quorum Consensus Protocol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Deadlock Handling ,[object Object],T 1 : write (X) write (Y) T 2 : write (Y) write (X) X-lock on X write (X) X-lock on Y write (Y) wait for X-lock on X Wait for X-lock on Y Result: deadlock which cannot be detected locally at either site

Centralized Approach ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Local and Global Wait-For Graphs Local Global

Example Wait-For Graph for False Cycles Initial state:

False Cycles (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Unnecessary Rollbacks ,[object Object],[object Object]

Timestamping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Timestamping (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Replication with Weak Consistency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Replication with Weak Consistency (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Multimaster Replication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lazy Propagation (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Availability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Reconfiguration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Reconfiguration (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Majority-Based Approach ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Majority-Based Approach ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Read One Write All (Available) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Site Reintegration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Comparison with Remote Backup ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Coordinator Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Bully Algorithm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Bully Algorithm (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distributed Query Processing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Query Transformation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Example Query (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Simple Join Processing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Possible Query Processing Strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Semijoin Strategy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Formal Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Join Strategies that Exploit Parallelism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Heterogeneous Distributed Databases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Advantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Unified View of Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Query Processing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mediator Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Directory Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Directory Access Protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LDAP:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LDAP Data Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LDAP Data Model (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LDAP Data Model (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LDAP Data Manipulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LDAP Queries ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LDAP URLs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Code using LDAP API ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C Code using LDAP API (Cont.) ,[object Object]

LDAP API (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distributed Directory Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

End of Chapter Extra Slides (material not in book) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Three Phase Commit (3PC) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Phase 2. Recording the Preliminary Decision ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Phase 3. Recording Decision in the Database ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Handling Site Failure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Handling Site Failure (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Coordinator – Failure Protocol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Coordinator Failure Protocol (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fully Distributed Deadlock Detection Scheme ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Site 1 T 1  T 2  T 3 Site 2 T 3  T 4  T 5 Site 3 T 5  T 1

Fully Distributed Approach (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fully Distributed Approach: Example Site 1 EX(3)  T 1  T 2  T 3  EX(2) Site 2 EX(1)  T 3  T 4  T 5  EX(3) Site 3 EX(2)  T 5  T 1  T 3  EX(1) EX (i): Indicates Tex, plus wait is on/by a transaction at Site i

Fully Distributed Approach Example (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fully Distributed Approach (Cont.) ,[object Object],Site 1 EX(2)  T 5  T 1  T 2  T 3  EX(2) Site 2 EX(1)  T 3  T 4  T 5  EX(3) Site 3 EX(2)  T 5  T 1  EX(1)

Fully Distributed Approach (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],Site 1 EX(2)  T 5  T 1  T 2  T 3  EX(2) Site 2 T 5  T 1  T 2  T 3  T 4 Site 3 EX(2)  T 5  T 1  EX(1) Deadlock Detected

Naming of Replicas and Fragments ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Name - Translation Algorithm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Example of Name - Translation Scheme ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Transparency and Updates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Transparency and Updates (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Network Topology (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Robustness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Procedure to Reconfigure System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

19. Distributed Databases in DBMS

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19. Distributed Databases in DBMS