What for is Man living ? Peace!

1. SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF PEACE,SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF PEACE,
CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE:CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE:
The Division of PeaceThe Division of Peace
Psychology, established withinPsychology, established within
the American Psychologicalthe American Psychological
Association (APA) in 1990, is aAssociation (APA) in 1990, is a
growing organization consistinggrowing organization consisting
of psychologists, students, andof psychologists, students, and
professional affiliates fromprofessional affiliates from
diverse disciplines.diverse disciplines.
www.peacepsych.orgwww.peacepsych.org
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PEACE PSYCHOLOGY DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

2. 22
The specific goals of the Peace Division are:The specific goals of the Peace Division are:
1) to encourage psychological research, education, and1) to encourage psychological research, education, and
training on issues concerning peace, nonviolent conflicttraining on issues concerning peace, nonviolent conflict
resolution, reconciliation, and the causes, consequencesresolution, reconciliation, and the causes, consequences
and prevention of war and other forms of destructiveand prevention of war and other forms of destructive
conflict;conflict;
2) to provide an organization that fosters communication2) to provide an organization that fosters communication
among researchers, teachers, and practitioners who areamong researchers, teachers, and practitioners who are
working on peace issues; andworking on peace issues; and
3) to apply the knowledge and the methods of3) to apply the knowledge and the methods of
psychology in the advancement of peace, non-violentpsychology in the advancement of peace, non-violent
conflict resolution, reconciliation, and the prevention ofconflict resolution, reconciliation, and the prevention of
war and other forms of destructive conflict.war and other forms of destructive conflict.

3. Causes of ConflictsCauses of Conflicts
Limited Resources (time, money,Limited Resources (time, money,
property)property)
Unmet Basic Needs (security, identity,Unmet Basic Needs (security, identity,
material necessities, self-determination)material necessities, self-determination)
Clashing Values (freedom versus equality)Clashing Values (freedom versus equality)
Beliefs (chosen people)Beliefs (chosen people)
Ideologies (capitalism versus communism)Ideologies (capitalism versus communism)

4. Levels of ConflictLevels of Conflict
Intrapersonal or IntrapsychicIntrapersonal or Intrapsychic
(psychotherapist?)(psychotherapist?)
Interpersonal (marriage counselor?)Interpersonal (marriage counselor?)
intragroup (leadership?)intragroup (leadership?)
intergroup (diplomacy?)intergroup (diplomacy?)
interstate (world government?)interstate (world government?)

5. Dealing with ConflictsDealing with Conflicts
NegotiationNegotiation
– Two or more parties working to resolve aTwo or more parties working to resolve a
conflictconflict
MediationMediation
– Parties in a conflict are assisted by a third partyParties in a conflict are assisted by a third party
ArbitrationArbitration
– Settlement imposed by a third partySettlement imposed by a third party

6. Responses to Conflict (psychologicalResponses to Conflict (psychological
results)results)
a. Withdrawing (self-destructive behavior)a. Withdrawing (self-destructive behavior)
b. Dominating (aggression)b. Dominating (aggression)
c. Submitting (depression)c. Submitting (depression)
d. Engaging (healthy)d. Engaging (healthy)
e. Vascillating (anxiety)e. Vascillating (anxiety)
a
b b
c c
d a

7. 77
Nature of ViolenceNature of Violence
Violence – The exertion of physical (Violence – The exertion of physical (oror
psychologicalpsychological) force that harms.) force that harms.
Direct Violence – That committed by identifiableDirect Violence – That committed by identifiable
people on particular victims.people on particular victims.
Structural Violence – Harm that comes fromStructural Violence – Harm that comes from
subtle, gradual, systematized, normallysubtle, gradual, systematized, normally
accepted actions of particular social institutionsaccepted actions of particular social institutions
where responsibility is blurred. (Determines whowhere responsibility is blurred. (Determines who
gets heard, who gets devalued and who getsgets heard, who gets devalued and who gets
resources.)resources.)
Direct and Structural Violence manifestDirect and Structural Violence manifest
differently but are interdependentdifferently but are interdependent

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Examples of Direct ViolenceExamples of Direct Violence
Hate crimesHate crimes
Ethnic cleansingEthnic cleansing
RapeRape
MurderMurder
WarWar
Police brutalityPolice brutality

9. 99
Examples of Structural ViolenceExamples of Structural Violence
PovertyPoverty
UnemploymentUnemployment
Discrimination (Racism, sexism, etc.)Discrimination (Racism, sexism, etc.)
Poor health care, schools or housingPoor health care, schools or housing
Racial profilingRacial profiling
Corrupt political systemCorrupt political system
Poor accountability for misuse of powerPoor accountability for misuse of power

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Moral ExclusionMoral Exclusion
Morals- Norms, rights, entitlements, obligations,Morals- Norms, rights, entitlements, obligations,
responsibilities and duties that shape our senseresponsibilities and duties that shape our sense
of justice and guide our behavior with others.of justice and guide our behavior with others.
Moral Community- Those we value inside ourMoral Community- Those we value inside our
“scope of justice”, family, friends, compatriots“scope of justice”, family, friends, compatriots
and coreligionists. “US”and coreligionists. “US”
Morally Excludable- Strangers outside our scopeMorally Excludable- Strangers outside our scope
of justice and enemies. “THEM”of justice and enemies. “THEM”

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Psychological Bases for MoralPsychological Bases for Moral
ExclusionExclusion
Tendency to exclude is fostered by normalTendency to exclude is fostered by normal
perceptual tendencies:perceptual tendencies:
1.1. Social categorizationSocial categorization
2.2. Evaluative judgmentsEvaluative judgments
3.3. Fundamental attribution errorFundamental attribution error
4.4. Self-serving biasesSelf-serving biases
5.5. Zero-sum thinkingZero-sum thinking
6.6. Attributive projectionAttributive projection
7.7. Just world thinkingJust world thinking

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To Foster Social Justice:To Foster Social Justice:
1.1. Welcome open dialogue and critique.Welcome open dialogue and critique.
2.2. Establish procedures that keep communicationEstablish procedures that keep communication
channels open during increased conflict.channels open during increased conflict.
3.3. Value pluralism and measured acceptance ofValue pluralism and measured acceptance of
the different.the different.
4.4. Be alert to symptoms of moral exclusion.Be alert to symptoms of moral exclusion.
5.5. Challenge injustice constructively.Challenge injustice constructively.

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Recommended ReadingRecommended Reading
Christie, D.J., Wagner, R.V. and Winter, D.D. (Eds.), 2001.Christie, D.J., Wagner, R.V. and Winter, D.D. (Eds.), 2001. Peace, Conflict,Peace, Conflict,
and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21stst
CenturyCentury. Upper Saddle River,. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.NJ: Prentice Hall.
Deutsch, M. and Coleman, P.T. & Marcus, E.C. (Eds.) (2006).Deutsch, M. and Coleman, P.T. & Marcus, E.C. (Eds.) (2006). The HandbookThe Handbook
of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice.of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-San Francisco, CA: Jossey-
Bass.Bass.
de Rivera, J. (Ed.), 2009.de Rivera, J. (Ed.), 2009. Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace.Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace. New York,New York,
NY: Springer.NY: Springer.
MacNair, R.M. (2003).MacNair, R.M. (2003). The Psychology of Peace: An IntroductionThe Psychology of Peace: An Introduction. Westport,. Westport,
CT: Praeger Publishers.CT: Praeger Publishers.
Mayton, D.M. (2009).Mayton, D.M. (2009). Nonviolence and Peace Psychology: Intrapersonal,Nonviolence and Peace Psychology: Intrapersonal,
Interpersonal, Societal, and World PeaceInterpersonal, Societal, and World Peace. New York: Springer.. New York: Springer.

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The following psychologists contributed to development of
this PowerPoint presentation: Dan Christie, Joe deRivera,
Eduardo Diaz, and Linden Nelson.
For more information about peace psychology, please visit
<www.peacepsych.org>.
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