Recomendados
Recomendados
Más contenido relacionado
Destacado
Destacado (12)
Similar a Srnt illicit trade bodrogi rogers and foley v3
Similar a Srnt illicit trade bodrogi rogers and foley v3 (20)
Srnt illicit trade bodrogi rogers and foley v3
- 1. I M PA C T O F I L L I C I T T R A D E O N TO B A C C O C O N S U M P T I O N , LOST REVENUES, AND PRODUCT HARM: THE HUNGARIAN EVIDENCE J O Z S E F B O D R O G I 1, T O D D R O G E R S 2, K R I S T I E F O L E Y 3 1. CORVINUS UNIVERSITY, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY 2. RTI INTERNATIONAL, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC, USA 3. DAVIDSON COLLEGE, DAVIDSON, NC, USA
- 2. Acknowledgement and Conflict of Interest 2 Funding provided by Grant # 1 R01 TW007927-01 from the Fogarty International Center, the National Cancer Institute, and the National Institutes on Drug Abuse (PI: KL Foley) No conflicts of interest declared by the authors.
- 3. Presentation Goals 3 • Health impact of tobacco use in Hungary • Illicit tobacco trade in Hungary • Routes • Relationships among taxation, illicit trade and consumption • Chemical analysis of contraband tobacco in Hungary
- 4. Health Impact of Tobacco Use in Hungary 4 • Highest rate of all- cancer mortality among European countries • Significant impact on women
- 5. Health Impact of Tobacco Use in Hungary 5 • Highest rate of lung cancer mortality among European countries
- 6. Mixed System of Tobacco Taxes in Hungary 6 • Minimum excise tax more than doubled since 2004; now 24,920 HUF per 1000 cigarettes • Specific excise tax raised fourfold since 2001; now 12,500 HUF per 1000 cigarettes • Ad valorem excise tax nearly doubled since 2001; now 31% Source: Hungary National Tax and Customs Administration
- 7. Tobacco Exise Tax and Consumption in Hungary 7 Source: Hungary National Tax and Customs Administration
- 8. Tax Avoidance: Illicit Tobacco Trade 8 32% of world export are funneled into illict trade, 355M pieces/yr are smuggled Joossens & Raw, 1998, Tobacco Control In Hungary: In a few countries: Source: Merriman et al. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. • Smuggling is critical issue in EU (10 billion euro loss annually) • Proportion is relatively high • Budget loss: 10 million euro/year
- 9. Smuggling Routes 9 Through Hungary
- 10. Chemical Analysis CONTRABAND AND LEGAL TOBACCO OBTAINED IN HUNGARY
- 11. Methodology Sample (Central Regional Customs Directorate) • Ukrainian cigarettes with tax stamp • Serbian cigarettes with tax stamp • Chinese brand cigarettes without tax stamp • Two locally-purchased brands were used as controls Chemical Analysis • Metals in cigarette aerosol • Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes (BTEX) in cigarette aerosol • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in active and passive cigarette aerosol samples
- 12. Metal Components in Tobacco Aerosol 450 Serbian Cadmium levels 2-4 times 400 higher in contraband than Ukrainian legal cigarette smoke Chinese % Relative to Control 350 aerosol. 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Cadmium Chromium Copper Manganese Lead Zinc
- 13. BTEX Components in Tobacco Aerosol Between .3-.7x higher for Ukranian 80.00 and Chinese Serbian Ukrainian Chinese 70.00 products % Relative Control 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 -10.00 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes 141 ug 370 ug 47.5 ug 163 ug
- 14. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tobacco Aerosol PAH content 3-5 times higher in contraband. 18 Significantly higher concentrations of Serbian naphthalene are observed. Ukrainian 16 Concentration (ug/cigarette *103) Chinese 14 Control 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Total PAH Active Total PAH Naphthalene Napthalene Passive Active Passive
- 15. Tax, Trade, Composition & Consumption 15 • Illicit trade a critical issue in Hungary • Despite 18 tax increases since 2001, consumption remained relatively stable between 2004-2010 • Customs activities increased in late 2000s, taxes increased again, and consumption appears to be on modest downward trend • Chemical analysis reveals control bad, contraband worse • Recent increased Customs activity coupled with comprehensive, clean air laws (2012) consistent with FCTC is hopeful
- 16. Thanks to… 16 National Institute Of Environmental Health, National Medical Officers Office In Budapest Hungary, Including: Gyula Dura, Timea Begszaszi, Brigitta Szalay, Eszter Nagy, Eva Toth, Judit Paller Dr. Cindy Hauser, Chair of Environmental Studies and Associate Professor of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, N.C.
Notas del editor
- Hungarian Tax and Financial Control Administration’s Central-Hungary Regional Customs Directorate provided us with the following types of seized cigarettes:
- Tobacco smoke aerosolAntimony, tin, titanium and vanadium were not present in any of the aerosol samples in a detectable amount. Arsenic, iron, nickel and mercury were present in smaller or similar amounts in the contraband cigarettes compared to the legal tobacco products (table 2, figure 6).In the smoke aerosol of Chunghwa cigarettes the level of cadmium was 4 times that of the controls, while copper was 67%, manganese 86%, lead 33% and zinc 17% higher in Chunghwa than in the controls.The smoke aerosol of the Serbian Floyd cigarettes had two times the cadmium content of the controls. There was also 13% more chrome and 11% more lead compared to the legal cigarettes.Priluki, the cigarette of Ukrainian origin, contained twice as much cadmium, 44% more copper, 22% more lead, and 17% more zinc than the legal controls.
- The results of the BTEX tests.The benzene, toluene and ethyl-benzene contents of Floyd cigarettes were similar to the control cigarettes; however, they contained 14% more xylene (table 3, figure 7).The aerosol of the smoke of the Ukrainian Priluki cigarettes contained 48% more benzene, 64% more toluene, 52% more ethyl-benzene and 48% more xylene compared to the BTEX load of the smokes of the legal cigarettes.The BTEX contents of the tobacco smoke from Chunghwa cigarettes also showed marked differences when compared to the legal controls. There was 30% more benzene, 32% more toluene, 62% more ethyl-benzene and 68% more xylene in the contraband cigarettes.