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+   LED 1
                                           R1
                                                    +
            R3
                            555
                           timer      R2
                             +
                                 C1
                                                -


  M E NTE R JE M AH LUKISAN
SKE M ATIK KE PADA LUKISAN
BERGAM BAR DAN M E M BUAT
            PR OJE K
                 Oleh :
                 Krysaid
Circuit Symbols
Circuit Symbols
Wires and connections


Wire




                             Wires joined                  Wires not joined




       Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Power Supplies

                                          Battery

                                                       +      -


               Cell                                    DC supply




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Power Supplies


                      AC supply

                            ~
                                                       Fuse


                                                              Earth
                                                              (Ground)



   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Switches

                           Push-to-Break                 Push Switch
                              Switch                   (push-to-make)




  On-Off Switch                                                             2-way
     (SPST)                                                             Switch/On-on
                                                                           (SPDT)




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
                                             2-way
Switches                                 Switch/On-on
                                            (SPDT)
                                                       NC
                                        COM

                                                       NO




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Resistors

    Resistor                   Rheostat                Potentiometer   Preset




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Capacitors
  Capacitor               Capacitor,                   Variable    Trimmer
                          polarised                    Capacitor   Capacitor

                           +




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Diodes

                            LED                        Zener Diode   Photodiode
                    Light Emitting Diode




  Diode




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Meters
                                                              Digital Multimeter   Analogue Multimeter


   Voltmeter                 Ammeter                   Ohmmeter            Galvanometer

         V                        A                       Ω




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Output Devices

     Lamp                                                 Lamp       Buzzer
   (lighting)                                          (indicator)
                              Motor

                                M




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Audio
   Microphone                   Earphone               Loudspeaker

                                                                        Amplifier
                                                                     (general symbol)




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Transistors
     Transistor NPN




                           Transistor PNP


                                                Phototransistor




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Sensors (input devices)
              LDR
    Light Dependent Resistor                           Thermistor




   Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Symbols
Integrated Circuits (Chips)
            IC 555                          IC M66T                IC 741
           Timer IC                         Melody IC       Operational Amplifier

                   8
       7                   4                        2           2      7
                                                        1                  6
       6                   3                                    3
                                                                       4
                                                    3
             2 1 5




    Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Circuit Diagrams
Examples of Circuit symbols




Cell   Switch   Resistor   LED   Capacitor   Wires    Wires
                                              Not     Joined
                                             Joined
Drawing circuit diagrams




                                           +
                                                6V

  +


      6V




The electronics way                   The science way
      ( + at the top )                ( battery at the top )
S1
                                                  LED 1
               1M          33k

                                      8       4
                                  2
               100k                    555
                                  6               3                          9V
                                      timer
                                  7       1               470Ω
               220µF

                                                  LED 2
                          0.1µF



                         Circuit Diagram
                                                                        S1
1M
                 LED 1
                 +                                                  X        +
                          33k
                 LED 2
                 +                        555
                                      1      X        8
                                                                 100k
                                      2      X        7
                                      3      X        6                           9V
     Bleeper             470Ω
               0.1µF                  4      X        5      +
                                                                  220µF
                                                                             -


                       Component Layout
Verobod
Placing components on
       Verobod
component


verobod

                      Copper tracks
Copper tracks

verobod

          component
Designing a Verobod Layout
Tips:                                                                                LUKISAN BERGAMBAR [litar verobod]
                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian                                     Projek:
                                                                            tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
                                                                            dan negatif [bawah],                                                            Aspek:
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
                                                                            [ X ] pada gambarajah IC.                                              Disediakan
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di                                         oleh:
                                                                            sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                            komponen.                                                                       Tarikh:
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
                                                                                                                                                       Catatan:


         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11    12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31    32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44

    22                                                                                                                                                                                                                           22


    21                                                                                                                                                                                                                           21


    20                                                                                                                                                                                                                           20


    19                                                                                                                                                                                                                           19


    18                                                                                                                                                                                                                           18


    17                                                                                                                                                                                                                           17


    16                                                                                                                                                                                                                           16


    15                                                                                                                                                                                                                           15


    14                                                                                                                                                                                                                           14


    13                                                                                                                                                                                                                           13


    12                                                                                                                                                                                                                           12


    11                                                                                                                                                                                                                           11


    10                                                                                                                                                                                                                           10


     9                                                                                                                                                                                                                           9


     8                                                                                                                                                                                                                           8


     7                                                                                                                                                                                                                           7


     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                           6


     5                                                                                                                                                                                                                           5


     4                                                                                                                                                                                                                           4


     3                                                                                                                                                                                                                           3


     2                                                                                                                                                                                                                           2


     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1


         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11    12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31    32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                       [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout 1
R1

 9V

                 LED 1




Circuit Diagram
Tips:

                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                            tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
                                                                            dan negatif [bawah],
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
                                                                            [ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
                                                                            sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                            komponen.
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.



         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11    12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21    22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44

    22                                                                                                                                                                                                                           22


    21                                                                                                                                                                                                                           21


    20                                                                                                                                                                                                                           20


    19                                                                                                                                                                                                                           19




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      +
    18                                                                                                                                                                                                                           18


    17                                                                                                                                                                                                                           17


    16                                                                                                                                                                                                                           16


    15
                                                                                                                                    R1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 15
                                                                                                                                    470Ω
    14                                                                                                                                                                                                                           14
                                                                                                                +
    13                                                                                                                                                                                                                           13
                                                                                                     LED
    12                                                                                                                                                                                                                           12


    11
                                                                                                                                                                                    BC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 11




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      _
    10                                                                                                                                                                                                                           10


     9                                                                                                                                                                                                                           9


     8                                                                                                                                                                                                                           8


     7                                                                                                                                                                                                                           7


     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                           6


     5                                                                                                                                                                                                                           5


     4                                                                                                                                                                                                                           4


     3                                                                                                                                                                                                                           3


     2                                                                                                                                                                                                                           2


     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1


         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11    12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21    22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                       [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                     Improve your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Tips:

                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                            tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
                                                                            dan negatif [bawah],
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
                                                                            [ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
                                                                            sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                            komponen.
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.



         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11    12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21    22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44

    22                                                                                                                                                                                                                           22


    21                                                                                                                                                                                                                           21


    20                                                                                                                                                                                                                           20


    19                                                                                                                                                                                                                           19




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      +
    18                                                                                                                                                                                                                           18


    17                                                                                                                                                                                                                           17


    16                                                                                                                                                                                                                           16


    15
                                                                                                                     R1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 15
                                                                                                                     470Ω
    14                                                                                                                                                                                                                           14
                                                                                                                +
    13                                                                                                                                                                                                                           13
                                                                                                     LED
    12                                                                                                                                                                                                                           12


    11
                                                                                                                                                                                    BC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 11




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      _
    10                                                                                                                                                                                                                           10


     9                                                                                                                                                                                                                           9


     8                                                                                                                                                                                                                           8


     7                                                                                                                                                                                                                           7


     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                           6


     5                                                                                                                                                                                                                           5


     4                                                                                                                                                                                                                           4


     3                                                                                                                                                                                                                           3


     2                                                                                                                                                                                                                           2


     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1


         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11    12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21    22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                       [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                        Check your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
R1
                   470Ω
        9V

                     LED 1




       Circuit Diagram

R1
470Ω
  +
        BC
 LED
Planning the Layout 2
R1



S1        LED 1


                  c
                             9V
          b
                      TR 1
     R2
                  e




     Circuit Diagram
Tips:

                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                           tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
                                                                           [bawah],
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
                                                                           pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
                                                                           untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.




        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14    15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22   23       24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44



   22                                                                                                                                                                                                                                22


   21                                                                                                                                                                                                                                21


   20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                20


   19                                                                                                                                                                                                                                19


   18                                                                                                                                                                                                                                18




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          +
   17                                                                                                                                                                                                                                17


   16                                                                                                                                                                                                                                16


   15                                                                                                                                                                                                                                15
                                                                                                                                                        R1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     14
   14
                                                                     S1                                                                  +
   13                                                                                                                                                                                                                                13

                                                                                                  R2
   12                                                                                                                 c                                                                                                              12


   11                                                                                                                 b              LED 1                                                                                           11


   10                                                                                                                 e                                                                                                              10


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     9
    9
                                                                                                                  TR 1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          _
    8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                8


    7                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7


    6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6


    5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5


    4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4


    3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3


    2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2


    1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1



        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14    15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22   23       24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                            [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                     Improve your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Tips:

                                                                           Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                          tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
                                                                          [bawah],
                                                                           Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
                                                                          pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                      Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
                                                                          untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                           Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.




        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22   23       24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44



   22                                                                                                                                                                                                                               22


   21                                                                                                                                                                                                                               21


   20                                                                                                                                                                                                                               20


   19                                                                                                                                                                                                                               19


   18                                                                                                                                                                                                                               18




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         +
   17                                                                                                                                                                                                                               17


   16                                                                                                                                                                                                                               16


   15                                                                                                                                                                                                                               15

                                                                                                                                                       R1                                                                           14
   14
                                                                 S1                                                                     +
   13                                                                                                                                                                                                                               13


   12
                                                                                                 R2                  c                                                                                                              12


   11                                                                                                                b              LED 1                                                                                           11


   10                                                                                                                e                                                                                                              10


    9                                                                                                                                                                                                                               9
                                                                                                                 TR 1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         _
    8                                                                                                                                                                                                                               8


    7                                                                                                                                                                                                                               7


    6                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6


    5                                                                                                                                                                                                                               5


    4                                                                                                                                                                                                                               4


    3                                                                                                                                                                                                                               3


    2                                                                                                                                                                                                                               2


    1                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1



        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22   23       24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                           [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                        Check your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
R1



                 S1                LED 1


                                           c
                                                      9V
                               b
                                               TR 1
                       R2
                                           e




                      Circuit Diagram

              R1
S1
     R2   c
                      LED 1
                              BC
          b
          e

          TR 1
Planning the Layout 3
R1
S1

                 LED 1

R2
            c
     b
                TR 2
                                    9V
            e            c
                 b
                             TR 1

                         e


         Circuit Diagram
Tips:

                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                           tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
                                                                           [bawah],
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
                                                                           pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
                                                                           untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.




        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14    15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22       23   24   25    26       27   28   29   30   31    32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44



   22                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      22


   21                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      21


   20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      20


   19                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      19


   18


   17

                                                                                                                                                                       R1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           18


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           17


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                +
   16
                                                                     S1                                                                                                                                                                    15
   15
                                                                                             R2
   14                                                                                                                                     e             +
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           14


   13                                                                                                                                     b                                                                                                13


   12                                                                                                            c                        c                                                                                                12


   11                                                                                                            b                  TR 2           LED 1                                                                                   11
                                                                                                                                                                                                             BC
   10                                                                                                            e                                                                                                                         10


    9
                                                                                                             TR 1                                                                                                                          9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                _
    8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      8


    7                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7


    6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6


    5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5


    4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4


    3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3


    2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2


    1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1



        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14    15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22       23   24   25    26       27   28   29   30   31    32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                                  [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                     Improve your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Tips:

                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                           tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
                                                                           [bawah],
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
                                                                           pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
                                                                           untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.




        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14    15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22       23   24   25    26       27   28   29   30   31    32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44



   22                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      22


   21                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      21


   20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      20


   19                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      19


   18


   17

                                                                                                                                                                       R1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           18


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           17


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                +
   16
                                                                     S1                                                                                                                                                                    15
   15
                                                                                             R2
   14                                                                                                                                     e             +
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           14


   13                                                                                                                                     b                                                                                                13


   12                                                                                                            c                        c                                                                                                12


   11                                                                                                            b                  TR 2           LED 1                                                                                   11
                                                                                                                                                                                                             BC
   10                                                                                                            e                                                                                                                         10


    9
                                                                                                             TR 1                                                                                                                          9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                _
    8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      8


    7                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7


    6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6


    5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5


    4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4


    3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3


    2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2


    1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1



        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14    15     16    17   18   19   20   21   22       23   24   25    26       27   28   29   30   31    32   33     34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                                  [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                        Check your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
R1
                        S1

                                              LED 1

                          R2
                                         c
                               b
                                             TR 2
                                                                 9V
                                         e            c
                                              b
                                                          TR 1

                                                      e


                                   Circuit Diagram


             R1
S1
     R2
               e    +
               b
      c        c

      b      TR 2 LED 1             BC
      e

      TR 1
Planning the Layout 4
R1
680k
                      8           4
                  7
                           555
                  6                   3                  9V
 R2                       timer
 10k
                  2                                 R3
                           1                        1k

       +                                        +
           C1                             LED
           10µF



                  Circuit Diagram
Tips:

                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                            tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
                                                                            dan negatif [bawah],
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
                                                                            [ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
                                                                            sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar                                               komponen.
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.



          1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28    29   30    31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44

     22                                                                                                                                                                                                                               22


     21                                                                                                                                                                                                                               21


     20                                                                                                                                                                                                                               20


     19                                                                                                                                                                                                                               19




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           +
     18                                                                                                                                                                                                                               18


     17                                                                                                                                                                                                                               17


     16                                                                                                                                                                                                                               16


     15
                                                   LED 1          +                                                                              R1                                                                                   15


     14
                                                                       R3                                                                        680k                                                                                 14


     13                                                                1k                                 1        X8                                                                                                                 13


     12                                                                                                   2        X7                                                                                                                 12


     11                                                                                                   3        X6                                       R2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      11


     10                                                                                                   4        X5                                       10k
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      10


     9                                                                                                    IC 555                                                                                                                      9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           _
     8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                8
                                                                                                                                            + C1
     7                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7
                                                                                                                                                 10µF
     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6


     5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5


     4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4


     3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3


     2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2


     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1


          1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28    29   30    31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44
                                                                                                                                             7

                                                                                                                                                                            [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                     Improve your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Tips:

                                                                            Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                            tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
                                                                            dan negatif [bawah],
                                                                            Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
                                                                            [ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                       Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
                                                                            sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar                                               komponen.
                                                                            Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.



          1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28    29   30    31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44

     22                                                                                                                                                                                                                               22


     21                                                                                                                                                                                                                               21


     20                                                                                                                                                                                                                               20


     19                                                                                                                                                                                                                               19




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           +
     18                                                                                                                                                                                                                               18


     17                                                                                                                                                                                                                               17


     16                                                                                                                                                                                                                               16


     15
                                                   LED 1          +                                                                              R1                                                                                   15


     14                                                                                                                                          680k                                                                                 14
                                                                       R3
     13
                                                                       1k
                                                                                                          1        X8                                                                                                                 13


     12                                                                                                   2        X7                                                                                                                 12


     11                                                                                                   3        X6                                                                                                                 11


     10                                                                                                   4        X5                                       R2                                                                        10


     9                                                                                                    IC 555                                            10k                                                                       9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           _
     8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                8
                                                                                                                                            + C1
     7                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7
                                                                                                                                                 10µF
     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6


     5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5


     4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4


     3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3


     2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2


     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1


          1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28    29   30    31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44
                                                                                                                                             7

                                                                                                                                                                            [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                        Check your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
R1
                         680k
                                                  8       4
                                              7
                                                   555                            9V
                         R2                   6   timer       3
                         10k
                                              2                             R3
                                                      1
                                                                            1k
                                 +                                      +
                                       C1                         LED
                                       10µF


                                        Circuit Diagram


     +   LED 1                 R1
                               680k
R3
1k
            1    X8
            2    X7                                                               555
            3    X6                                                              timer
            4    X5              R2
             IC 555              10k

                + C1
                  10µF
Planning the Layout 5
+ 9V

                                              LED 1
R1        R2


                            8         4
                        6                             R3
                                IC 555
                        7                 3

                        2                             R4
                                  1

               +
     S1            C1                         LED 2

                                                           - 0V

                   Circuit Diagram
Tips:

                                                                        Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                        tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
                                                                        dan negatif [bawah],
                                                                        Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
                                                                        [ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                   Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
                                                                        sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                        komponen.
                                                                        Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.



         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10    11   12   13   14    15   16    17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44

    22                                                                                                                                                                                                                                22


    21                                                                                                                                                                                                                                21


    20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                20


    19                                                                                                                                                                                                                                19




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           +
    18                                                                                                                                                                                                                                18
                                                              LED 1
    17                                                                                                                                                                                                                                17


    16
                                                                  +                                                                                                                                                                   16


    15                                                                                                                                                                                                                                15
                                                                                  R1
    14                                                                                                                                             R2                                                                                 14


    13

                                                                             R3
                                                                                                            1        X8                                                                                                               13


    12

                                                  S1
                                                                                                            2        X7                                                                                                               12


    11                                                                                                      3        X6                                                                            BC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      11


    10

                                                                                             R4
                                                                                                            4        X5                            +
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      10


     9
                                                                       LED 2                                IC 555                                       C1                                                                           9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           _
     8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                8


     7
                                                                        +
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7


     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6


     5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5


     4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4


     3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3


     2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2


     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1


         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10    11   12   13   14    15   16    17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                            [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                     Improve your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Tips:

                                                                       Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
                                                                       tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
                                                                       dan negatif [bawah],
                                                                       Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
                                                                       [ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)                  Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
                                                                       sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
                                                                       komponen.
                                                                       Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.



         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10    11   12   13   14   15   16    17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44

    22                                                                                                                                                                                                                               22


    21                                                                                                                                                                                                                               21


    20                                                                                                                                                                                                                               20


    19                                                                                                                                                                                                                               19




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          +
    18                                                                                                                                                                                                                               18
                                                              LED 1
    17                                                                                                                                                                                                                               17


    16
                                                                  +                                                                                                                                                                  16


    15                                                                                                                                                                                                                               15
                                                                                 R1
    14                                                                                                                                            R2                                                                                 14


    13                                                                                                     1        X8                                                                                                               13


    12

                                                  S1
                                                                                                           2        X7                                                                                                               12


    11
                                                                            R3                             3        X6                                                                            BC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     11


    10

                                                                                            R4
                                                                                                           4        X5                            +
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     10


     9
                                                                                                           IC 555                        C1                                                                                          9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          _
     8                                                                                                                                                                                                                               8


     7                                                   LED 2 +                                                                                                                                                                     7


     6                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6


     5                                                                                                                                                                                                                               5


     4                                                                                                                                                                                                                               4


     3                                                                                                                                                                                                                               3


     2                                                                                                                                                                                                                               2


     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1


         1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10    11   12   13   14   15   16    17   18   19   20   21       22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32   33      34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44


                                                                                                                                                                           [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
Planning the Layout




                        Check your plan




Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
Menterjemah Lukisan Skematik
Menterjemah Lukisan Skematik
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Menterjemah Lukisan Skematik
Menterjemah Lukisan Skematik
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Menterjemah Lukisan Skematik
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Menterjemah Lukisan Skematik

  • 1.
  • 2. + LED 1 R1 + R3 555 timer R2 + C1 - M E NTE R JE M AH LUKISAN SKE M ATIK KE PADA LUKISAN BERGAM BAR DAN M E M BUAT PR OJE K Oleh : Krysaid
  • 4. Circuit Symbols Wires and connections Wire Wires joined Wires not joined Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 5. Circuit Symbols Power Supplies Battery + - Cell DC supply Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 6. Circuit Symbols Power Supplies AC supply ~ Fuse Earth (Ground) Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 7. Circuit Symbols Switches Push-to-Break Push Switch Switch (push-to-make) On-Off Switch 2-way (SPST) Switch/On-on (SPDT) Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 8. Circuit Symbols 2-way Switches Switch/On-on (SPDT) NC COM NO Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 9. Circuit Symbols Resistors Resistor Rheostat Potentiometer Preset Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 10. Circuit Symbols Capacitors Capacitor Capacitor, Variable Trimmer polarised Capacitor Capacitor + Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 11. Circuit Symbols Diodes LED Zener Diode Photodiode Light Emitting Diode Diode Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 12. Circuit Symbols Meters Digital Multimeter Analogue Multimeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ohmmeter Galvanometer V A Ω Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 13. Circuit Symbols Output Devices Lamp Lamp Buzzer (lighting) (indicator) Motor M Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 14. Circuit Symbols Audio Microphone Earphone Loudspeaker Amplifier (general symbol) Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 15. Circuit Symbols Transistors Transistor NPN Transistor PNP Phototransistor Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 16. Circuit Symbols Sensors (input devices) LDR Light Dependent Resistor Thermistor Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 17. Circuit Symbols Integrated Circuits (Chips) IC 555 IC M66T IC 741 Timer IC Melody IC Operational Amplifier 8 7 4 2 2 7 1 6 6 3 3 4 3 2 1 5 Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 19. Examples of Circuit symbols Cell Switch Resistor LED Capacitor Wires Wires Not Joined Joined
  • 20. Drawing circuit diagrams + 6V + 6V The electronics way The science way ( + at the top ) ( battery at the top )
  • 21. S1 LED 1 1M 33k 8 4 2 100k 555 6 3 9V timer 7 1 470Ω 220µF LED 2 0.1µF Circuit Diagram S1 1M LED 1 + X + 33k LED 2 + 555 1 X 8 100k 2 X 7 3 X 6 9V Bleeper 470Ω 0.1µF 4 X 5 + 220µF - Component Layout
  • 24. component verobod Copper tracks
  • 27. Tips: LUKISAN BERGAMBAR [litar verobod] Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian Projek: tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Aspek: Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Disediakan Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di oleh: sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen. Tarikh: Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. Catatan: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 29. R1 9V LED 1 Circuit Diagram
  • 30. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen. Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 + 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 R1 15 470Ω 14 14 + 13 13 LED 12 12 11 BC 11 _ 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 31. Planning the Layout Improve your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 32. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen. Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 + 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 R1 15 470Ω 14 14 + 13 13 LED 12 12 11 BC 11 _ 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 33. Planning the Layout Check your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 34. R1 470Ω 9V LED 1 Circuit Diagram R1 470Ω + BC LED
  • 36. R1 S1 LED 1 c 9V b TR 1 R2 e Circuit Diagram
  • 37. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak komponen. Arus bergerak secara mendatar Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 + 17 17 16 16 15 15 R1 14 14 S1 + 13 13 R2 12 c 12 11 b LED 1 11 10 e 10 9 9 TR 1 _ 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 38. Planning the Layout Improve your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 39. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak komponen. Arus bergerak secara mendatar Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 + 17 17 16 16 15 15 R1 14 14 S1 + 13 13 12 R2 c 12 11 b LED 1 11 10 e 10 9 9 TR 1 _ 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 40. Planning the Layout Check your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 41. R1 S1 LED 1 c 9V b TR 1 R2 e Circuit Diagram R1 S1 R2 c LED 1 BC b e TR 1
  • 43. R1 S1 LED 1 R2 c b TR 2 9V e c b TR 1 e Circuit Diagram
  • 44. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak komponen. Arus bergerak secara mendatar Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 17 R1 18 17 16 + 16 S1 15 15 R2 14 e + 14 13 b 13 12 c c 12 11 b TR 2 LED 1 11 BC 10 e 10 9 TR 1 9 _ 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 45. Planning the Layout Improve your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 46. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak komponen. Arus bergerak secara mendatar Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 17 R1 18 17 16 + 16 S1 15 15 R2 14 e + 14 13 b 13 12 c c 12 11 b TR 2 LED 1 11 BC 10 e 10 9 TR 1 9 _ 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 47. Planning the Layout Check your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 48. R1 S1 LED 1 R2 c b TR 2 9V e c b TR 1 e Circuit Diagram R1 S1 R2 e + b c c b TR 2 LED 1 BC e TR 1
  • 50. R1 680k 8 4 7 555 6 3 9V R2 timer 10k 2 R3 1 1k + + C1 LED 10µF Circuit Diagram
  • 51. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen. Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 + 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 LED 1 + R1 15 14 R3 680k 14 13 1k 1 X8 13 12 2 X7 12 11 3 X6 R2 11 10 4 X5 10k 10 9 IC 555 9 _ 8 8 + C1 7 7 10µF 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 7 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 52. Planning the Layout Improve your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 53. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen. Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 + 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 LED 1 + R1 15 14 680k 14 R3 13 1k 1 X8 13 12 2 X7 12 11 3 X6 11 10 4 X5 R2 10 9 IC 555 10k 9 _ 8 8 + C1 7 7 10µF 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 7 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 54. Planning the Layout Check your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 55. R1 680k 8 4 7 555 9V R2 6 timer 3 10k 2 R3 1 1k + + C1 LED 10µF Circuit Diagram + LED 1 R1 680k R3 1k 1 X8 2 X7 555 3 X6 timer 4 X5 R2 IC 555 10k + C1 10µF
  • 56.
  • 58. + 9V LED 1 R1 R2 8 4 6 R3 IC 555 7 3 2 R4 1 + S1 C1 LED 2 - 0V Circuit Diagram
  • 59. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen. Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 + 18 18 LED 1 17 17 16 + 16 15 15 R1 14 R2 14 13 R3 1 X8 13 12 S1 2 X7 12 11 3 X6 BC 11 10 R4 4 X5 + 10 9 LED 2 IC 555 C1 9 _ 8 8 7 + 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 60. Planning the Layout Improve your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio
  • 61. Tips: Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif [bawah], Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen. Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 + 18 18 LED 1 17 17 16 + 16 15 15 R1 14 R2 14 13 1 X8 13 12 S1 2 X7 12 11 R3 3 X6 BC 11 10 R4 4 X5 + 10 9 IC 555 C1 9 _ 8 8 7 LED 2 + 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my
  • 62. Planning the Layout Check your plan Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio