2.  if you where to explore space, what
might be your reasons?
 What would worry you the most about
exploring space?
 What would intrigue you most?
 You might be gone for months or years,
how you prepare to leave, what would
be your priorities?

3.  Europe had developed a large
economy based on trading goods with
Asia
 However with the fall of the Mongol
Empire, these trade routes where no
longer protected over land based travel
 This caused:

5.  Disruption of trade drove up prices and
diminished the amount of goods from
Asia
 yet the demand remained high
 Opportunity to make some money
finding reliable trade routes

7.  No planes, no cars, lots of water and
boats means….you take a boat to Asia
to get your goods
› however ships where slow and hard to steer
and if you lost sight of land you got lost and
probably would die

9.  1400’s in Europe saw innovations in ship
design which created faster more
maneuverable ships
› They also developed the compass and the
astrolabe
› They could sail without fear of becoming lost

10.  1488 a Portuguese explorer named
Bartolomeu Dias sailed south around
Africa and arrived in India
› The Portuguese protected this water way
they discovered with bases and prevented
other European powers from using it

11.  The Portuguese prevented other
European nations from sailing around
Africa to Asia
 Christopher Columbus the Italian sailor
and business man convinced King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
to sponsor him on a trip to sail across the
ocean to Asia

12.  Someone who funds an exploration
 Usually Kings or Queens, or someone else
with lots of money
› expensive, have to build the boat , hire a
crew, feed the crew and be able to take the
loss if the crew did not find trade
opportunities
› In return sponsors would take 90% of the
trade profits

14.  Christopher Columbus discovered the
Caribbean in 1492
› Columbus made trillions of dollars for the
Spanish Monarchy, enough for them to
become the powerhouse of Europe for the
next century
 Britain, France and the Netherlands
wanted to cash in on the “New World”
money train, but Spain owned the south,
so they sailed north into North America

15.  The King of England sponsored Giovanni
Caboto to sail North of Spain’s New
world territory in the Bahamas
 Caboto discovered Newfoundland in
1497
› He also discovered Cod fishing
 “Fish can be scooped from the water by the
basketfull”

16.  What are the characteristics of an
explorer?
› brainstorm at least 3 sentences that could
describe a explorer

17.  Brainstorm at least 3 characteristics of an
invader
› give me at least 3 thought out ideas or
concepts

18.  Decide if Giovani Caboto was an
explorer or an invader
› write down why in a paragraph

19.  Debate rules:
› Avoid the use of Never.
› Avoid the use of Always.
› Refrain from saying you are wrong.
› You can say your idea is mistaken.
› Don't disagree with obvious truths.
› Attack the idea not the person.
› Use many rather than most.
› Avoid exaggeration.
› Use some rather than many.
› The use of often allows for exceptions.
› The use of generally allows for exceptions.

20. › Quote sources and numbers.
› If it is just an opinion, admit it.
› Do not present opinion as facts.
› Smile when disagreeing.
› Stress the positive.
› You do not need to win every battle to win the
war.
› Concede minor or trivial points.
› Avoid bickering, quarreling, and wrangling.
› Watch your tone of voice.
› Don't win a debate and lose a friend.
› Keep your perspective - You're just debating.

21.  Convince each other:
› Hands up who thinks he is an invader?
› Who thinks he is a explorer
› Why
 REMEMBER CLASS ROOM RULES ABOUT NOT
INTERUPTING AND RAISING YOUR HAND!!!!!

23.  The Beothuk lived in Newfoundland
before European explorers arrived
 They first came into contact with
European fisherman in the 1500’s
› We know that the last of the Beothuk
peoples died in 1829

25.  We know very little about the Beothuk
because they had an oral history and
none survive today
 We have a limited history based on
Mi’kmaq and European history on their
encounters with the Beothuk

26.  The French and British did not question their
right to establish settlements in
Newfoundland (ethnocentrisim)
 These settlements overlapped with Beothuk
hunting, fishing and camp sites
 The Beothuk stole equipment from the
French and British fishing camps
 in 1713 Newfoundland became a British
colony and more settlers arrived, increasing
conflict and contact with the Beothuk

27.  The RCMP has hired you (7A) because of
your background knowledge on First
Nation tribes to help us solve this cold
case file
 You need to come up with areas of
investigation that the RCMP can follow
up on to determine why the last of the
Beothuk died in 1829 and put this cold
case to rest

28.  Page 50
› Historical context is about circumstances
and accepted values and attitudes, that
shaped events in the past. When
Shawnadithit died, her whole people where
gone. List at least 3 important factors about
the historical context of this tragic event.

29.  What’s a movie review
 What’s a movie
› have you ever read a movie review you
disagreed with?
› Why do people disagree about how good
movies are?
› how are both useful information?

30.  Documents and Artifacts about the past
= the movie
› They are the primary sources about history
› they aren’t interpretted, they are what they
are
 History books and the internet are the
movie review
› They are secondary sources about history
› They are someone’s interpretation of primary
sources

32.  June 24, 1534: Cartier’s First Encounter
With First Nations Peoples
› …a man came into sight who ran after our
long-boats along the coast, making frequent
signs to go towards land. Seeing these signs
we row towards him, but when he saw that
we where coming, he started to run away.
We landed where he was previously and
placed a knife and a woolen sash on a
branch, and then returned to our ships

33.  Simply that he thought a Mi’kmaq man
came to trade but became scared and ran
away
 I can write a “review” of this primary source
by inferring:
› The Mi’kmaq had been trading with European
fisherman for years before Cartier arrived, so it is
plausible the man came to trade
› The man may have become afraid because he
saw a boat with many European crew members
rowing towards himself and he was alone
› What else could you infer?

34.  Read the red print on pages 53 and 55
and fill out the handout (not page 54)
 You are writing secondary sources of
history in this activity
 Keep in mind the concepts of
imperialism, ethnocentrism and
hermeneutics

35.  1534 King Henri II of France sponsored
Jacques Cartier to find a passage to
Asia through North America and find
profitable Islands upon the way
 He gave Cartier power to claim lands for
France

36. Cartier Sailed up the St. Lawrence river

37.  Cartier’s first encounter with First Nations
can barely be called contact
 His second contact started out positively
and ended up with miscommunication
and distrust

38.  In 1534 Cartier raised a large Cross on
the Gaspe Peninsula
› The Stadacona people watched as the
Cross was raised
› The Stadacona Chief came and made a
speech indicating this was his land
› Cartier told the Chief that the Cross was a
sign post
› The Chief promised not to tear down the
Cross

39.  Historians agree that Cartier mislead the
Stadacona
 Can you find the “fib”

40.  The Cross was used by explorers to mark
territory claimed for home countries
 Cartier claimed the land for France
 Why did Cartier lie?

41.  Cartier makes some assumptions about
what the people of Stadacona are
thinking, what are they?
 Do they seem like good assumptions?
 why or why not?

42.  The Stadacona are impressed by his Cross
and God … on page 55 Cartier states “They
showed many marks of admiration”
› They where communicating through signs and
gestures, could you convey religious ideas
without language?
 Cartier assumed the Chief’s gestures
indicated he owned the land
› The Stadacona did not believe anyone could
own land just as you and I believe no one can
own the air
› Shows Ethnocentrisim

43.  Cartier sailed back to Canada and the
St.Lawrence in 1536
› Ice forced Cartier to anchor in Stadacona
› He did not want to do this because he had
disrespected the people of Stadacona by
travelling to Hochelaga (montreal) against
their wishes

44.  Cartier’s crew became sick with scurvy
› He tried to hide it
› The Stadacona found out and cured his crew by
giving them tea rich in vitamin C
› Cartier decided in the spring time to seize 4
Stadacona to take them back to France as
evidence of the riches to be found in the New
World as Donnacona assured Cartier of
immense gold and rubies to be found in the
west
› They all died soon after arriving in France due to
a lack of immunity to European diseases

45.  1541Cartier sailed back to Canada to
bring back riches and establish a fort
› He established a fort at present day Cap-
Rouge Quebec
› Eventually the Iroquois had enough of him
and attacked
› Cartier Fled back to France with some Gold
and Diamonds he found
› They ended up being Quartz and Pyrite
› He was disgraced

46.  read pages 56-59 to fill out the handout
on Champlain
 To fill in the handout, focus on the diary
entries

48.  The French monarchy along with
wealthy aristocrat Sieur de Monts
sponsored Champlain in exchange for
exclusive trade rights
 His sponsors wanted:
› A route to China
› Conversion of pagans to Christians
› Settlements established in the New World or
“New France”

49.  He established 2 colonies
› Port-Royal in 1604
› Colony of Quebec in 1608
› see page 56 of textbook

50.  Champlain was the first European
explorer to explore in-land
› He did so with the help of First Nations tribes
› Without their help he most likely would have
been killed by more hostile nations
› They also provided him with the technology
and provisions to survive in North America
(canoes, knowledge of the land and food)

51.  Do you think it was accurate of Samuel
de Champlain to describe the First
Nations bands as “savages”?
 Why do you think he did it?

52.  Read page 60 and answer the respond
statement
› This is practice for the essay we will write
about this chapter
› After you chose the speaker you agree with,
write a paragraph explaining why you agree
with that speaker
 remember to include hard evidence for your
beliefs from primary sources
 Primary source = document or artifact from the
past

53.  Tells the reader the subject material at
hand
 Provides a road map for what is to come
 Directly answers your position for the
paper

54.  Answer the following questions:
› Do you answer the question?
› Have you taken a position?
› Is it specific?
› Passes the so what? test
› does it pass the how? and why test?
 reader must be forced to care, know how your
going to explain your argument and why!
 If it doesn’t pass those 2 tests, it’s because it is
too vague or open-ended