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System Approach of Management
A system is a set of inter-connected and inter-related elements directed to achieve certain goals. This theory
views organisation as an organic and open system composed of many sub-systems. As a system organisation is
composed of a number of sub-systems viz. production, supportive, maintenance, adaptive managerial, individuals
and informal groups.
All these sub-systems operate in an interdependent and interactional relationship. The various subsystems or
parts of an organisation are linked with each other through communication, decisions, authority responsibility
relationships, objectives, policies, procedures and other aspects of coordinating mechanism. Organisations as
systems have a variety of goals. The important among them are survival, integration and adaptation with
environment and growth.
The major features of the approach to the study of management may be summed up as under:
(1). A system consists of inter-related and interdependent parts.
(2) The approach emphasises the study of the various parts in their inter-relationships rather than
in isolation from each other.
(3) The approach brings out the complexity of a real life management problem much more sharply
than any of other approaches.
(4) The approach may be utilised by any of the other approaches.
(5) The approach has been utilised in studying the function of complex organisations and has been utilised as
the base for new kinds of organisation.
The Systems Approach has an edge over the other approaches insofar as its closeness to reality is concerned.
However the problem with the approach is its utter complexity particularly when it comes to a study of large and
complex organisations. The conceptual framework of management provided by this approach is too abstract to be
useful to practising managers. The approach recognises the input of environment but does not functionally relate it
to management concepts and techniques.
Contribution of F. W. Taylor:
F.W. Taylor is one of the founders (the other two are Max Weber and Henry Fayol) of classical
thought/classical theory of management. He suggested scientific approach to management also called scientific
management theory. F. W. Taylor (1856-1915) is rightly treated as the father of scientific management. He suggested
the principles of scientific management. His concept of scientific management developed into a movement and
dominated the industrial management for several decades after him. His concepts and principles were refined and
popularized by several of his followers, notable among them being Henry Gantt, The Gilberths and Emerson.
Principles of Scientific Management
According to Taylor, scientific management in its essence consists of a philosophy which results in a
combination of four important underlying principles of management. First, the development of a true science,
second, the scientific selection of the workers, third, their scientific education and development, Froth, intimate co-
operation between management and their men. The basic principles of Taylor philosophy of scientific management
are as noted below. These principles of scientific management are most crucial aspects of scientific management.
1. The development of 'One best way" of doing a job. This suggests the task of finding out the best method
for achieving the objectives of a given job. The standards are decided scientifically for Jobs and incentive wages were
paid for all production above this standard. Here, job analysis and standardization of tools, equipment, machinery,
etc. are required.
2. Scientific selection of workers and their development through proper training.
3. Scientific approach by management. The management has to develop a true science in all fields of work
activity through scientific investigation and experiments.
4. Close co-operation of managers and workers (labour management relations) for better results and
understandings.
5. Elimination of conflict between methods and men. The workers are likely to resist to new methods. This
can be avoided by providing them an opportunity to earn more wages.
Benefits / Advantages of Scientific Management
1. Application and use of scientific methods.
2. Wide scope for specialization and accurate planning.
3. Minimum wastages of materials, time and money.
4. Cordial relations between workers and management.
5. Benefits to workers (higher wages and less burden of work), management (cost reduction, better quality
productions) and consumers (superior goods at lower prices)
Scientific management not only developed a rational approach to solving organisational problems but also
contributed a great deal to the professionalisation of management. Time and motion studies, scientific selection of
workers, work design and one best way to doing a job are some new ideals suggested by Taylor and are responsible
for the introduction of Many positive changes in the field of industrial/ production management.
F. W. Taylor’s Contribution to the Development of Management Thought / Science
The contribution of F. W. Taylor to management thought is as explained below:
1. Emphasis on rational thinking: Taylor suggested rational thinking on the part of management for raising
efficiency and productivity. He wanted managements to replace old methods and techniques by Modern methods
which will raise productivity and offer benefits to all concerned parties. He was in favour of progressive, scientific and
rational thinking on the part of management on all managerial problems. Such progressive outlook is essential for the
introduction of new techniques and methods in the Management.
2. Introduction of better methods and techniques of production: F. W. Taylor suggested the importance of
improved methods and techniques of production. Work-study techniques are his contribution to management
thought. He suggested new methods after systematic study and research. Taylor recommended the use of new
methods for raising overall efficiency and productivity.
3. Emphasis on planning and control of production: Taylor suggested the importance of production planning
and control for high production, superior quality production and also for low cost production. He introduced the
concept of production management in a systematic way.
4. Importance of personnel and personnel department: Taylor suggested the importance of manpower in
management. He was in favour of progressive personnel policies for the creation of efficient and satisfied labour
force. He suggested the need of personnel department and its importance. He favored incentive wage payment to
workers.
5. Industrial fatigue and rest pauses: Taylor noted the nature of industrial fatigue and suggested the
introduction of suitable rest pauses for removing such fatigue of workers. He wanted to reduce the burden of work
on workers through the use of scientific methods.
6. Time and motion study: Taylor introduced new concepts like time study, motion study and work study in
the field of industrial management such concepts are for the introduction of new methods which will be more quick,
scientific and less troublesome to workers.
The positive view of scientific management was described by Taylor as "Science, not rule of thumb; Harmony,
not discord; Co-operation, not individualism; maximum output in place of restricted output. The development of
each man to his greatest efficiency and prosperity".
F.W. Taylor a rightly treated as father of scientific management. In fact, through his concept of scientific
management, Taylor actually developed a new science of management which is applicable not only to management
of industrial units but also to the management of all other business units. He suggested certain techniques which can
be applied purposefully to all aspects of management of business activities. This is treated as Taylor’s unique
contribution to management thought.
The fundamental principles suggested by F. W. Taylor in his scientific management can be treated as his contribution
to management thought. In fact, Taylor suggested scientific attitude and a new philosophy for discarding old and
outdated ideas and techniques. He was instrumental for the introduction of new ideas and techniques in the science
of management. These ideas aid techniques are now accepted in theory as well as in practice.

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Contribution of FW Taylor and Henry Fayol + System Approach of Management for Monday Exam

  • 1. System Approach of Management A system is a set of inter-connected and inter-related elements directed to achieve certain goals. This theory views organisation as an organic and open system composed of many sub-systems. As a system organisation is composed of a number of sub-systems viz. production, supportive, maintenance, adaptive managerial, individuals and informal groups. All these sub-systems operate in an interdependent and interactional relationship. The various subsystems or parts of an organisation are linked with each other through communication, decisions, authority responsibility relationships, objectives, policies, procedures and other aspects of coordinating mechanism. Organisations as systems have a variety of goals. The important among them are survival, integration and adaptation with environment and growth. The major features of the approach to the study of management may be summed up as under: (1). A system consists of inter-related and interdependent parts. (2) The approach emphasises the study of the various parts in their inter-relationships rather than in isolation from each other. (3) The approach brings out the complexity of a real life management problem much more sharply than any of other approaches. (4) The approach may be utilised by any of the other approaches. (5) The approach has been utilised in studying the function of complex organisations and has been utilised as the base for new kinds of organisation. The Systems Approach has an edge over the other approaches insofar as its closeness to reality is concerned. However the problem with the approach is its utter complexity particularly when it comes to a study of large and complex organisations. The conceptual framework of management provided by this approach is too abstract to be useful to practising managers. The approach recognises the input of environment but does not functionally relate it to management concepts and techniques. Contribution of F. W. Taylor: F.W. Taylor is one of the founders (the other two are Max Weber and Henry Fayol) of classical thought/classical theory of management. He suggested scientific approach to management also called scientific management theory. F. W. Taylor (1856-1915) is rightly treated as the father of scientific management. He suggested the principles of scientific management. His concept of scientific management developed into a movement and dominated the industrial management for several decades after him. His concepts and principles were refined and popularized by several of his followers, notable among them being Henry Gantt, The Gilberths and Emerson. Principles of Scientific Management According to Taylor, scientific management in its essence consists of a philosophy which results in a combination of four important underlying principles of management. First, the development of a true science, second, the scientific selection of the workers, third, their scientific education and development, Froth, intimate co- operation between management and their men. The basic principles of Taylor philosophy of scientific management are as noted below. These principles of scientific management are most crucial aspects of scientific management.
  • 2. 1. The development of 'One best way" of doing a job. This suggests the task of finding out the best method for achieving the objectives of a given job. The standards are decided scientifically for Jobs and incentive wages were paid for all production above this standard. Here, job analysis and standardization of tools, equipment, machinery, etc. are required. 2. Scientific selection of workers and their development through proper training. 3. Scientific approach by management. The management has to develop a true science in all fields of work activity through scientific investigation and experiments. 4. Close co-operation of managers and workers (labour management relations) for better results and understandings. 5. Elimination of conflict between methods and men. The workers are likely to resist to new methods. This can be avoided by providing them an opportunity to earn more wages. Benefits / Advantages of Scientific Management 1. Application and use of scientific methods. 2. Wide scope for specialization and accurate planning. 3. Minimum wastages of materials, time and money. 4. Cordial relations between workers and management. 5. Benefits to workers (higher wages and less burden of work), management (cost reduction, better quality productions) and consumers (superior goods at lower prices) Scientific management not only developed a rational approach to solving organisational problems but also contributed a great deal to the professionalisation of management. Time and motion studies, scientific selection of workers, work design and one best way to doing a job are some new ideals suggested by Taylor and are responsible for the introduction of Many positive changes in the field of industrial/ production management. F. W. Taylor’s Contribution to the Development of Management Thought / Science The contribution of F. W. Taylor to management thought is as explained below: 1. Emphasis on rational thinking: Taylor suggested rational thinking on the part of management for raising efficiency and productivity. He wanted managements to replace old methods and techniques by Modern methods which will raise productivity and offer benefits to all concerned parties. He was in favour of progressive, scientific and rational thinking on the part of management on all managerial problems. Such progressive outlook is essential for the introduction of new techniques and methods in the Management. 2. Introduction of better methods and techniques of production: F. W. Taylor suggested the importance of improved methods and techniques of production. Work-study techniques are his contribution to management thought. He suggested new methods after systematic study and research. Taylor recommended the use of new methods for raising overall efficiency and productivity. 3. Emphasis on planning and control of production: Taylor suggested the importance of production planning and control for high production, superior quality production and also for low cost production. He introduced the concept of production management in a systematic way. 4. Importance of personnel and personnel department: Taylor suggested the importance of manpower in management. He was in favour of progressive personnel policies for the creation of efficient and satisfied labour
  • 3. force. He suggested the need of personnel department and its importance. He favored incentive wage payment to workers. 5. Industrial fatigue and rest pauses: Taylor noted the nature of industrial fatigue and suggested the introduction of suitable rest pauses for removing such fatigue of workers. He wanted to reduce the burden of work on workers through the use of scientific methods. 6. Time and motion study: Taylor introduced new concepts like time study, motion study and work study in the field of industrial management such concepts are for the introduction of new methods which will be more quick, scientific and less troublesome to workers. The positive view of scientific management was described by Taylor as "Science, not rule of thumb; Harmony, not discord; Co-operation, not individualism; maximum output in place of restricted output. The development of each man to his greatest efficiency and prosperity". F.W. Taylor a rightly treated as father of scientific management. In fact, through his concept of scientific management, Taylor actually developed a new science of management which is applicable not only to management of industrial units but also to the management of all other business units. He suggested certain techniques which can be applied purposefully to all aspects of management of business activities. This is treated as Taylor’s unique contribution to management thought. The fundamental principles suggested by F. W. Taylor in his scientific management can be treated as his contribution to management thought. In fact, Taylor suggested scientific attitude and a new philosophy for discarding old and outdated ideas and techniques. He was instrumental for the introduction of new ideas and techniques in the science of management. These ideas aid techniques are now accepted in theory as well as in practice.