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Transformation of the Academic
            Library

                    Kurt De Belder
                    University Librarian
Director Leiden University Libraries & Leiden University Press




                                   Leiden University. The university to discover.
You never want a serious crisis to go to waste.

Things that we had postponed for too long, that were
 long-term, are now immediate and must be dealt
with. This crisis provides the opportunity for us to do
        things that you could not do before.

                                                    Rahm Emanuel
                                     Chief of Staff, Barack Obama
                         Wall Street Journal, November 21st 2008




                                 Leiden University. The university to discover.
Urgency for university libraries
Disruptive elements:
 Google search
 Google books, e-books & e-readers
 Information = digital
 Mobile technology (smart phones, tablets & pads)
 Printing on demand & Espresso book machine
 Changes in science and scholarship: collaborative,
  programmatic, more data focussed, use resources from
  outside institution, e-science/e-humanities/e-research




                                Leiden University. The university to discover.
Science paradigms (Jim Gray)




The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, 2009, p. xx



                                                                        Leiden University. The university to discover.
Urgency for university libraries
Disruptive elements:
 Google search
 Google books, e-books & e-readers
 Information = digital
 Mobile technology (smart phones, tablets & pads)
 Printing on demand & Espresso book machine
 Changes in science and scholarship: collaborative,
  programmatic, more data focussed, use resources from
  outside institution, e-science/e-humanities/e-research
 Changes in scholarly publishing
 Changes at universities: focus on added value, making
  choices
 Technological advancement takes place in consumer
  market


                                Leiden University. The university to discover.
Technological progress
   Intuitive linear vs historical exponential view




Ray Kurzweil: The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. 2005. p. 50
                                                       Leiden University. The university to discover.
Technological progress
   Intuitive linear vs historical exponential view




Ray Kurzweil: The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. 2005. p. 25
                                                       Leiden University. The university to discover.
Urgency for university libraries
Disruptive elements:
 Google search
 Google books, e-books & e-readers
 Information = digital
 Mobile technology (smart phones, tablets & pads)
 Printing on demand & Espresso book machine
 Changes in science and scholarship: collaborative,
  programmatic, more data focussed, use resources from
  outside institution, e-science/e-humanities/e-research
 Changes in scholarly publishing
 Changes at universities: focus on added value, making
  choices
 Technological advancement takes place in consumer
  market
 Major budget cuts
 Increase of cost of information keeps outpacing inflation

                                 Leiden University. The university to discover.
How do libraries deal with change?
 Libraries have changed tremendously, have innovated,
  have added digital services, have generated more
  research/teaching time at the faculty level

    But to a great extent have not ended services and
     have kept within the existing library paradigm

    Major driver for decisions about libaries within
     university administrations: budgetary considerations

    Change is outpacing us.




                                Leiden University. The university to discover.
Some traditional functions
   Selection/Acquisition
   Cataloging
   Archiving
   Reference desk
   Outreach
   Making available
   “Find it” business
   Special Collections
   Technology management


                       Leiden University. The university to discover.
Selection and acquistion
Journals:
NOW:      licensing, big deals (consortial)
<3 YRS: + flexible big deals based on usage
          and research profiles
<3 YRS: + backfiles from digital period will be
          OA?




                            Leiden University. The university to discover.
Selection and acquistion
Books:
NOW:     title by title selection  approval plans
<3 YRS:  big deals based on licensing?
<3 YRS:  ordered directly by user at moment of
         need?
<5 YRS: books as a subscription stream
         (“Spotify for books”)?
<10 YRS: ordered (in)directly for user by smart
         personalized software agents?




                            Leiden University. The university to discover.
Selection and acquistion
Institutional repository:
NOW:        variety of formal and grey literature
<3 YRS: dissertations & theses
<3 YRS: grey literature
<3 YRS: teaching related (e.g. course on video)
<3 YRS: open access mandated publications by
            funding agency




                           Leiden University. The university to discover.
Cataloging
NOW:        record sharing and ‘item by item’ cat
NOW:        real efficiency in and outsourcing of the
            back office processes are at the top of
            our agendas.
 <3 YRS: towards managing record/data flow
 <3 YRS: 3rd party created records with added
            enrichment & user created information
 <5 YRS: focus on special collections & local
            information
 <5 YRS: data flow is mainly managed at a
            national or international level, with
            some local enrichment
What does this mean for our national information
infrastructures?
                              Leiden University. The university to discover.
Archiving
Paper collections:
NOW:       in stacks locally, curated and managed
NOW:       shift from open to closed stacks
<10 YRS: paper has been digitized (= mode of
           delivery)
<10 YRS: paper collections warehoused on a
           national/regional level or national
           retention arrangements
<15 YRS: only special collections are locally
           curated and managed



                            Leiden University. The university to discover.
Archiving
Electronic collections:
NOW:       relatively vague agreements between
           libraries and publishers about
           permanent access
<5 YRS: clear agreements and collaboration
           between publishers and national
           libraries and/or transnational digital
           archives
<10 YRS: national digital archiving strategy




                             Leiden University. The university to discover.
Archiving
Digital collections & data:
NOW:        ad hoc local
<10 YRS: agreements and facilities at national
            and/or transnational level




                            Leiden University. The university to discover.
Reference desk
NOW:      plenty of libraries still have reference
          desk staffed with highly qualified staff in
          conjunction with virtual desk
<3 YRS:   replaced by virtual desk (email, chat,
          telephone)
<3 YRS:   and/or replaced by physical
          who/what/where
<3 YRS:   and/or replaced by multi-organisation
          service desk




                             Leiden University. The university to discover.
Outreach
NOW:      away from collection specialists to
          faculty liaison and development of
          ‘typical’ library services
<3 YRS:   faculty liaison, services specialists &
          partners in research & teaching
           o   data curation
           o   copyright
           o   text and datamining
           o   e-publishing & dissemination
           o   GIS
           o   datasets
           o   ...




                                   Leiden University. The university to discover.
Making available
NOW:     we build traditional ‘just in case’
         collections
<3 YRS: e-books / e-readers will become
         standard
<3 YRS: libraries offer printing on demand
         services (e.g. Espresso book machine)
<5 YRS: paper books are delivered in digitized
         form upon request
<10 YRS: from ‘just in case’ collections to ‘just in
         time’ collections?
<10 YRS: general paper collections are housed in
         national/regional warehouses

                             Leiden University. The university to discover.
‘Find it’ business
 NOW:     libraries are still in the ‘find it’ business
<5 YRS:   libraries have left to a great extent the
          ‘find it’ business as a local service and
          subscribe to ‘find it’ cloud services
<5 YRS:   libraries have moved into the ‘get it’
          business and are providing another
          array of services




                              Leiden University. The university to discover.
Special collections
NOW:     many libraries have special collections,
         but often as a traditional prestige object
         and role in research and teaching is not
         always substantial
<3 YRS: special collections at a university library
         need to have an active role in research
         and teaching (more than just the study
         of the book) and are focal point for
         fundraising and therefore also for
         societal outreach
<10 YRS: special collections that have a purely
         museum or cultural heritage function
         will be moved to specialized institutions
         (museums)
                             Leiden University. The university to discover.
Technology management
NOW:     local management of a large number of
         library & information systems
NOW:     more systems / investments for our
         traditional processes will increasingly
         become a hard sell.
<3 YRS: present library information systems are
         moved to the cloud (discovery layer,
         catalog, acq/cat, circ, digital library,
         linking server, repository)
<5 YRS: technology efforts focussed on
         connection between information
         systems in the cloud and local
         application and tools?
<5 YRS: some national information infrastructure
         will become irrelevant
How do we act in a context of exponential change?
                           Leiden University. The university to discover.
How do we act in a context of exponential
change?
 Stop doing generic work that can easily
  be outsourced.
 Focus on specific needs for furthering
  education and research at your own
  institution.
 Collaborate on a national or transnational
  level (Portico, HathiTrust, …).




                         Leiden University. The university to discover.
The function of libraries?
 Fullfill information needs of faculty, researchers,
  students, university.
 An attractive work, meeting and social space.
 Information manager for the university (CRIS, research
  data, research output, e-learning objects).
 Expert centre digital information for research and
  teaching.
 Part of the research & teaching workflow.
 Support knowledge creation & dissemination.
 Integrate information literacy in regular curriculum.
 Bring information and tools in the environments our
  users are utilizing.
 Support e-research.

Larger organisations and collaboration with external
 parties.                       Leiden University. The university to discover.
Example: Research life cycle




Leo Waaijers: The DARE Chronicle: Open Access to Research Results and Teaching Material in the Netherlands, Ariadne, 53,
October 30, 2007. http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue53/waaijers



                                                                     Leiden University. The university to discover.
RESEARCH




 Virtual Research Environments (VRE) for
  research groups (planning, workflow,
  collaboration, bibliographic management,
  versioning, library services, ...).
 Data Information Office (data
  management plans, data models, …).
 DataLabs (data gathering, data storage,
  data use, …).
 New areas of expertise (text & data
  mining, geographical information, …).


                        Leiden University. The university to discover.
PUBLICATION




 Virtual Research Environments (VRE) for
  research groups (push to repository,
  management of public website/blog/wiki).
 Institutional Repository.
 Support for enhanced/enriched
  publications.
 Set up or collaborate with University
  Press.
 Copyright Office.
 Publication advice services.

                        Leiden University. The university to discover.
REGISTRATION
  ARCHIVING



 Current Research Information System
  (CRIS) for registration of publications and
  research projects.
 Library assigns Digital Author Identifier for
  uninversity’s authors.
 Institutional Repository.
 Virtual Research Environments (VRE) &
  DataLabs (library focuses on data
  management during research project).
 Digital Faculty Archives.


                           Leiden University. The university to discover.
REVIEW




 No activities by library.

 Open peer review support.




                              Leiden University. The university to discover.
CURATION




 Repository materials curated at a trusted
  digital archive (at national library or
  international digital archive).
 DataLabs (data curated long term at
  national data archives).




                         Leiden University. The university to discover.
DISSEMINATION




 Repository connected with general search
  engines (Google, WorldCat, …),
  specialized search engines (NARCIS,
  DRIVER, DART, …).
 Manage publication pages of faculty.
 VRE (public website, blog, wiki).
 University Press.
 Work with international initiatives such as
  OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European
  Networks – www.oapen.org).

                         Leiden University. The university to discover.
IMPACT




 Monthly repository statistics per
  publication available to authors.
 Set up or work with bibliometric centre for
  impact measurement of research impact.




                          Leiden University. The university to discover.
FUNDING




 Collaborate with university’s Research
  and Innovation Services.
 Incorporate topics such patent
  information, IPR in information literacy
  programmes.




                          Leiden University. The university to discover.
Example : Library as space
 Extremely popular with students.
     Libraries are becoming well equipped, attractive
      learning centers for students.
     Social & educational role of libraries becomes more
      important.
     Books as stored paper objects will disappear from
      libraries.
     Quality of the learning center is an important selling
      point for the university.
 Invest in those areas where researchers still look at the
  library as a research and social space.
     Special collections reading room and services.
     Support for prolonged visits of international
      researchers.
     Support for conferences, lectures, meetings,
      exhibitions.
 Take up societal role: cultural-scholarly programme. discover.
                                   Leiden University. The university to
But ... what holds us back?
 Transition is difficult to manage and takes
  years.
 Some of our users.




                             Leiden University. The university to discover.
Pushing the paradigm’s envelope
 2009 survey among  Monitor quiet study area
 humanities students          Creating variety of study areas
 & faculty with regard         (quiet, noise, collaborative, lounge)
 to library facilities in  More material in open stacks
 Leiden.                      Reduced size open stacks: creating
                                learning environment
 High on wish list:
                            Limited need for group spaces
                               Creating variety group spaces

                            Don’t close institute libraries
                               Closed down small libraries and
                                transferring collections to main
                                library/closed stacks


                                      Leiden University. The university to discover.
But ... what holds us back?
 Transition is difficult to manage and takes
  years.
 Some of our users.
 Some of our librarians.
 Our framework, our tradition.
 Institutional territory.
 It’s risky.
 But also plenty of uncertainties:
  o Are we indeed moving towards the end of the hybrid
    library?
  o Will Google continue to invest in becoming the “world
    library.”
  o Will e-books become the norm?
  o Will open access become a viable model?
  o Will faculty support the transformation of the library
    into the university’s information manager?
  o Major publishers seem to pursue competitive
    strategies.                   Leiden University. The university to discover.
Moving forward
 Start this discussion with library staff, the
  university administrators and faculty.
 Personnel transition, new specification of skills,
  training & education.
 Collaborate with other libraries and other
  organisations.
 Starting with pilot project in close collaboration
  with faculty.
 Demonstrate the value and the impact of these
  new services.
 Be proud of and show your results.


                              Leiden University. The university to discover.
Lets put the fundamental transformation
  of the library on the agenda & create
               the roadmap.


      Thank you for your attention!



       k.f.k.de.belder@library.leidenuniv.nl
        www.linkedin.com/in/kurtdebelder
                  @KurtDeBelder


                             Leiden University. The university to discover.

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Transformation of the Academic Library

  • 1. Transformation of the Academic Library Kurt De Belder University Librarian Director Leiden University Libraries & Leiden University Press Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 2. You never want a serious crisis to go to waste. Things that we had postponed for too long, that were long-term, are now immediate and must be dealt with. This crisis provides the opportunity for us to do things that you could not do before. Rahm Emanuel Chief of Staff, Barack Obama Wall Street Journal, November 21st 2008 Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 3. Urgency for university libraries Disruptive elements:  Google search  Google books, e-books & e-readers  Information = digital  Mobile technology (smart phones, tablets & pads)  Printing on demand & Espresso book machine  Changes in science and scholarship: collaborative, programmatic, more data focussed, use resources from outside institution, e-science/e-humanities/e-research Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 4. Science paradigms (Jim Gray) The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, 2009, p. xx Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 5. Urgency for university libraries Disruptive elements:  Google search  Google books, e-books & e-readers  Information = digital  Mobile technology (smart phones, tablets & pads)  Printing on demand & Espresso book machine  Changes in science and scholarship: collaborative, programmatic, more data focussed, use resources from outside institution, e-science/e-humanities/e-research  Changes in scholarly publishing  Changes at universities: focus on added value, making choices  Technological advancement takes place in consumer market Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 6. Technological progress Intuitive linear vs historical exponential view Ray Kurzweil: The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. 2005. p. 50 Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 7. Technological progress Intuitive linear vs historical exponential view Ray Kurzweil: The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. 2005. p. 25 Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 8. Urgency for university libraries Disruptive elements:  Google search  Google books, e-books & e-readers  Information = digital  Mobile technology (smart phones, tablets & pads)  Printing on demand & Espresso book machine  Changes in science and scholarship: collaborative, programmatic, more data focussed, use resources from outside institution, e-science/e-humanities/e-research  Changes in scholarly publishing  Changes at universities: focus on added value, making choices  Technological advancement takes place in consumer market  Major budget cuts  Increase of cost of information keeps outpacing inflation Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 9. How do libraries deal with change?  Libraries have changed tremendously, have innovated, have added digital services, have generated more research/teaching time at the faculty level  But to a great extent have not ended services and have kept within the existing library paradigm  Major driver for decisions about libaries within university administrations: budgetary considerations  Change is outpacing us. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 10. Some traditional functions  Selection/Acquisition  Cataloging  Archiving  Reference desk  Outreach  Making available  “Find it” business  Special Collections  Technology management Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 11. Selection and acquistion Journals: NOW: licensing, big deals (consortial) <3 YRS: + flexible big deals based on usage and research profiles <3 YRS: + backfiles from digital period will be OA? Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 12. Selection and acquistion Books: NOW: title by title selection  approval plans <3 YRS: big deals based on licensing? <3 YRS: ordered directly by user at moment of need? <5 YRS: books as a subscription stream (“Spotify for books”)? <10 YRS: ordered (in)directly for user by smart personalized software agents? Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 13. Selection and acquistion Institutional repository: NOW: variety of formal and grey literature <3 YRS: dissertations & theses <3 YRS: grey literature <3 YRS: teaching related (e.g. course on video) <3 YRS: open access mandated publications by funding agency Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 14. Cataloging NOW: record sharing and ‘item by item’ cat NOW: real efficiency in and outsourcing of the back office processes are at the top of our agendas. <3 YRS: towards managing record/data flow <3 YRS: 3rd party created records with added enrichment & user created information <5 YRS: focus on special collections & local information <5 YRS: data flow is mainly managed at a national or international level, with some local enrichment What does this mean for our national information infrastructures? Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 15. Archiving Paper collections: NOW: in stacks locally, curated and managed NOW: shift from open to closed stacks <10 YRS: paper has been digitized (= mode of delivery) <10 YRS: paper collections warehoused on a national/regional level or national retention arrangements <15 YRS: only special collections are locally curated and managed Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 16. Archiving Electronic collections: NOW: relatively vague agreements between libraries and publishers about permanent access <5 YRS: clear agreements and collaboration between publishers and national libraries and/or transnational digital archives <10 YRS: national digital archiving strategy Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 17. Archiving Digital collections & data: NOW: ad hoc local <10 YRS: agreements and facilities at national and/or transnational level Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 18. Reference desk NOW: plenty of libraries still have reference desk staffed with highly qualified staff in conjunction with virtual desk <3 YRS: replaced by virtual desk (email, chat, telephone) <3 YRS: and/or replaced by physical who/what/where <3 YRS: and/or replaced by multi-organisation service desk Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 19. Outreach NOW: away from collection specialists to faculty liaison and development of ‘typical’ library services <3 YRS: faculty liaison, services specialists & partners in research & teaching o data curation o copyright o text and datamining o e-publishing & dissemination o GIS o datasets o ... Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 20. Making available NOW: we build traditional ‘just in case’ collections <3 YRS: e-books / e-readers will become standard <3 YRS: libraries offer printing on demand services (e.g. Espresso book machine) <5 YRS: paper books are delivered in digitized form upon request <10 YRS: from ‘just in case’ collections to ‘just in time’ collections? <10 YRS: general paper collections are housed in national/regional warehouses Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 21. ‘Find it’ business NOW: libraries are still in the ‘find it’ business <5 YRS: libraries have left to a great extent the ‘find it’ business as a local service and subscribe to ‘find it’ cloud services <5 YRS: libraries have moved into the ‘get it’ business and are providing another array of services Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 22. Special collections NOW: many libraries have special collections, but often as a traditional prestige object and role in research and teaching is not always substantial <3 YRS: special collections at a university library need to have an active role in research and teaching (more than just the study of the book) and are focal point for fundraising and therefore also for societal outreach <10 YRS: special collections that have a purely museum or cultural heritage function will be moved to specialized institutions (museums) Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 23. Technology management NOW: local management of a large number of library & information systems NOW: more systems / investments for our traditional processes will increasingly become a hard sell. <3 YRS: present library information systems are moved to the cloud (discovery layer, catalog, acq/cat, circ, digital library, linking server, repository) <5 YRS: technology efforts focussed on connection between information systems in the cloud and local application and tools? <5 YRS: some national information infrastructure will become irrelevant How do we act in a context of exponential change? Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 24. How do we act in a context of exponential change?  Stop doing generic work that can easily be outsourced.  Focus on specific needs for furthering education and research at your own institution.  Collaborate on a national or transnational level (Portico, HathiTrust, …). Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 25. The function of libraries?  Fullfill information needs of faculty, researchers, students, university.  An attractive work, meeting and social space.  Information manager for the university (CRIS, research data, research output, e-learning objects).  Expert centre digital information for research and teaching.  Part of the research & teaching workflow.  Support knowledge creation & dissemination.  Integrate information literacy in regular curriculum.  Bring information and tools in the environments our users are utilizing.  Support e-research. Larger organisations and collaboration with external parties. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 26. Example: Research life cycle Leo Waaijers: The DARE Chronicle: Open Access to Research Results and Teaching Material in the Netherlands, Ariadne, 53, October 30, 2007. http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue53/waaijers Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 27. RESEARCH  Virtual Research Environments (VRE) for research groups (planning, workflow, collaboration, bibliographic management, versioning, library services, ...).  Data Information Office (data management plans, data models, …).  DataLabs (data gathering, data storage, data use, …).  New areas of expertise (text & data mining, geographical information, …). Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 28. PUBLICATION  Virtual Research Environments (VRE) for research groups (push to repository, management of public website/blog/wiki).  Institutional Repository.  Support for enhanced/enriched publications.  Set up or collaborate with University Press.  Copyright Office.  Publication advice services. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 29. REGISTRATION ARCHIVING  Current Research Information System (CRIS) for registration of publications and research projects.  Library assigns Digital Author Identifier for uninversity’s authors.  Institutional Repository.  Virtual Research Environments (VRE) & DataLabs (library focuses on data management during research project).  Digital Faculty Archives. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 30. REVIEW  No activities by library.  Open peer review support. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 31. CURATION  Repository materials curated at a trusted digital archive (at national library or international digital archive).  DataLabs (data curated long term at national data archives). Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 32. DISSEMINATION  Repository connected with general search engines (Google, WorldCat, …), specialized search engines (NARCIS, DRIVER, DART, …).  Manage publication pages of faculty.  VRE (public website, blog, wiki).  University Press.  Work with international initiatives such as OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks – www.oapen.org). Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 33. IMPACT  Monthly repository statistics per publication available to authors.  Set up or work with bibliometric centre for impact measurement of research impact. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 34. FUNDING  Collaborate with university’s Research and Innovation Services.  Incorporate topics such patent information, IPR in information literacy programmes. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 35. Example : Library as space  Extremely popular with students.  Libraries are becoming well equipped, attractive learning centers for students.  Social & educational role of libraries becomes more important.  Books as stored paper objects will disappear from libraries.  Quality of the learning center is an important selling point for the university.  Invest in those areas where researchers still look at the library as a research and social space.  Special collections reading room and services.  Support for prolonged visits of international researchers.  Support for conferences, lectures, meetings, exhibitions.  Take up societal role: cultural-scholarly programme. discover. Leiden University. The university to
  • 36. But ... what holds us back?  Transition is difficult to manage and takes years.  Some of our users. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 37. Pushing the paradigm’s envelope 2009 survey among  Monitor quiet study area humanities students  Creating variety of study areas & faculty with regard (quiet, noise, collaborative, lounge) to library facilities in  More material in open stacks Leiden.  Reduced size open stacks: creating learning environment High on wish list:  Limited need for group spaces  Creating variety group spaces  Don’t close institute libraries  Closed down small libraries and transferring collections to main library/closed stacks Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 38. But ... what holds us back?  Transition is difficult to manage and takes years.  Some of our users.  Some of our librarians.  Our framework, our tradition.  Institutional territory.  It’s risky.  But also plenty of uncertainties: o Are we indeed moving towards the end of the hybrid library? o Will Google continue to invest in becoming the “world library.” o Will e-books become the norm? o Will open access become a viable model? o Will faculty support the transformation of the library into the university’s information manager? o Major publishers seem to pursue competitive strategies. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 39. Moving forward  Start this discussion with library staff, the university administrators and faculty.  Personnel transition, new specification of skills, training & education.  Collaborate with other libraries and other organisations.  Starting with pilot project in close collaboration with faculty.  Demonstrate the value and the impact of these new services.  Be proud of and show your results. Leiden University. The university to discover.
  • 40. Lets put the fundamental transformation of the library on the agenda & create the roadmap. Thank you for your attention! k.f.k.de.belder@library.leidenuniv.nl www.linkedin.com/in/kurtdebelder @KurtDeBelder Leiden University. The university to discover.