Ldb Officina Musei_Andrea Zifferero - Conservazione e gestione di un sito archeologico
1. Presentazione
di Saverio Russo
Introduzione
di Giuliano Volpe e Maria José Strazzulla
Marina Mazzei per la tutela, la conoscenza e la gestione del
patrimonio archeologico della Daunia
di Giuseppe Andreassi
Il contributo di Marina Mazzei nelle ricerche in Daunia
di Bruno d’Agostino
Un’esperienza di vita tra passato e presente
di Enzo Lippolis
Gli ipogei di Trinitapoli: parures d’elite ed oggetti d’arte
di Anna maria Tunzi Sisto
Angelo Angelucci e le prime esplorazioni archeologiche nel
Gargano
di Vittorio Russi
L’archeologia degli Italici fra prassi e teoria: trent’anni di ri-
cerche in Basilicata
di Angelo Bottini
La Daunia Vetus oggi. Aspetti della cultura di Minervino
Murge e diAscoli Satriano dall’età del Ferro all’età ellenistica
di Marisa Corrente e Laura Maggio
La Daunia nel quadro del commercio adriatico arcaico
di Maria Cecilia D’Ercole
Notes sur les vêtements féminins complexes figurés sur les
stèles dauniennes
di Stéphane Verger
Scavi dell’Università di Innsbruck sul Colle Serpente ad
Ascoli Satriano dal 1997 al 2002
di Astrid Larcher e Florian Martin Mueller
Monumenti, commemorazione e memoria in Daunia: la col-
lina del Serpente di Ascoli Satriano tra età arcaica e conqui-
sta romana
di Massimo Osanna
Le scoperte della Daunia e il contributo di Marina Mazzei
alla conoscenza della pittura ellenistica
di Angela Pontrandolfo
La pittura funeraria della Daunia: elementi iconografici ca-
ratteristici nel contesto della pittura apula, magnogreca e
mediterranea preromana (IV-III sec. a.C.)
di Stephan Steingräber
Philippos Laos
di Françoise-Hélène Massa-Pairault
Immagine, cultura e società in Daunia e in Peucezia nel IV
secolo a.C.
di Claude Pouzadoux
Contesti della ceramica tardo-apula: il ‘caso Arpi’ e la Lu-
cania
di Maurizio Gualtieri
Mito e danza su vasi apuli da Arpi
di Luigi Todisco
Archeologia dei luoghi di culto della Daunia: spunti di ri-
flessione
di Maria José Strazzulla
Dall’abitato alla città. La romanizzazione della Daunia at-
traverso l’evoluzione dei sistemi insediativi
di Maria Luisa Marchi
Persistenze e innovazioni nelle modalità insediative della
valle dell’Ofanto tra fine IV e I sec. a.C.
di Roberto Goffredo
Tarda Antichità e Altomedievo in Daunia: alle origini delle
indagini archeologiche
di Cosimo D’Angela
Nuove acquisizioni sull’architettura canosina al tempo del
vescovo Sabino
di Raffaella Cassano
Nuove indagini archeologiche sul Monte Albano di Lucera
(campagna di scavo 2004)
di Marco Fabbri
Itinerari di ricerca archeologica nel Medioevo di Capita-
nata: problemi scientifici, esigenze di tutela, programmi di
politica dei beni culturali
di Pasquale Favia
Le colonie latine e la romanizzazione della Puglia
di Francesco Grelle
Una mensa iscritta e altre epigrafi inedite dall’Apulia e dal-
l’Irpinia
di Marina Silvestrini
Le città della Daunia e l’epigrafia. Progetti di ricerca
di Vincenzo Morizio
Gli spazi pubblici delle città dell’Apulia et Calabria nelle te-
stimonianze epigrafiche dai Severi a Teodosio
di Marcella Chelotti
Archeologia e Tutela in Daunia
di Pier Giovanni Guzzo
Marina Mazzei e la lotta contro il traffico illegale dei beni
archeologici
di Daniel Graepler
Il ruolo dell’Università nel sistema della tutela
di Francesco D’Andria
Per una ‘archeologia globale dei paesaggi’della Daunia. Tra
archeologia, metodologia e politica dei beni culturali
di Giuliano Volpe
Strategie di ricerca e tutela dell’insediamento neolitico lungo
l’Ofanto
di Francesca Radina
Contributo alla ricerca sulla ricostruzione dell’ambiente ar-
cheologico nei Musei della Puglia
di Andrea Zifferero e Maria Rosaria Acquaviva
Beni Culturali, Accademia di Belle Arti e Scuola: i progetti
e gli sviluppi operativi di educazione museale nelle Marche
di Luisa Cataldo e Edvige Percossi Serenelli
Il Castello-Museo Nazionale di Manfredonia. Politiche e stra-
tegie di funzionamento: memoria e progetti futuri
di Ginerva d’Onofrio
La catalogazione per la tutela dei beni culturali della Pro-
vincia di Foggia
di Assunta Cocchiaro e Laura Masiello
Indice del volume
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2. STORIA E ARCHEOLOGIA
DELLA DAUNIA
In ricordo di Marina Mazzei
Atti delle Giornate di studio
(Foggia 19-21 maggio 2005)
a cura di
Giuliano Volpe, Maria José Strazzulla e Danilo Leone
Insulae Diomedeae
Collana di ricerche storiche e archeologiche
8
Bari 2008
E S TRATTO
23. ARCHAIA
Case Studies on Research Planning,
Characterisation, Conservation
and Management of
Archaeological Sites
Edited by
Nicolò Marchetti
Ingolf Thuesen
BAR International Series 1877
2008
25. 1. The purpose of this contribution
Terms such presentation or even better interpretation have
a long tradition in the topic of European and overseas ar-
chaeological practice: their use is closely related to the
results of the archaeological investigations made public.
These terms fit into the framework of British archaeology,
from around the beginning of the 1970s, in the practice of
communicating the topics of nature and wilderness to the
increasing number of visitors to the US national parks, af-
ter World War II (Binks et al. 1988; Gross and Zimmerman
2002: 32-33; Gross et al. 2006).
A gradual introduction of these topics into the practices of
European archaeology led us to explain the wide and rapid
establishment of the visitor centres inside archaeological
sites and parks: if the centre is the hub of the park’s inter-
pretive program where trained staff help the visitors start
their trip with the aid of exhibits, relief models, audio-vis-
ual programs and publications, the success of such actions
in the field of archaeology is evident (Mills 1999; Gross
1999: 483).
The difficult practice of attracting visitors to an archaeo-
logical site to its contents and significance has stimulated
a wide range of contributions, starting from the complicate
challenge produced by the site: we can say, beyond any
reasonable doubt, that actual interpretation in archaeology
spread to European countries from Britain, both in theory
and in practice (Zifferero 2003).
In contemporary society, archaeological parks are the tools
to promote any conservation-based action, allowing at the
same time the diffusion of the environmental, historical
and cultural values of an area. Their existence and opera-
tion play a strategic role in landscape planning and man-
agement: the relationship between scientific research and
conservation such as urban and landscape planning finds
great support in archaeology, following an awareness that
is slowly spreading in Italy. Archaeology may possibly
share contacts with disciplines that rule urban and land-
From archaeological parks to the
enhancement of archaeological landscapes:
new directions in Italian heritage management
Andrea Zifferero
scape planning, not only in terms of developing policies
that include archaeology at the base of public works, ur-
ban planning and soils government: its main role, as I shall
try to show, is in the conservation and increasing value of
ancient landscapes survival within the contemporary land-
scape (Lenzi 1999).
The subject of archaeological parks in Italy was discussed
about ten years ago, on occasion of the 9th
Summer School
in Archaeology at the Certosa di Pontignano, promoted by
the University of Siena, devoted to the theme of Muse-
ums and Archaeological Parks (Francovich and Zifferero
1999).
The scientific discussion started from the exceedingly low
profile of the archaeological park within current Italian
legislation on archaeological heritage; at the same time,
the first experience in planning and laying out archaeologi-
cal parks offered the chance for the first up-to-date review
of the subject. In those years, some high profile regional
projects, originating from the framework of regional gov-
ernments like the System of Archaeological Parks in Sicily
(L.R. 20/2000, ‘Sistema Integrato di Parchi Archeologici
in Sicilia’), were proposed to the scientific community.
2. Archaeological Parks in Italy: a
synthesis
The actual mainstream of conservation in Italy points to-
wards the planning and active management of the environ-
ment, attempting to create a balance between humans and
nature: the tool for conservation of the wilderness is the
national law on protected areas (L. 394/1991), which in-
spired the whole section of laws promoted by Italian re-
gional councils. Current policy in the conservation of na-
ture has developed a different trend, that has abandoned
the exclusive ecological interest to consider a park a useful
tool to protect biodiversity and local and traditional human
approaches to obtain resources from the environment in
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to highlight the current state of archaeological parks in Italy. Despite the relevant wealth of Italian archaeo-
logical and environmental heritage, Italian legislation has not yet produced an acceptable juridical framework that correctly identifies
nature, function, purpose and management solutions of archaeological parks. The results prospected by environmental conservation
seem to better fit the needs of archaeology. Our work analyses the potential role of archaeological research using multidisciplinary
perspectives, for creating new integrated forms of environmental/archaeological conservation and enhancement. Some projects are
presented to the reader, in order to illustrate the results of an integrated investigation of vegetation surrounding the archaeological sites,
directed to define the steps of domestication of plants, through the analysis of germplasm. These experiences lead to new, integrated
proposals for the protection of both cultural and environmental heritage.
26. Andrea Zifferero
258
order to survive. A shared definition of the park in Italy is
‘the juridical-administrative asset of a territory with spe-
cial environmental and human features, that are protected
in a compatible reciprocity rule’ (Giacomini and Romani
1992: 65).
A natural park is then a way to govern a territory, in which
humans and nature may find a balance. The pathway of
the archaeological park, on the contrary is certainly much
more tormented: the problem is worth a brief digression.
A formal definition of archaeological park was introduced
in Italy in 1999 within the new comprehensive law on cul-
tural and landscape heritage (T.U. 490/1999, Article 99c):
the archaeological park is part of a territory with relevant
archaeological characteristics, such as historical, landscape
or environmental features, organized like an open-air mu-
seum, with the support of planned pathways and teaching
aids. This definition has been transcribed in the actual law
on cultural and landscape heritage (D.L. 42/2004, ‘Codice
dei Beni Culturali e del Paesaggio’, Article 101e).
The national law has come later than in some regional
councils (e.g., among them the formal institution of ar-
chaeological parks in the Marche Region, in Central Italy:
L.R. 16/1994), that issued local laws strongly inspired by
the first national law on the conservation of landscapes,
even in presence of monuments (L. 431/1985) and by the
already mentioned national law on environmental conser-
vation (L. 394/1991).
This definition has certainly made progress inside the na-
tional law, even though it still lacks a more defined profile,
being a juridical and institutional subject. This gap causes
a serious weakness in the profile and management of ar-
chaeological parks, still in need of real autonomy in terms
of management and development.
The profile of the archaeological park introduced in 1999
defines a close relationship of the archaeological site with
both landscape and environment: a feature that, under the
same legislation, distinguishes the park from the site (area
archeologica): in the same paragraph (T.U. 490/1999, Ar-
ticle 99b), the archaeological site is defined as a site com-
prehending the remains of a building complex, originally
defined by its function and final destination.
It is intuitive, therefore, that a park has to be connected with
landscape and environment: under different conditions it is
merely an area archeologica. A further difference between
park and site is the association of the park with the action
of conservation and diffusion of its values to the public, a
very different and distinctive element in comparison with
the site. In this section of the law the park is clearly as-
similated to an open-air museum, whose features, purposes
and organization have a long and persisting tradition in
Northern Europe, if compared with the archaeology of the
Mediterranean area (Ruggieri Tricoli 2000: 114-145).
The concept of enhancement (valorizzazione), such as the
close relationship between a site and the environment (in
the sense of nature, before landscape), has clearly derived
from the sensibility to nature introduced by the national
law 112/1998, related to cultural features (D.L. 112/1998,
Article 148).
The definition of both the site (area archeologica) and ar-
chaeological park (parco archeologico) expresses the con-
cept of the value of a single public good, therefore bringing
value from the historical, artistic or archaeological point
of view. In this vision a special importance was reserved
to the single monument, without considering its environ-
ment, or landscape. This concept, coming from the laws
promoted during the Fascist era, was developed by 1985
as a deeper sensitivity towards the context of the object to
be protected.
This new law (L. 431/1985) acknowledged the Italian
Constitution in 1948 (Article 9), concerning the protec-
tion of landscape by the Italian Republic. Law 431/1985
marks a sensible step forward: the landscape is identified
as a natural context of human communities, which have
transformed and shaped it in the course of time. Therefore,
it is not necessary that the landscape be protected due to
the presence of natural beauty, providing a dynamic con-
text that maintains the traces of the actions of human com-
munities through the centuries. In the same law, historical
and Cultural Heritage are protected in archaeological sites
(zone di interesse archeologico), being zones of relevant
natural interest (Zifferero 1999a).
This trend is definitively accepted in Law 394/1991, en-
acted to give the basic juridical indication of a park aimed
at protecting the environment: there it is clearly indicated
what a natural park is, how it may be created and imple-
mented, who may be the promoter, how it may be managed
and how it may be funded to survive.
The main purpose of this law is clearly the protection of the
natural environment through conservation of animal and
vegetal species, in their biological and geological context:
nevertheless, though lacking an explicit indication and ju-
ridical definition of archaeological/cultural parks, in this
law special attention is devoted to establish an equilibrium
between the management of natural resources, in order to
reach a specific integration between human communities
and the environment, through the protection of anthropo-
logical, archaeological, historical and architectural values,
such as agriculture, use of woods and traditional pastoral
activities (L. 394/1991, Article 1b).
The recent ‘Codice dei Beni Culturali e del Paesaggio’has
evidenced the limited importance of archaeological parks
in Italian legislation. It should be said that the analysis
of the archaeological landscape, such as the analysis of
changes introduced in the natural environment by human
communities, has gained more importance: the formation,
development and abandonment of landscape has become
the main topic of many regional projects (Tozzini 2005,
Tozzini 2007, Tosco 2007).
At the same time, subjects like urban archaeology, both in
the analysis of the centres and peripheries of cities, have
contributed to introduce a landscape sensitivity even in the
perception of urban or peripheral open spaces, usually set
aside for gardens, fields, intensive cultivations like vine-
yards and olive groves (Ricci 2002).
From a scientific point of view, we are now close to con-
sidering archaeology as an important way to interpret the
evolution of human landscape, such as the effects of hu-
man approach to natural environment: this new sensitivity
towards the use of landscape in an historical perception,
up to the consideration of contemporary landscape as the
result of human approaches to nature, has sharpened the
tools of archaeology towards a more complete approach to
27. From archaeological parks to the enhancement of archaeological landscapes: new directions in Italian heritage management
259
these topics (Cambi and Terrenato 2007).
The common interest in the disciplines regulating the con-
servation of landscape has established, in the last decade, a
bond with archaeology, even if the concept of the archaeo-
logical park has remained, as we have already seen, at a
distance. The protection of the aesthetic values of an area
was already covered in Law 1497/1939, through the tool
of the landscape territorial plan (piano territoriale paesis-
tico). The delicate matter of the conservation of landscape,
such as the development of urban cities and towns was
transferred from the State to the Regions in the 1970s. Not-
withstanding a more efficient control on protection and en-
hancement of landscape which should have been promoted
by Law 431/1985, introducing a mandatory landscape plan
for Regions, the relationship between centre (the State) and
peripheries (Regions and townships) was troublesome in
terms of landscape protection. A possible solution towards
the establishment of general rules to protect landscape was
carried out by the T.U. 490/1999, Articles 149-150: the
Regions introduced a specific rule on territories including
natural landscape or even archaeological features, adopt-
ing specific plans (landscape or urban plans), in order to
promote conservation and the enhancement of those val-
ues. These plans are considered by the State as priorities in
the development of local governments, and the townships
are obliged to include them in their urban planning.
A further step towards a more organic consideration of the
subject was promoted by the ‘Codice dei Beni Culturali e
del Paesaggio’: in this juridical corpus the lawyer tried to
transfer the imposition of bans in order to protect Cultural
Heritage and landscape to the adoption of conservation
and development tools, accepted and promoted on differ-
ent levels of government (State, Regions, townships). The
definition of ‘Cultural Heritage’ goes beyond the classical
division inside Italian law of cultural and landscape/natural
heritage: both are considered Cultural Heritage and State,
Regions and local administrations must collaborate to their
conservation and enhancement, through integrated plans
(D.L. 42/2004, Article 2).
Here the term landscape heritage replaces the term natural
heritage, showing the importance and priority of defence
and conservation of human landscape if compared with the
conservation of natural heritage and need of local commu-
nities development. Landscape is defined as homogene-
ous part of a territory, whose features derive from nature
and from human history in a integrated relationship (D.L.
42/2004, Article 131).
The new perspective of this corpus is therefore more dy-
namic and moves towards an integrated and sustainable
vision of cultural and natural heritage. Among landscape
heritage (beni paesaggistici), are considered areas of ar-
chaeological interest (D.L. 42/2004, Article 142).
The main tool for protection in the ‘Codice’ is the land-
scape plan (piano paesaggistico): each Region must or-
ganize its own plan, subdividing its features on different
levels of protection. Only the heritage defined by each plan
will be protected and enhanced by the authorities: the plan
becomes the principal tool for local government and its ac-
tion prevails on the urban tools of local townships.
The very few cases of active archaeological parks in Italy
are complex realities which are worthy of brief analysis.
One of the most relevant case studies is the Val di Cor-
nia Parks system (Livorno). Located in Tuscany, along
the Tyrrhenian coast, the Val di Cornia Parks system is
entirely promoted by local administrations (townships of
Piombino, Campiglia Marittima, Suvereto, San Vincenzo
and Sassetta), in a vast district, characterized by a small
population, concentrated for the most part at Piombino and
strongly connected to the iron industry. The privatization
of the national iron industry in the 1980s produced a major
unemployment crisis, that induced local administrations to
address local development elsewhere (Casini and Zucconi
2003).
In the 1980s the wealth of natural, archaeological and
industrial heritage in the area suggested the fundamental
planning of an integrated park system. The connection of
local townships in a Land Coordination Committee (Comi-
tato di Coordinamento Territoriale), whose purpose was
to integrate actions in terms of the creation of coordinated
infrastructures for development, investing both urban and
landscape areas, has led to the implementation of park
projects (both natural and archaeological), for submission
to EU funding, and to create at the same time a public man-
agement agency (Parchi Val di Cornia Spa), with a mission
of directing and controlling the development of projects
and monitoring expenses. At the same time, the agency has
had a strategic role in the promotion of other public in-
vestments for the parks. Nowadays the agency directs all
activities, under the surveillance of the local townships,
providing services for the management of the natural and
archaeological parks. The active parks at the moment are
the Parco Archeominerario di San Silvestro (Campiglia
Marittima), the Parco Archeologico di Baratti e Populonia
(Piombino), the Parco Costiero della Sterpaia (Piombi-
no), the Parco Costiero di Rimigliano (San Vincenzo), the
Parco Naturale Interprovinciale di Montioni (Campiglia
Marittima, Piombino and Suvereto, in the province of Li-
vorno, Follonica and Massa Marittima in the province of
Grosseto): each park expresses a specific vocation, accor-
ding to its main features.
All the parks are considered autonomous cost centres, be-
ing at the same time organized by the agency into two divi-
sions, archaeological and environmental. The experience
and the financial results of the agency, created in 1993, has
clearly shown that:
the agency’s actions, organized as a private agency,1.
even though it belongs to the local townships, with
its own technical and administrative personnel, have
developed extensive planning for the Val di Cornia,
with excellent results in terms of projects funded by
the Tuscany Region and EU;
the conservation and enhancement of the local envi-2.
ronment and archaeological heritage has increased
and elongated the tourist season in the Val di Cornia
district;
park activity has stimulated and promoted employ-3.
ment in businesses connected to environmental and
archaeological tourism in the parks (guided tours and
assistance to schools with special activities like ex-
perimental archaeology, opening of bookshops, res-
taurants and hostels);
park activity has enhanced the management of marine4.