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Chapter 20: Protists
                         Name___________________________________ Period_____________
•   What is a Protist?
       o _______________________ cell
       o Most protists are _____________________ but some are ______________________
       o Not members of the kingdoms ________________________________________________________
       o Protists are a diverse group that may include more than ______________ species
•   Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
       o ___________________________ bacteria evolved in the seas of the Precambrian
       o By 2.2 bya, _______________ filled the water, and the Earth rusted
       o ________________began accumulating in the atmosphere, and the sky turned_____________…in
           several hundred million years
       o Precambrian Seas (figure)
       o With all the oxygen in the atmosphere, ________________________________ evolved as a more
           efficient method of organic energy use
       o Prokaryotes that used this new form of metabolism began evolving __________________________
       o By _______________ eukaryotes’ ancestor had evolved
       Endosymbiotic theory
       o Theory that eukaryotic cells
       o Arose from ________________________ formed by prokaryotic cells
       o Formed from a ____________________among several different prokaryotic organisms
       o By __________________________________, Boston University
       o Evidence: mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria
                  _____________________________
                  _____________________________DNA
                  _____________________________structure
                  Divide by _____________________________
                  __________________________&________________________________machinery
Compare and Contrast



 Characteristic     Prokaryotes          Eukaryotes




    Genes




   Cell Wall




Membrane bound
  organelles




    Flagella
•   Classification of Protists
        o Protists are so diverse that biologists suggest that they should be broken up into several kingdoms
        o Polyphyletic, two or more ancestors
                   _______ sequencing
                   _________ structure
        o Currently five candidate kingdoms (Others listed do not yet have suggested kingdoms.)
                   Candidate Kingdom: Archaezoa
                            Lack _____________________________
                            _____________________________ similar to prokaryotes
                            Diplomondida
                                 o _____________________________
                               o Free-living and commensal
                               o Giardia--parasite
                                       Giardiasis—Hiker’s diarrhea
                   Candidate Kingdom: Euglenozoa
                          All _____________________________
                          Euglenozoa
                               o ______ flagella
                               o _____________________________: chlorphylls a and b
                               o Euglena
                                       Euglena movement
                          Kinetoplastids
                               o _____________________________flagella
                               o parasites
                               o Trypanasoma—_____________________________
                   Candidate Kingdom: Alveolata
                          Alvoeoli—small cavities under cell surface
                          _____________________________ or
                          _____________________________
                          Dinoflagellates
                               o Dinoflagellate ceratium
                               o _____________________________
                          Apicomplexans
                               o Apicomplexan—Plasmodium
                               o _____________________________
                          Ciliates
                               o Paramecium caudatum
                                   Vorticella sp.
   Protists with _____________________________
          Motile
              o “False Feet” extension of cytoplasm & cell membrane
          _____________________________
              o Feed on algae, bacteria and other protists
              o Detritvores
              o Parasites
          Rhizopods--Amoebas
          Actinopods
              o Heliozoan
              o Radiozoan
          Foraminifera
   Candidate Kingdom: Stramenopila
          Algae
              o Photosynthesis, but use Chlorophyl _____ not_____ as in plants
              o Store energy in a different starch
              o Diatoms
              o Golden algae
              o Brown Algae
          Oomycetes
              o _____________________________
                        Absorptive nutrition & parasitic
              o Cell walls _____________________________, not chitin as fungi
              o _____________________________cells, absent in fungi
                        Water Molds
                                Achlya
                        Downy mildews
                                Phytophythora infestans Potato Blight caused
                                _____________________________in Ireland, 1845-51
                        Plant rusts
                                Plasmopara viticola
   Candidate Kingdom: Rhodophyta
          Red Algae
          No _____________________________flagella, ever
          Photosynthetic
             o Phylocobilin pigments, absorb _________________________of deep waters
             o Store energy as “Floridean starch”
          Cell walls with agar & carageenan
          Human Uses
             o _____________________________
             o _____________________________
   Chlorophyta—Green Algae
          Photosynthetic
          Chlorophyl __________________________________________________________
          Storage as _____________________________
          Mutualistic, _____________________________
          Ancestors of modern plants
             o Sometime included in _____________________________
          Sprirophyta
          Volvox
          Ulva
          Phytoplankton
             o The population of small _____________________________ organisms near
                   the surface of the ocean
             o About _____________________________on earth occurs in phytoplankton
          Algal Blooms
             o Sometimes populations of algae grows in enormous masses
             o deplete the water of _____________________________ and can
                   _____________________________ the water
   Fungus-like Protists: Slime Molds
           Like fungi,
               o _____________________________, decomposers
               o _____________________________
           Unlike fungi
               o Have centrioles
               o Lack _____________________________cell walls
           Myxomycota: Plasmodial Slime Mold
               o A _____________________________-like protoplasm that contains
                  _____________________________within a single cell membrane
               o When food grows scarce, they stop moving and grow
                  _____________________________.
           Dictyosteliomycota : Cellular Slime Mold
               o live as _____________________________-like cells moving about feeding on
                  bacteria.
               o When food becomes scarce, they combine into a ____________
                  ______________________________________________.
               o This migrates to a new area before developing into a ____________
                  ________________that produces and releases spores.
               o Each spore then develops into a _____________________________-like cell.

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Chapter 20 protist notes

  • 1. Chapter 20: Protists Name___________________________________ Period_____________ • What is a Protist? o _______________________ cell o Most protists are _____________________ but some are ______________________ o Not members of the kingdoms ________________________________________________________ o Protists are a diverse group that may include more than ______________ species • Origin of Eukaryotic Cells o ___________________________ bacteria evolved in the seas of the Precambrian o By 2.2 bya, _______________ filled the water, and the Earth rusted o ________________began accumulating in the atmosphere, and the sky turned_____________…in several hundred million years o Precambrian Seas (figure) o With all the oxygen in the atmosphere, ________________________________ evolved as a more efficient method of organic energy use o Prokaryotes that used this new form of metabolism began evolving __________________________ o By _______________ eukaryotes’ ancestor had evolved Endosymbiotic theory o Theory that eukaryotic cells o Arose from ________________________ formed by prokaryotic cells o Formed from a ____________________among several different prokaryotic organisms o By __________________________________, Boston University o Evidence: mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria  _____________________________  _____________________________DNA  _____________________________structure  Divide by _____________________________  __________________________&________________________________machinery
  • 2. Compare and Contrast Characteristic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Genes Cell Wall Membrane bound organelles Flagella
  • 3. Classification of Protists o Protists are so diverse that biologists suggest that they should be broken up into several kingdoms o Polyphyletic, two or more ancestors  _______ sequencing  _________ structure o Currently five candidate kingdoms (Others listed do not yet have suggested kingdoms.)  Candidate Kingdom: Archaezoa Lack _____________________________ _____________________________ similar to prokaryotes Diplomondida o _____________________________ o Free-living and commensal o Giardia--parasite  Giardiasis—Hiker’s diarrhea  Candidate Kingdom: Euglenozoa All _____________________________ Euglenozoa o ______ flagella o _____________________________: chlorphylls a and b o Euglena  Euglena movement Kinetoplastids o _____________________________flagella o parasites o Trypanasoma—_____________________________  Candidate Kingdom: Alveolata Alvoeoli—small cavities under cell surface _____________________________ or _____________________________ Dinoflagellates o Dinoflagellate ceratium o _____________________________ Apicomplexans o Apicomplexan—Plasmodium o _____________________________ Ciliates o Paramecium caudatum Vorticella sp.
  • 4. Protists with _____________________________ Motile o “False Feet” extension of cytoplasm & cell membrane _____________________________ o Feed on algae, bacteria and other protists o Detritvores o Parasites Rhizopods--Amoebas Actinopods o Heliozoan o Radiozoan Foraminifera  Candidate Kingdom: Stramenopila Algae o Photosynthesis, but use Chlorophyl _____ not_____ as in plants o Store energy in a different starch o Diatoms o Golden algae o Brown Algae Oomycetes o _____________________________  Absorptive nutrition & parasitic o Cell walls _____________________________, not chitin as fungi o _____________________________cells, absent in fungi  Water Molds Achlya  Downy mildews Phytophythora infestans Potato Blight caused _____________________________in Ireland, 1845-51  Plant rusts Plasmopara viticola
  • 5. Candidate Kingdom: Rhodophyta Red Algae No _____________________________flagella, ever Photosynthetic o Phylocobilin pigments, absorb _________________________of deep waters o Store energy as “Floridean starch” Cell walls with agar & carageenan Human Uses o _____________________________ o _____________________________  Chlorophyta—Green Algae Photosynthetic Chlorophyl __________________________________________________________ Storage as _____________________________ Mutualistic, _____________________________ Ancestors of modern plants o Sometime included in _____________________________ Sprirophyta Volvox Ulva Phytoplankton o The population of small _____________________________ organisms near the surface of the ocean o About _____________________________on earth occurs in phytoplankton Algal Blooms o Sometimes populations of algae grows in enormous masses o deplete the water of _____________________________ and can _____________________________ the water
  • 6. Fungus-like Protists: Slime Molds Like fungi, o _____________________________, decomposers o _____________________________ Unlike fungi o Have centrioles o Lack _____________________________cell walls Myxomycota: Plasmodial Slime Mold o A _____________________________-like protoplasm that contains _____________________________within a single cell membrane o When food grows scarce, they stop moving and grow _____________________________. Dictyosteliomycota : Cellular Slime Mold o live as _____________________________-like cells moving about feeding on bacteria. o When food becomes scarce, they combine into a ____________ ______________________________________________. o This migrates to a new area before developing into a ____________ ________________that produces and releases spores. o Each spore then develops into a _____________________________-like cell.