This document provides a summary of various land surveying resources organized into different categories, including surveying equipment manufacturers, software, associations, education resources, books, and government links. It serves as a comprehensive guide and directory for members of Land Surveyors United to find relevant industry information and connections. The document contains over 25 sections that catalog websites, organizations, manuals and other materials useful for land surveyors.

1. Land Surveying Resources Handbook
A Resource Pool for Members of Land Surveyors United
Land Surveying Resources Handbook.................................................. 1
A Resource Pool for Members of Land Surveyors United ........................... 1
SURVEYING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS ......................................... 2
HOME---> SURVEYING RESOURCES ................................................ 2
LAND SURVEYING LINKS AND RESOURCES FROM AROUND THE WEB ..... 2
ONLINE SURVEYING MAGAZINES ....................................................... 4
SURVEYING SOFTWARE MANUFACTURERS .......................................... 2
GPS BOOKS .................................................................................... 5
GOVERNMENT GIS INFORMATION (CANADA)....................................... 5
STATE LAND SURVEYING BOARDS AND ORGANIZATIONS ..................... 3
GIS INFORMATION (GENERAL) .......................................................... 6
SURVEYING ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONAL...................................... 6
INTERNATIONAL SURVEYING COMPANIES DIRECTORY ......................... 6
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ........................................................ 4
GOVERNMENT GPS LINKS ................................................................. 5
GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATIONS .......................................................... 5
SURVEYING RELATED PATENTS ......................................................... 6
CADASTRAL SURVEYING................................................................... 7
SURVEYING METHODS ..................................................................... 7
DYNAMIC OR KINEMATIC GPS ........................................................ 7
STATIC GPS ................................................................................. 7
DIFFERENTIAL POSITIONING.......................................................... 8
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ......................................................10
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES ..................................................10
GLOSSARY OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TERMS ................................ 8
SURVEYING SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND TRAINING ..............................10
SURVEYING EDUCATION SCHOOLS ...................................................11
EDUCATION IN LAND SURVEYING .....................................................13
ONLINE SCHOOLS FOR CERTIFICATION .............................................13
AUBURN UNIVERSITY ................................................................... 13
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES ......................................................... 14
LAND SURVEYING HISTORY ............................................................. 15
LEGAL RESEARCH ........................................................................... 15
EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS............................................................... 16
UNITS OF MEASURE ........................................................................ 18
LAND SURVEYORS UNITED ELSEWHERE ON THE WEB .........................15
SURVEYING BLOGS......................................................................... 15
AUTODESK BLOGS .......................................................................... 15
CAD RELATED BLOGS...................................................................... 16
SURVEYING IMAGES AND MAPS ONLINE ............................................17
SURVEYORS' SLANG........................................................................ 21
USENET NEWSGROUPS OF INTEREST TO SURVEYORS .........................17
SATELLITE TRACKING ..................................................................... 18
MISCELLANEOUS LAND SURVEYING LINKS ........................................18
SURVEYORS' ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................... 23

2. SURVEYING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
HOME---> SURVEYING RESOURCES • AutoCAD
• Bentley Systems
• Blue Marble Geographics
• Calcomp
• Carlson Software
• CST/berger
• ESRI
• Hewlett Packard
• HP Programmable Calculators Software Archives
• Ideal Scanners & Systems
• Intergraph
• Leica
• Motorola 2-way Portable Radios
• NovAtel GPS
• Thales Navagation GPS
• Topcon Web Site
• Trimble Surveying & Mapping Systems
• Schonstedt
LAND SURVEYING LINKS AND RESOURCES • Sokkia
FROM AROUND THE WEB • Berntsen Survey Markers
This page is starting to become the • Carhartt Work Clothes
• Chicago Steel and Tape
most comprehensive list of land surveyor • David White Levels
links available on the web. Don't forget to • Dunham & Morrow
bookmark this page! [Ctrl+D] • Dutch Hill Performance Tripods
Submit a link to us here • Jobcom Radios
Please report broken links here • Laser Technology
• Leica Geosystems
• Mark-It
• Motorola Portable Radios
Surveyor Support Groups By Location
• Nikon
• Pacific Crest
▪ North ▪ Antarctica • Topcon Survey
America ▪ US States • Schonstedt Magnetic Locators
▪ South ▪ India • Seco
America ▪ Carribean • Silva Compasses
▪ Africa ▪ Canada
• Silver Shield
▪ Asia ▪ Puerto
• Surv-Kap
▪ Australia Rico
• Suunto Compasses
▪ Europe ▪ Jamaica
• Trimble
▪ Russia
• West Coast Shoe Co. Heavy-Duty Boots
• White's Boots
SURVEYING SOFTWARE MANUFACTURERS
Surveyor Support Based on
•
Equipment Manufacturer
◦ Abykus Surveying Spreadsheets
◦ ACA Ltd. ALERT Deformation Monitoring System
▪ Sokkia ▪ Microsurvey
Support Support ◦ Autodesk
▪ Trimble ◦ Bentley Systems (Microstation)
Support ◦ Boston Harbor Software

3. ▪ Topcon ▪ Juniper ◦ BW Muncy Deed Plotting Software
Support Systems ◦ Carlson Software
▪ Navcom Support ◦ CAD Warehouse
Support ▪ Handheld ◦ Corvallis Microtechnology
▪ Altus Support ◦ CvlSoft Inc.
Positioning ▪ Traverse PC ◦ Direct Line Software DeedMapper
▪ Ashtech Support ◦ Eagle Point Software
Magellan ▪ Magellan ◦ ESRI GIS Mapping Software
▪ Nikon Support ◦ FREE SURVEYING SOFTWARE!
Support ▪ Spectra ◦ GeoMagix
▪ Precision ◦ GeoSurface Technologies
Support ◦ HP 48 Software Archive
▪ TDS ◦ Infycons
Support ◦
Innerspace Technology
▪ Carlson ◦
Intergraph
Support ◦
Microsearch GeoLab
◦
MicroSurvey Software, Inc.
◦
Project Tracker Pro
Surveyor Support Groups Based on ◦
PC Survey
Theme ◦
PCI Geomatics
◦
Ptbase
▪ ◦
Quick Cogo
▪ Job Search ▪ Machine ◦
RAMSS Inc.
Group Control for ◦
Simplicity Systems, Inc.
◦
Softree Terrain Tools
▪ Unemployed Land
Surveyors Surveyors ◦
SRH Least Squares
▪ Resume Review ▪ Surveying ◦
The Complete CAD Catalog/AutoCAD
▪ Surveyors How To Shareware
Online Toolbox ▪ LSI or FSI ◦ TerraModel
▪ Student Study ◦ Traverse PC
Surveyors Materials ◦ Tripod Data Systems
▪ Archeaology ▪ Party Chiefs ◦ UGL Software
▪ City Surveyors ▪ Raw Data ◦ XYZ Works
▪ Government ▪ Seismic STATE LAND SURVEYING BOARDS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Surveyors Surveyors
▪ GIS and ▪ Surveyors • Alabama - http://www.aspls.org
Surveying Connect • Alaska - http://www.ptialaska.net/~aspls/
▪ Mobile Phones ▪ Construction • Arizona - http://www.gci-net.com/~users/S/sowens/
Support Surveying default.htm
▪ Endangered Art ▪ 3D Scanner • Arkansas - http://www.asps.ar-business.com/
of Chaining Support • http://www.state.ar.us/pels/
▪ LSU Field ▪ One Man • California - http://www.dca.ca.gov/pels
Support Group Show • http://www.ca-surveyors.org/
▪ Robotics For ▪ Public • http://www.celsoc.org/
Land Surveyors Works • Colorado - http://www.dora.state.co.us/engineers_surveyors/
▪ KML for Group • http://www.plsc.net/
Surveyors ▪ PHD • Connecticut - http://www.ctsurveyor.com/
▪ aw Enforcement Resources • Delaware - http://www.delsurvey.com/
▪ Aerial Group • Florida - http://www.fsms.org/
Photogrammetry ▪ Cadastral • Georgia - http://www.samsog.org

4. ▪ Law for ▪ Product • Hawaii - http://www.iav.com/~hals
Surveyors Reviews • Idaho - http://www.state.id.us/ipels/index.htm
▪ Creative ▪ HP48 • Illinois - http://www.prairienet.org/iplsa/
Construction Calculators • http://www.iplsa.org/
▪ Geodetic/GPS ▪ Computer • Indiana - http://www.ispls.org/
▪ Out of Plumb Help for • Kansas - http://www.ksls.com/
Fans Surveyors • Kentucky - http://www.kaps1.com
▪ Formulas • Louisiana - http://www.lsps.net/
that Work • http://www.lapels.com/
▪ Female • Maine - http://www.msls.org/
Land • Maryland - http://www.marylandsurveyor.org/
Surveyors • Massachusetts - http://www.engineers.org/malsce/index.html
▪ History of • Michigan - http://www.misocprofsurveyors.org/
Surveying • Minnesota - http://www.mnsps.com/
▪ Cartography • Mississippi - http://www.pepls.state.ms.us
and • Missouri - http://www.rollanet.org/~eksi/marls/
Mapping • Montana - http://www.marls.com/
▪ Odd or • Nevada - http://www.nv-landsurveyors.org/
Funny • New Hampshire - http://www.state.nh.us/jtboard/home.htm
Surveying • http://www.atc.unh.edu/NHLSA/
Stories • New Jersey - http://www.njspls.org/
• New Mexico - http://www.nmps.org/
• New York - http://members.aol.com/NYSAPLS/Home.html
• http://www.op.nysed.gov/lsurv.htm
ONLINE SURVEYING MAGAZINES • North Carolina - http://home.earthlink.net/~ncss
• Point of Beginning — The Oldest of • http://www.ncbels.org
the Surveying Magazines • Ohio - http://www.peps.state.oh.us
• American Surveyor Magazine — A paid • Oklahoma - http://www.osls.org/
• Oregon - http://www.plso.org
subscription print magazine - Just
• http://www.osbeels.org
became free…subscribe now • Pennsylvania - http://www.psls.org
• GPS World — The latest GPS news • Rhode Island - http://www.rispls.org/
for surveyors and other professions • South Carolina - http://www.scspls.com/
• GeoPlace — GPS in the News • Tennessee - http://www.taps-inc.com/
• Texas - http://www.tsps.org/
• Cadalyst — Cad Information - Hugh
• http://www.txls.state.tx.us
AutoLisp library • Utah - http://www.ucls.org/
• Professional Surveyor — addresses the • Virginia - http://www.vasurveyors.org/
processes and tools of position and • http://www.state.va.us/dpor
measurement as well as the role of • Washington - http://www.lsaw.org/
• http://www.wa.gov/dol/bpd/engfront.htm
the surveyor
• Wisconsin - http://www.wsls.org
• Earth Observation Magazine — EOM
• West Virginia - http://web.mountain.net/~wvals
provides up-to-date coverage of
developments with satellite
imagery, digital aerial photography, PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
digital topographic datasets and • National Surveyor's Hall of Fame — by South dakota
more! Society of Professiona Land Surveyors
• GIS Monitor (weekly) — GIS Monitor • FSMS - Florida Survey and Mapping Society
takes a fresh look at GIS software,

5. data, GPS, location-based services, • ISPLS - Indiana Society of Professional Land Surveyors —
wireless and other industries and Professional society for Indiana Land Surveyors
technologies that touch the location • IPLSA - Illinois Professional Land Surveyors Association —
technology arena Professional society for Illinois Land Surveyors
GPS BOOKS • NCSS - North Carolina Society of Surveyors, Inc. — Society
• GPS for Dummies by Joel McNamara — for North Carolina Land Surveyors
Introduction for Beginners • National Society of Professional Surveyors - NSPS — National
• GPS Made Easy by Lawrence Letham — Society of Professional Surveyors - NSPS
A good book for those considering • American Association for Geodetic Surveying - AAGS —
buying a GPS professional society of scientists and other
• Geocaching for Dummies by Joel professionals overseeing the development and use of
McNamara— Find a high-tech hobby Earth-referencing system
in the great outdoors! Dig into this • The CURTA Calculator Page — Everything you want to
fast-growing detective sport know about the CURTA Calculator including
• The Essential Guide To Geocaching by simulators
Mike Dyer — Caches or stashes of GOVERNMENT GPS LINKS
provisions, hidden along a route • US Coast Guard (official GPS site)
were a common occurrence in • US Coast Guard GPS Signal Specifications
Lewis and Clark�s day when • US Geologic Survey
• GPS for Land Surveyors by Jan Van Sickle • Tycho
— Written by a land surveyor, for • Satellite Predictor
land surveyors • SatNav Predictor
• GPS Mapping by Rich Owings — • Berkley Satellite Tracker (ok, it's not a gov site)
Learning to use a GPS is fairly • TLE Archive
straightforward; choosing which • NGS / NOAA GPS Site
software to use is not. GPS • USGS Geographic Names Information System -- coordinates,
Mapping � Make Your Own Maps elevation, population, and more
• GPS Satellite Surveying by Alfred Leick • USGS GNIS Database (FTP format)
— updated to cover emerging • Metric to Imperial conversion
precise-point position technology • Canada: Geological Survey of Canada Online Purchasing Page
• Introduction to GPS by Ahmed El- (and in French) -- on-line ordering system for their Topo
Rabbany— includes an in-depth Maps, Geological Pub, Digital Products etc
discussion on the errors and biases • New Zealand: Land Information New Zealand -- official
that affect GPS measurements, government mapping agency of NZ
along with guidance • Switzerland: Federal Office of Topography
GOVERNMENT GIS INFORMATION • UK: The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain -- the official
(CANADA) mapping agency of the United Kingdom
• BC Land Title & Survey - OnLine • USA: US Census US Census GIS FAQ
Cadastre GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATIONS
• BC OnLine - BC E-Government
Services
• District of West Vancouver - WestMap

6. • City of Burnaby - BURNABY MAP • Federal Base Network Surveys — The Federal Base
• City of Richmond - GIS INQUIRY Network provides spatial reference control that has
• City of Surrey - COSMOS some of the most precise accuracies available today.
• District of North Vancouver - GeoWeb • US National Weather Service (High Speed Internet) —
• City of North Vancouver - GIS Website Interactive US Weather Service Maps and Charts
• City of Coquitlam - Q the Map • The Library of Congress — The name says it all.
• City of Port Coquitlam - POCO Map • NGS Survey Mark Recovery Form — This form can be used
• City of Vancouver - VanMap to submit recovery information for survey marks to the
• The Corporation of Delta - DeltaMap National Geodetic Survey.
• City of Langley - Geo - Property • US Copyright Office — Copyright is a form of protection
Information System provided by the laws of the United States
• City of Abbotsford - Webmap • National Geodetic Survey — NOAA's National Geodetic
GIS INFORMATION (GENERAL) Survey (NGS) defines and manages a national
• http://FREEGIS.org coordinate system.
• http://remotesensing.org • Download NGS PC Software
• http://maptools.org • Corpscon Version 6.0 — Corps of Engineers Coordinate
• http://opensourcegis.org Conversion
SURVEYING ASSOCIATIONS • NGS PC Software — Geiod03, LaPlace corrections,
INTERNATIONAL Coordinate conversions…it's all here
• International Federation of Surveyors • NGS Datasheet Page — Datasheets, ShapeFiles, Tidal
• Alberta Land Surveyors Association Benchmarks, Recovery Sheets… The Source
• Association of Canada Lands Surveyors • http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/default.htm — Extensive
• Association of Ontario Land Surveyors library of information on GPS for the professional and
• Canadian Institute of Geomatics the consumer
• Corporation of LS of the Province of SURVEYING RELATED PATENTS
British Columbia • Laser Land Surveying Apparatus With Digital Display — A
• Saskatchewan Land Surveyors Association land-surveying apparatus for use with a laser beam
INTERNATIONAL SURVEYING COMPANIES source to obtain grade and range distances has a grade
DIRECTORY pole with a laser beam detection unit slidably mounted
[thanks LSRP] thereon
AFRICA • Method and Apparatus of Computer Aided Surveying for
• 4Y Geo Informatics Pty Ltd
obtaining Digital, 3D Topographic Information — Method of
• Riding & Watt Professional Land
Surveyors surveying for the compilation of digital files of
• Geoland Survey's detailed, three-dimensional, topographic data,
• CESS - Civil Engineering & General consisting of co-ordinates of points in the terrain and
Surveying Services the corresponding topographic point
• J.J. Synman Professional Land
• Pole Tilt Sensor for Surveyor Range Pole — A surveyor range
Surveyors
• Johnston Associates pole, for example, equipped with a GPS receiver and
• McCann & O'Neill antenna mounted at the top end, a battery mounted at
• Papenhagen & Associates the bottom end to better balance the pole, a tilt sensor
• Westervelt & Knoetze Professional and a direction sensor
Land Surveyors
ARGENTINA

7. • Mertind Argentina S.A. • Position Sensing System for Surveying and Grading — A
• Miguel Angel Tous - Agrimensor position sensing apparatus and method useful for
• Lanari, Calza & Associates
surveying, marking, and grading implement sensing
AUSTRALIA
and control is disclosed
• K F Murphy & Associates -
Consulting Surveyors • Computer Assisted Video Surveying and Method Thereof —
• Data Survey Pty. Ltd. One embodiment of the invention is a method of using
BRAZIL a computer to assist a land based video survey. Initially,
• Poligono Topografia, LTDA Promap a video recording of a control location and a survey
Topografia Ltda area is produced.
BULGARIA • High Speed Well Surveying and Land Navigation — A land
• GEOCAD 93 vehicle navigation apparatus incorporates an inertial
• SPOT
angular rate sensor on the vehicle and having a
CANADA
sensitive axis, and an inertial acceleration or tilt sensor
• Rudy Mak Surveying, LTD
CADASTRAL SURVEYING
• Terra Pacific Land Surveying Ltd.
• Derek G. Graham Limited • Association of Canada Lands Surveyors
• Isaac & Denchuk
• Coote, Hiley, Jemmett Limited • Canadian Council of Land Surveyors
• Richard A. Preiss Surveying Ltd.
• Taylor & MacKeen Surveys Limited
• Robert T. Stephenson Surveying, • Canada Centre for Cadastral Management - Natural Resources
Inc. Canada
• Montieth & Sutherland Limited
• Payette, Himma & Delorme, Ltd. • Association of British Columbia Land Surveyors
• N.C.L. Geomatics
• J.D. Barnes Limited
• Butler Sundvick & Associates • Association of Ontario Land Surveyors
• Everest Geodetics
• Klau Geomatics • Lower Mainland British Columbia Land Surveyors Group
• Cadastral Geomatics International, SURVEYING METHODS
Inc.
• Fairhall, Moffatt & Woodland
Limited, OLS DYNAMIC OR KINEMATIC GPS
• Jaques Caron, Arpenteur-Geometre
• Browne Johnson and Associates Dymanic or Kinematic GPS is becoming the default method of
• Burnham Land Surveys
• Robert Allen and Company
navigation for small craft as the complex computations
• Holstead & Redmond Limited previously necessary are all performed on-board the receiver.
• Eastern Land Surveys, Ltd. They work independently of the weather, 24 hours per day ( but
• Dhaliwal Oliver Wong Professional not under trees or water), perform spheroidal calculations and
Land Surveying, Inc.
automatically convert between coordinate datums.
• McNeice Harvey D'Amico Surveyors,
LTD
• Beninger Surveying, LTD STATIC GPS
• Hol & Associates
• Marshall Macklin Monaghan Limited
The highest level of accuracy obtainable with GPS requires use
GUAM & PHILIPPINES
of two units, one as a base station and the other visiting the
• Prudencio R. Balagtas & Associates,
Inc.
points of interest. It is then possible to compute the vector

8. • GeoAnalytika Technical and between these two units to a much higher degree of accuracy
Consultancy Services than we can compute absolute latitude and longitude.
ITALY
Practically all the systematic errors that can occur in GPS
• Milano Antonio & Associates
positioning can be eliminated if we measure to a set of satellites
INDIA
simultaneously from two receivers, a process known as
• Geo Spatial Dimensions
• SaNaS Technologies Pvt. Ltd.,
differential positioning.
• Secon Surveys
• Arya Surveying Company DIFFERENTIAL POSITIONING
• Goodland Surveys
• Wasisht Engineers and Consultants
• Hitech Surveys The typical configuration for differential positioning is shown
• A K R Surveying Company Pvt. LTD. below, two units receiving signals from the same constellation
• Theovel Surveys of satellites at the same time. The relative position of the two
• Premier Consulting Engineers & units can be determined to a very high accuracy, in many cases
Surveyors PVT. LTD.
better than a centimetre. If one of these units was located over a
• Pallavi Surveys
point for which we had ground control coordinates it is then
ISRAEL
• Mashav Surveys, LTD
theoretically possible to obtain highly accurate coordinates for
• Tomer Civil Engineering Services & the other point. This is indeed the case, providing all the
Surveying computations are performed in the one coordinate system.
• RGM Geodesy and Surveying, Ltd.
JAMAICA This technique can be also applied if one of the receivers is on a
• J.R. Mais & Associates Ltd. moving platform, or is moved between points of interest while
MALAYSIA the base station remains fixed and continues to observe to the
• Ground Data Systems Sdn. Bhd. same satellites. This produces new procedures known as rapid-
NEW GUINEA static positioning, kinematic positioning and pseudo-kinematic
• Niugini Surveys
positioning. In general the units store the observations to the
SPAIN
satellites and are downloaded to PC type computers at the end
• OJEDA'S, Inc.
of the project. The differential solution is then computed using
THE NETHERLANDS
the complete set of data from all the receivers. The latest
• GeoComp Nederland
hardware systems can transmit the corrections between the base
NEW ZEALAND
station and the rover allowing the solution to be determined on-
• Knight & Associates CKL Surveys
Ltd. the-fly so that positioning accuracies of around 0.01m are
NIGERIA available in real-time.
• Aero-Geodetic Services (Nig) Ltd GLOSSARY OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TERMS
• Oak Surveys Aerial photography Photography of part of the earth's surface,
PAKISTAN but is not rectified to account for differences in scale throughout
• Geomatics and Engineering the photograph. Altitude The vertical angle between the plane
Services Private Limited of the horizon and the line to the object which is observed. In
• A.W.MIR Associates
• Chaudhery Brothers
photogrammetry, altitude applies to elevation above a datum of
PHILIPPINES
points in space. Aneroid barometer An instrument used to
• GENSON Surveying & Engineering obtain heights above sea level by measuring atmospheric
Consultants pressure. Since atmospheric pressure varies with the height
POLAND above or below sea level, the height can be read directly from

9. • GEODOR Land Surveying Services the height scale on the barometer. Archaeological record The
Bono Sp. CYW. Poland archaeological record exists as a repository. Inside lie the
PUERTO RICO
decaying material remains of ancient beings and civilisations.
• Professional land Surveyors, PSC
As archaeologists approach their work, they encounter raw data
• Lalr Surveyors
• JJC Land Surveyor's from the archaeological record that serves as the source of their
• RLDA Surveying & Mapping evidence to interpret. ATS The Automated Title System is the
• VS Surveying Services, Inc. computerised legal register of freehold land, State tenure land
REPUBLIC of IRELAND and Reserve land in Queensland. The system also automates
• Patrick J. McCormack, LS, elements of the document receiving, lodgement, tracking and
Hydrogragher
registration processes. Australian Height Datum The datum
RUSSIA
used to determine elevations in Australia. The AHD is based on
• The Laboratory of Inertial Geodetic
mean sea level being zero elevation. Azimuth The horizontal
Systems (LIGS)
SAUDIA ARABIA
angle measured from the meridian planes (a plane which
• RGF Surveys
contains the polar axis, being true north). Baseline A surveyed
SLOVAKIA line usually several kilometres long. It is established with the
• GAMO Ltd. utmost precision available at the time. Surveys refer to the
SINGAPORE baseline for coordination and correlation. The baseline
• LEE BOON HAW REGISTERED accumulates distances throughout a triangulation network,
SURVEYORSurveytech Pte Ltd extending to other baselines, providing further integrated
THAILAND control. Beam compass A drafting instrument used for drawing
• CPS Surveying Co., LTD. circles with a long radius. The point and scribe are separate
• AAM (Thailand) Co., Ltd. units, mounted to slide and clamp on a long beam.
TURKEY Bearing An angle measured clockwise from a north line of 0�
• SAGBAS Muhendislik LTD.STI.
to a given surveyed line. Bench mark A permanent object,
• ONSOY Engineering Co.
natural or artificial, displaying a marked point whose elevation
UNITED KINGDOM
above or below an adopted datum is known. Blaze A mark
• Geomatic Engineering Ltd
• SV Land Modelling Ltd carved in a tree trunk at about breast height, signifying close
• Airlie Geomatics proximity of a survey line Cadastral A Latin term from
• Plowman Craven & Associates 'cadastre' referring to a registry of lands. Cadastral surveying is
• Merrett Survey Partnership the process of determining and defining land ownership and
• Warner Land Surveys Limited
• Land Data Surveys
boundaries. Cadastral map A map depicting land parcels and
• SLC Associates associated nomenclature. Cartography The art and science of
• Geospatial Engineering Services the production of maps. This includes the construction of
Ltd. projections, design, compilation, drafting and reproduction.
• Digital Surveys, Ltd. Chart Special purpose navigation maps chiefly used for
UKRAINE
nautical, aeronautical and mapping of the cosmos. CISP The
• Donetsk Geodetic Center
Computer Inventory of Survey Plans is a database that provides
VIETNAM
current and historical survey plan information. It includes
• Geomatics Consulting International
(Vietnam)
images of all survey plans registered in Queensland. Clinometer
UNITED STATES - VIRGIN ISLANDS An instrument used to determine the angle of elevation or
• Gary M. Bourdan, PC depression. A De Lisle's Pendent Clinometer was used by
• Brian Mosely and Associates, Inc. surveyors and engineers to set out slopes and gradients in the

10. • BGM Engineers & Surveyors, LLC construction of paths, tracks and roads. Compass The magnetic
WEST INDIES compass has a pivoting magnetised needle that always points to
• Anthony G. A. Allison & Associates magnetic north (geological features may influence readings).
• Earl Cenac & Associates
The compass circumference is divided into degrees from which
• Advanced Land Surveying
• CANE Associates Co, Ltd. a bearing of a chosen direction from magnetic north can be
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS determined. A compass magnetic bearing must be converted to
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES a grid bearing for plotting on a map. Contour interval The
• Association of Consulting difference in elevation between adjacent contours as delineated
Surveyors,New South Wales, Australia on a map. Contours Lines joining points of equal height as
• Consiglio Nazionale Geometri (CNG),
shown on a topographic map. Contour lines that are relatively
Italy (National Council of Surveyors) (in
Italian)
close together depict an area of steep terrain on the earth's
• Council of European Geodetic surface. Crown land Land belonging to the reigning sovereign.
Surveyors (CLGE) / Comit� de � Datum A mathematical representation that best fits the shape of
�
Liaison des G�om�tres � the earth. Accurate mapping and coordinate systems must be
Europ�ens�
• Institution of Civil Engineering
based on a datum. A new datum known as the Geocentric Datum of
Surveyors (ICES), U.K. Australia (GDA) was introduced in 2000 to bring Australia in line
• Institution of Surveyors, The, Australia with the rest of the world's coordinate systems. GDA is also
• International Federation of totally compatible with satellite based navigation systems, for
� �
Surveyors / F�d�ration example Global Positioning Systems (GPS). The previous datum
�
internationale des g�om�tres �
• International Federation of
used in Australia was known as the Australian Geodetic Datum
Surveyors Commission 7 (FIG7) (AGD). However, this was restricted because it was defined to
• New Zealand Institute of Surveyors best fit the shape of the earth in the Australian region only. The
� �
• Ordre des G�om�tres-Experts, change in datums had a major consequence to all coordinates.
France
Both latitudes/longitudes and eastings/northings were shifted by
• Royal Institution of Chartered
Surveyors (RICS), U.K. approximately 200 metres in a north-easterly direction. DCDB
• Society of Chartered Surveyors The Digital Cadastral Database is the spatial representation of
(SCS), Ireland every parcel of land in Queensland. This is along with its legal
• Spatial Sciences Institute, Australia Lot on Plan description and relevant attributes. It provides the
• The Survey Association (TSA), U.K.
map base for systems dealing with land related information.
• UKGEOforum, U.K.
Description of country As described in the 1916 'Rules and
Directions for the Guidance of Surveyors': "Country, whether
SURVEYING SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND
undulating, broken, or rugged; timber, whether open, thick,
TRAINING
heavy, or with undergrowth; scrubs, their character and
http://www.cinstate.cc.oh.us
Cincinnati State Technical &
situation, should be specially noted in field-books, as the rate of
Community College - additional payment that may be allowed on such account is
Engineering Technologies based on the information supplied". EDME Electronic Distance
http://www.etsu.edu/scitech/gggs Measuring Equipment. This instrument measures distances
East Tennessee State University - Surveying using light or sound waves. Elevation The height above mean
and Mapping Science Program sea level. ERTS Earth Resources Technology Satellite. This
http://www.tech.mtu.edu/
was later renamed Landsat. GDA94 The geodetic coordinate of
Michigan Technology University - Surveying
Program latitude and longitude generated using GDA as the datum as at 1
January 1994. Geocentric datum A datum which has its origin

11. http://www-ec.njit.edu/surveying/surveying.html at the Earth's centre of mass. This datum can therefore be used
New Jersey Institute of Technology - Surveying anywhere on the planet and be compatible with the same datum
Engineering and Technology Program
http://www-ceg.eng.ohio-state.edu
anywhere else on the planet. Geodesy The science and
The Ohio State University - Dept. of Civil and mathematical calculations of the shape and size of the Earth.
Environmental Engineering & Geodetic Science Geographical coordinates A point on a map given as latitude
http://www.oit.edu/eit/sur and longitude readings. The values are given as degrees,
Oregon Institute of Technology - Surveying
minutes and seconds. Geographic Information Systems GIS is
Program
http://surveying.wb.psu.edu the spatial capture of themed data layers and the storing,
Penn State Wilkes-Barre - College of analysing and displaying of the geographically referenced
Engineering and Surveying Program information. A GIS also includes the procedures, software,
http://www.purdue.edu/odos/srbank/sreng.htm hardware, operating personnel and spatial data associated with
Purdue University - School of Civil Engineering
the system. Global Positioning System GPS is a satellite based
http://rangerschool.esf.edu
Suny - ESF Ranger School navigation system originally developed by the United State's
http://www.sci.tamucc.edu/gis Department of Defence. A GPS receiver calculates a position
Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi - Dept. of by measuring distances to four or more satellites of a possible
Computers & Mathematics 24. These orbit the Earth at all times. Graticule A network of
http://ses.uwyo.edu/occc/degree.html
crossing lines on a map representing parallels of latitude and
University of Wyoming - Civil and Architectural
Engineering meridians of longitude as defined by the projection. Grid A
http://www.sur.ufl.edu/gsa group of parallel lines that run perpendicular to another group
University of Folorida - Geomatica Student of parallel lines to form a map coverage of squares. Grid
Association coordinates A point on a map given as an easting and northing
ACSM Accredited Schools and Programs reading. The values are given in metres. Grid north The
http://www.acsm.net/abetlisting.html direction of the vertical grid lines shown on a topographic map.
SURVEYING EDUCATION SCHOOLS The difference between grid north and true north is referred to
• Alfred State College
• ASCE Distance Learning
as grid convergence. Gunter's chain A distance measuring
• Asheville-Buncombe Technical device composed of 100 metal links fastened together with
College rings. The length of the chain is 66 feet. It was invented in
• Auburn University Distance about 1620 by English astronomer, Edmund Gunter. Hunter-
Learning
gatherer A member of a society who gains their subsistence in
• Austin Community College
• Bates Technical College
the wild on food obtained by hunting and foraging.
• Bellingham Technical College Hydrography Features including rivers, streams, lakes, swamps
• California State Polytechnic and other water related features. Hypsometric tinting The use of
University different colours to signify changing elevations on a
• California State University -
Fresno topographic map. Latitude The angular distance along a
• Central Piedmont Community meridian measured from the Equator, either north or
College south.LeClanche Cell The cell consists of a glass vessel into
• Cincinnati State Technical College which a zinc rod and a cylindrical pot of porous earthenware is
• College of the Canyons
placed. The earthenware pot holds a carbon plate. A mixture of
• Columbus State Community
College equal parts of carbon and needle binoxide of manganese is
• Community College of Baltimore packed around this plate. To set the cell into action, the glass
County vessel is nearly filled with a saturated solution of sal-ammoniac.
• East Tennessee State University A reaction takes place and a voltage of 1.46 volts is generated.
• Evergreen Valley College

12. • Ferris State University Lifeways A term often used within the discipline of
• FIG Surveying Education Database
archaeology and denotes a customary way of living, or a way of
• Flathead Valley Community
College life among people.
• Glenville State College Lithography This is based on the principle that water and
• Louisiana State University grease don't mix. After an image is drawn on limestone with a
• Macomb Community College
greasy medium, the stone is dampened and ink is applied with a
• Metropolitan State College of
Denver roller. The greasy image repels the water and retains the ink.
• MSCD Distance Learning Paper is then pressed onto the surface. Lockspit Trenches dug
• Michigan Technological University beside a peg or post along the survey lines from the corner of a
• Michigan Tech. Distance Learning subject parcel. An example clause taken from the 1916 'Rules
• Montgomery College and Regulations for the Guidance of Surveyors' states:
• Murray State University
• New Hampshire Community
On each side of the split pegs, and distant about one foot,
Technical College lockspits, three feet in length and six inches in depth, are ... to
• New Jersey Institute of be dug in the direction of the surveyed line. On very stony
Technology lands, rows of stones placed in the direction of the surveyed line
• New Mexico State University
• Nicolet Area Technical College
may be substituted for dug-out lockspits. Log tables A set of
• Ohio State University tables used to abridge arithmetical calculations, by the use of
• Oklahoma State University - addition and subtraction rather than multiplication and division.
Oklahoma City Longitude The angular distance measured from a reference
• Old Dominion University
• Oregon Institute of Technology meridian, Greenwich, either east or west. Magnetic north The
• Oregon State University direction from a point on the earth's surface to the north
• Palomar College magnetic pole. The difference between magnetic north and true
• Paul Smith's College north is referred to as magnetic declination. Map A
• Peninsula College
• Penn State University - Wilkes- representation of the earth's surface where constituancies and
Barre related nomenclature are portrayed to a specific format. Map
• Pennsylvania College of projection A means of systematically representing the meridians
Technology and parallels of the earth onto a plane surface. Map scale The
• Phoenix College
relationship between a distance on a map and the corresponding
• Purdue University
• Red Vector
distance on the earth's surface. Mark An object, for example an
• Renton Technical College imprinted metal disc, used to designate a survey point. It is
• Sacramento City College usually associated with terms such as reference mark, azimuth
• San Antonio College mark or bench mark. Material culture A term that refers to the
• Sandhills Community College physical objects created by a culture. This could include the
• San Jacinto College buildings, tools and other artefacts created by the members of a
• Santa Rosa Junior College society. Measuring scales Measuring scales allow the user to
• Santiago Canyon College represent a subject or drawing to a recognisable reduction or
• Southern Illinois University
constant ratio of the actual or proposed size. Many early scales
• Southern Polytechnic State
University were made of silver, ivory, bone or boxwood. Mercator
• Southwest Missouri State projection A conformal cylindrical projection tangential to the
University Equator. Rhumb lines on this projection are represented as
• Stark State College
straight lines. Meridian A straight line connecting the North and
• Texas A&M - Corpus Christi
• Texas State Technical College (Waco) South Poles and traversing points of equal longitude. Metes and

13. • Thomas Edison State College bounds The oldest known form of describing the perimeter of a
• Towson University
parcel of land. The method of describing the boundary of a
• Troy State University
• Tyler Junior College parcel of land in which the bearing and length of each
• University of Alaska - Anchorage successive line is given. Lines may also be described as
• University of Arkansas - Little following some apparent line, for example the bank of a stream.
Rock
MGA94 The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates of
• University of Arkansas -
Fayetteville eastings, northings, and zones generated from GDA94 are
• University of Arkansas - Monticello called Map Grid of Australia 1994 coordinates. Mosaic A
• University of California - Riverside number of continuous aerial photographs overlapped and joined
• University of Florida together by way of 'best fit' to form a single non-rectified
• University of Houston image. Orthophoto Aerial photograph images transformed using
• University of Maine an 'orthophoto verification' process to remove distortions and
• University of Texas at Tyler capable of registering perfectly with cadastral data. Overlay
• University of Wisconsin- Madison
• University of Wyoming Outreach
Information recorded on a transparent medium, superimposed
• Vincennes University and registered to one or more other records. Peg Used to mark
• Wake Technical Community survey corners on smaller portions or acreage. The size of the
College peg was determined by the 'Rules and Directions for the
• Westwood College of Technology
Guidance of Surveyors' editions. These referred to various land
EDUCATION IN LAND SURVEYING
Education in Surveying: Why Go to College?
acts of the time from the 1860s onwards. Photogrammetry The
In the formal surveying area, it is important to science of obtaining reliable measurements by photography.
have core mathematical skills such as algebra, Photolithography The process used in a semiconductor
geometry, trigonometry, and calculus. operation, which transfers the pattern of an image held on a
This article appeared in the November 2004
photomask, onto a flat substrate surface. It follows similar
issue of Professional Surveyor.
Land Surveying Scholarships Available principles to conventional lithography. PLI The Property
Colleges and Universities Offering Land Location Index is a database which provides a link between the
Surveying Programs parcel identifier (lot on plan) and its location address. It is
ABET Accredited Surveying/Geomatics considered the point of truth for location addresses.
Programs
Rectification The mathematical and calculated correction made
ONLINE SCHOOLS FOR CERTIFICATION
to an aerial photograph to show its true ground position at a
consistent scale. Rhumb line A straight line connecting two
AUBURN UNIVERSITY points on the earth's surface which cuts all meridians at the
same angle. The line maintains a constant bearing. RIME The
• 2007 National Readjustment of the North Resource Information Management Environment provides for
American Datum 1983 the storage, management and dissemination of extensible digital
• ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey (V06E topographic data held within the Department of Natural
hrs changed 04-01-07) Resources and Water. It is a seamless, multi-scale environment
• Colonial Land System and the Building of covering Queensland. Run A large area of land in which
America squatters could depasture their stock without a lot of fencing
• Construction Surveying necessary. Employed shepherds looked after various areas of
• Geodesy for Engineers and Surveyors the runs. Runs became consolidated pastoral holdings. Many of
• History of Surveying Instruments: Impact the runs were about 25 sq miles in area and later became
and Accuracy parishes. Sahul This is the name given to the continent when

14. • History of the Government Land Office Australia and New Guinea were a single landmass during the
Pleistocene era. During this period, sea levels were
• Improving Surveying Field Procedures approximately 150 metres lower than present levels.
using the Total Station Sandy Blight A layman's term for chronic infection of the eyes
• Improving Surveying Field Procedures with the trachoma organism, possibly leading to blindness. It is
using the Total Station believed early European settlers brought the trachoma to
• Land Surveying Ethics - Mississippi Australia. Their poor hygiene evident in the low standard
• Professional Ethics for the Kentucky Land housing conditions, along with the dirt, heat and flies, caused
Surveyor the disease to become widespread. As living conditions
• Professional Ethics for the Land Surveyor improved, Sandy Blight in Australia had all but disappeared by
• Rectangular Land System: Subdivision of the 1930s. SCDB The Survey Control Database is a
Public Lands computerised record of the State's geodetic survey control data.
• Role of Engineers and Surveyors in Surveyors place and connect to these survey control points. The
Geographic Information Systems geodetic network provides a spatial reference framework for all
• Soils for Pavements surveys.
• Standards of Practice for Surveying in Selection Runs were subdivided into selections for farming,
Alabama agriculture and grazing homesteads. After a period of yearly
• State Plane Coordinates rental payments, the selector could often obtain freehold
• Surveying with GPS (V05D hrs ownership. SMIS SmartMap Information Services is an
changed 05-01-07) electronic application that accesses, integrates and delivers
• Understanding Boundary Law - Case Law (through the SmartMap interface) data available from many
and Principles of Surveying Law land-related datasets. These include ATS, DCDB, CISP, PLI,
• Vertical Datums and Leveling SCDB, Place Names and Aerial Photography Databases. Spatial
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES information Data that has a geographical reference to a location
http://www.cinstate.cc.oh.us on the earth's surface. This includes latitude and longitude co-
Cincinnati State Technical & Community College ordinates, street address and lot number on plan. SunPOZ
- Engineering Technologies Developed within the Dept of Natural Resources and Water,
http://www.etsu.edu/scitech/gggs SunPOZ uses Virtual Reference Station technology by bringing
East Tennessee State University - Surveying
together GPS architecture, networked computers and mobile
and Mapping Science Program
http://www.tech.mtu.edu/ phone communications to output centimetre-accurate positions
Michigan Technology University - Surveying in real time. Survey post Posts used on corners of large rural
Program size blocks of land or town section corners. They were
http://www-ec.njit.edu/surveying/surveying.html sharpened to a point, buried in the ground and exposed
New Jersey Institute of Technology - Surveying
Engineering and Technology Program
approximately 3'6" out of the ground. Theodolite Instrument
http://www-ceg.eng.ohio-state.edu used by a surveyor for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
The Ohio State University - Dept. of Civil and Tindale, Norman A well known Australian anthropologist born
Environmental Engineering & Geodetic Science in 1900. He was the curator of anthropology at the South
http://www.oit.edu/eit/sur Australian Museum for over 30 years. He is remembered for his
Oregon Institute of Technology - Surveying
Program work with the Australian Aborigines where he undertook the
http://surveying.wb.psu.edu task of mapping Aboriginal Australia into language and
Penn State Wilkes-Barre - College of territory groups along with the recording of numerous
Engineering and Surveying Program Aboriginal genealogies. Topographic map A detailed

15. http://www.purdue.edu/odos/srbank/sreng.htm representation of cultural, hydrographic relief and vegetation
Purdue University - School of Civil Engineering features. These are depicted on a map on a designated
http://rangerschool.esf.edu
Suny - ESF Ranger School
projection and at a designated scale. Transverse Mercator
http://www.sci.tamucc.edu/gis Projection A projection similar to the Mercator projection, but has
Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi - Dept. of the cylinder tangent at a particular meridian rather than at the
Computers & Mathematics equator. Trigonometrical survey A concise method of surveying
http://ses.uwyo.edu/occc/degree.html
in which the stations are points on the ground located at vertices
University of Wyoming - Civil and Architectural
Engineering of a chain or network of triangles. The angles of the triangles
http://www.sur.ufl.edu/gsa are measured instrumentally and the sides are derived by
University of Folorida - Geomatica Student computation from selected sides termed as baselines. True north
Association The direction to the Earth's geographic North Pole. VRS Virtual
LAND SURVEYING HISTORY Reference Station. See SunPOZ Weichsel glaciation The last
glaciation of the ice age. An ice age is known as a period of low
Virtual Museum of Virtual Archive of Wild
temperatures in the earth's climate causing an expansion of the
Surveying Heerbrugg
earth's polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers. There have been
Tesseract - Antique approximately four distinct ice ages during the earth's history.
The Compleat Surveyor
Scientific Instruments LAND SURVEYORS UNITED ELSEWHERE ON THE WEB
Vimeo
World Boundaries -
Cadastral,com Vox
Walter J. Robillard
Lingr (chat)
Smithsonian Institute The Gemmary Myspace
USHistory.org Whipple Museum Openzine
Youtube
Ohio History Central -
Rittenhouse Journal Surveying Jobs
Thomas Hutchins
Scribd
Mount Diablo Flickr
Surveyors Historical AmericanArtifacts.com Facebook
Society SURVEYING BLOGS
AnimatedAtlas.com
AUTODESK BLOGS
Autodesk University Blog (BLAUG)
LEGAL RESEARCH Autodesk University Blog (BLAUG)
Vermont Statutes Between the Lines
http://www.leg.state.us/statutes/statutes2.html Beyond the Paper
VT Supreme Court Opinions Heidi Hewett's Blog
http://www.dol.state.vt.us/www_root/000000/html/ It’s Alive in the Lab
supct.html(VT Reports 161-169) Knowledge Base
Knowledge Base
US Supreme Court Opinions Knowledge Base
http://www.supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/ LT Unlimited
index.html(1990 to Present) Lynn Allen's Blog
Cornell Law Library The Dirt
http://www.law.cornell.edu

16. Self Help Law Through the Interface
http://www.nolo.com CAD RELATED BLOGS
Self Help Law
http://www.lectlaw.com AECnews.com
VT Bar Association AutoCAD Tips Newsletter
http://www.vtbar.org AutoCADder
VT Law School AutoCAD� GUI Test
http://www.vermontlaw.edu Beside the Cursor...
EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS Beth's CAD Blog
Padding are passed to p, h1 and h3. blog nauseam
• Occupational Outlook Surveyors, CAD - DRAFTING - CORNER
Technicians — Surveyors, CAD Insider
Cartographers, Photogrammetrists, CAD Monkeys
and Surveying Technicians CAD Shack
• World's Most Popular GPS Information CAD-e-Corner
Resource — Mostly for consumer CADDHELP
grade gps users CADDManager Blog
• Surveying Units and Terms — list of CADDManager.com Blog
units of measure, surveying terms, CADing && Coding
surveyors' slang and abbreviations Caveat emptor.
• CIA World Factbook — provides CG Users Blog
national-level information on Circle Around (Ralph S)
countries, territories, and Deelip Menezes
dependencies, but not subnational Gizmos Grabowski
administrative units within a HyperPics: Beyond the UI
country. JTB World Blog
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Kenneth Wong Blog
Resources — GPS Resources Knowing What You Don't Know About CAD
• Make your own Graph Paper LT is still AutoCAD
• FEMA Elevation Certificate and Map 3D and Murphs Law
Instructions (pdf format)— Download Mistress of the Dorkness
the revised FEMA Elevation NOVEDGE Newsletter - February 2008
Certificate - mandatory January 01, OpenDCL
2007 Outside The Box
• FEMA Elevation Certificate (doc format) Rockmaster's CAD Resources
— Download the revised FEMA The CAD Geek Blog
Elevation Certificate - mandatory The CAD Industry
January 01, 2007 The Lazy Drafter
• NGS Datasheet Page — Datasheets, The LT Side of Things
ShapeFiles, Tidal Benchmarks, The Mad Cadder
Recovery Sheets… The Source TLConsulting
Using Raster Design with AutoCAD

17. • Partial Index to Articles Authored or Co- Will render for food...
Authored by Knud E. Hermansen — WorldCAD Access
Aticles by Knud hermansen
covering a variety of subjects, all of SURVEYING IMAGES AND MAPS ONLINE
value to the practicing Land • Aerolist Photographers Online Photos
Surveyor • BLM Oregon and Washington GLO Plats
• Set Up a Wireless Network in a Small • Digital Globe
Office — Microsoft's excellent • EarthaMaps
tutorial on Wireless Network Setup • Earth From Space
• NGS Manual- State Plane Coordinate • Globe Explorer
System 1983 — The Official NGS • Imagery Intelligence Gallery
Document in pdf format • Land Survey Information System
• BLM 1973 Surveying Manual — If you • Map of Principal Meridians
don't have a hard copy of this • MapQuest
manual, read or download a pdf • Maps.com
copy here • MapTech Map Server
• Restoration of Lost or Obliterated Corners • Nebraska State Survey Maps
and Subdivision of Sections — A • NOAA EVP
retyped copy of the original • TerraFly
document in pdf format.. see • Microsoft TerraServer
disclaimer • NASA Photo Gallery
• Virtual Museum of Surveying — • NIMA Geospatial Engine
consists of exhibits which cover a • National Atlas of the United States
variety of topics related to • Terra: The EOS Flagship
surveying history. • TerraServer.com
• Museum of Surveying — The Museum • TopoZone
of Surveying is the only museum in • University of Texas Map Library
North America dedicated solely to • University of Wisconsin Satellite Images
the surveying and mapping • US Census TIGER Maps
profession. • USGS EROS Center
• Land Surveyor Rules & Regulations — • USGS GISDATA Map Studio
Compiled by Land Surveyors • USGS Mapping
Reference Page - very good • Visible Earth
reference • Yahoo Maps
• MIT Free Online Courses — Free • Washington Shoreline Aerial Photos
Surveying, Engineering, Math and USENET NEWSGROUPS OF INTEREST TO SURVEYORS
Science Classes by MIT • sci.engr.surveying - Surveying Newsgroup
• POB - rpls.com — The first and the • sci.geo.satellite-nav - GPS Newsgroup
best online forum for Professional • comp.infosystems.gis - GIS Newsgroup
Land Surveyors • sci.engr.civil - Civil Engineering Newsgroup
• comp.cad.autocad - AutoCAD Newsgroup

18. • Surveying and Mediation: New SATELLITE TRACKING
Opportunities in an Old Role— Jerry D. • Sam Wormley's (Iowa State)GPS/Glosnass Satellite
Taylor, P.S., J.D. Tracking Page
• A collection of geodesy and related • NASA Satellite Tracking -- for IBM PC
resources — Michael R. Craymer, • Satellite FAQ
Ph.D., Geodetic Survey Division, • Photos of the GPS Satellites (Block IIa)
Geomatics Canada
MISCELLANEOUS LAND SURVEYING LINKS
UNITS OF MEASURE • Civil Engineering Resources
• Acre - The (English) acre is a unit • Purdue University - Land Surveying Engineering
• Autocad Shareware
of area equal to 43,560 square feet,
• U.S. Geographic Name lookup -Locate creeks and other
or 10 square chains, or 160 square
features named in deeds
poles. It derives from a plowing
• U.S. GenWeb - Gateway to local history and genealogy
area that is 4 poles wide and a
• Cyndi's List of Land Record Sites - An excellent list of
furlong (40 poles) long. A square
related sites
mile is 640 acres. The Scottish acre
• FindLaw - Legal resources, including Property Law
is 1.27 English acres. The Irish acre
• Search US CENSUS Bureau
is 1.6 English acres.
• Arpent - Unit of length and area
American Congress on
used in France, Louisiana, and
Surveying and Mapping
Canada. As a unit of length,
www.acsm.net
approximately 191.8 feet (180 old
French 'pied', or foot). The (square) National Society of Professional
arpent is a unit of area, Surveyors
approximately .845 acres, or 36,802 www.nspsmo.org
square feet. Michigan Technological
• Chain - Unit of length usually University Surveying Program
understood to beGunter's chain, but www.tech.mtu.edu
possibly variant by locale. See also
Ferris State University
Rathbone's chain. The name comes
Surveying/Engineering Program
from the heavy metal chain of 100
www.ferris.edu/cot/surveying
links that was used by surveyors to
measure property bounds.
• Colpa - Old Irish measure of land
equal to that which can support a
horse or cow for a year.
Approximately an Irish acre of good
land.
• Compass - One toise.
• Engineer's Chain - A 100 foot
chaincontaining 100 links of one
foot apiece.

19. • Furlong - Unit of length equal to 40
poles (220 yards). Its name derives
from "furrow long", the length of a
furrow that oxen can plow before
they are rested and turned. See
Gunter's chain.
• Ground - A unit of area equal to
2400 sq. ft., or 220 sq. meters, used
in India.
• Gunter's Chain - Unit of length
equal to 66 feet, or 4 poles.
Developed by English polymath
Edmund Gunter early in the 1600's,
the standard measuring chain
revolutionized surveying. Gunter's
chain was 22 yards long, one tenth
of a furlong, a common unit of
length in the old days. An area one
chain wide by ten chains long was
exactly an acre. In 1595 Queen
Elizabeth I had the mile redefined
from the old Roman value of 5000
feet to 5280 feet in order for it to be
an even number of furlongs. A mile
is 80 chains.
• Hectare - Metric unit of area equal
to 10,000 square meters, or 2.471
acres, or 107,639 square feet.
• Hide - A very old English unit of
area, a hide was of variable size
depending on locale and the quality
of the land. It was the amount of
land to support a family, and ranged
from 60 to 180 acres. After the
Norman conquest in 1066 it became
standardized at around 120 acres.
• Hundred - An adminstrative area
larger than a village and smaller
than a county. In England it was
100 hides in size, and the term was
used for early settlements in
Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.

20. • Labor - The labor is a unit of area
used in Mexico and Texas. In Texas
it equals 177.14 acres (or 1 million
square varas).
• League (legua) - Unit of area used
in the southwest U.S., equal to 25
labors, or 4428 acres (Texas), or
4439 acres (California). Also, a unit
of length-- approximately three
miles.
• Link - Unit of length equal to 1/100
chain (7.92 inches).
• Morgen - Unit of area equal to
about .6309 acres. It was used in
Germany, Holland and South
Africa, and was derived from the
German word Morgen ("morning").
It represented the amount of land
that could be plowed in a morning.
• Out - An 'out' was ten chains. When
counting out long lines, the chain
carriers would put a stake at the end
of a chain, move the chain and put a
stake at the end, and so on until they
ran "out" of ten stakes.
• Perch - See pole .
• Point - A point of the compass.
There are four cardinal points
(North, South, East, West), and 28
others yielding 32 points of 11.25
degrees each. A survey line's
direction could be described as a
compass point, as in "NNE" (north
northeast). To improve precision,
the points would be further
subdivided into halves or quarters as
necessary, for example, "NE by
North, one quarter point North". In
some areas, "and by" meant one half
point, as in "NE and by North".
• Pole - Unit of length and area. Also
known as a perch or rod. As a unit

21. of length, equal to 16.5 feet. A mile
is 320 poles. As a unit of area, equal
to a square with sides one pole long.
An acre is 160 square poles. It was
common to see an area referred to
as "87 acres, 112 poles", meaning
87 and 112/160 acres.
• Pueblo - A Spanish grant of less
than 1000 acres.
• Rancho - A Spanish grant of more
than 1000 acres.
• Rathbone's Chain - A measuring
chain two poles, or 33 feet, in
length.
• Rod - See pole
• Rood - Unit of area usually equal to
1/4 acre.
• Toise - Traditional French unit of
length equal to 6 old French 'pieds'
or feet, or 6.4 English feet.
• Vara - Unit of length (the "Spanish
yard") used in the U.S. southwest.
The vara is used throughout the
Spanish speaking world and has
values around 33 inches, depending
on locale. The legal value in Texas
was set to 33 1/3 inches early in the
1900's.
• Virgate - An old English unit of
area, equal to one quarter of a hide.
The amount of land needed to
support a person.
SURVEYORS' SLANG
• Balls - Slang for numeric .00, as in
4-balls (4.00)
• Beep - Verb. To use a magnetic
detector to look for iron pipe, etc.
• Boot - To raise the levels rod some
number of inches so as to be visible
to the instrument man, e.g. "Boot
6!" means "raise it 6 inches."

22. • Blue topping - In road or grading
work the surveyor sets stakes and
paints their tops blue to represent
the required elevation. Graders then
work to just cover the blue tops of
the stakes.
• Bug - To use a magnetic locator to
search for an iron pipe.
• Bullseye - Zero degrees of
inclination.
• Burn - See shoot
• Burn one - Measure from the one
foot mark on the tape rather than
from the end of the tape in order to
increase the accuracy of the
measurement.
• Cut line - To clear vegetation for a
line of sight between two survey
control points.
• Double nickel - Slang for .55, as in
6-double nickel (6.55)
• Dummy or dummy-end - The base
or zero end of a tape or chain, as in
"hold dummy at the face of the
curb."
• EDM - Electromagnetic Distance
Measurement device, the instrument
used by modern surveyors that
replaces the use of measurement
chains. It determines distance by
measuring the time it takes for laser
light to reflect off a prism on top of
a rod at the target location.
• Ginney - A wooden dowel 6-9
inches in length with a sharpened
end. Set in the ground to mark
survey points.
• Glass - The EDM prism.
• Gun - Originally, a transit, but
potentially any measurement
instrument in use, e.g.
theodolite,EDM, or Total Station.

23. • Hours - Degrees
• Hub and Tack - A 2" by 2" stake
that is set in the ground and that
contains a nail ("tack") that
precisely marks the point being set.
• Jigger - Transit (Australia and New
Zealand)
• Legs - Tripod
• Pogo - Prism pole
• Punk - See railroad.
• Railroad - Slang for eleven, as in
42-railroad (42.11)
• Rodman - The person holding the
rod with theEDM prism. This
person is the modern version of a
chain carrier or chain man.
• Shoot - Measure distance with an
EDM
• Spike - Usually a 60 penny nail
used to mark survey points in hard
ground.
• Stob - In the southeast U.S., a
wooden stake or post, but in modern
surveying, a piece of rebar used to
mark a property boundary.
• Tie - To locate something with the
transit or other measuring device.
• Top - Slang for eleven. See
railroad.
• Trip - Slang for triple digits, as in
trip5 means 555, and 43trip7 means
43.777
• Turn - The rodman is told to stay in
place while the gun or level is
moved to a new location.
• Zero - Zero degrees, minutes, and
seconds. A perfect zero.
SURVEYORS' ABBREVIATIONS
B.R.L. - Building restriction line.
FD - Found
IPF - Iron pipe found
IRF - Iron rod found

24. L.O.D. - Limit of Disturbance. The area to
be cleared, graded, etc.
MAG - New concrete nails are magnetic
nails and are stamped with MAG on the
head and are easier to find with metal
detectors.
NPP - Nail in power pole
NTCFP - Nail on top of corner fence post
NTFP - Nail on top of fence post
PI - Point of intersection
PK - Point Known, PK nail
PK nail - A concrete nail made by Parker
Kaelon, stamped PK, that marks a survey
point. See also hub and tack.
SR - Steel rebar
SRS - Steel rod set (rebar or other steel)
WC - Witness corner
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