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Instructor: Laura Gerold, PE
               Catalog #10614113
     Class # 22784, 24113, 24136, & 24138
Class Start: January 18, 2012 Class End: May
                    16, 2012
Class 6 presentation
   Standard – draw (and round) to two decimal places. Never
    draw or round to greater than three decimal places
   Steel Fabrication tolerances is 1/8 and Engineered wood
    trusses are 1/16, you do not want to be any larger than the
    actual material sizes
   When drawing or designing new detail or plan for scales ¾
    and smaller round to a ¼”, 1” to full scale, 1/16” is the
    smallest. Materials suppliers do not round their products
    lower then 1/16.
   When field dimensioning an existing building round to the
    nearest ¼”, because it is easier to do a dimension check right
    at the site.
   I have seen spotted elevations on site plans round their
    plans to 3 decimal point. Example 1’-4” = 1.333’
Class 6 presentation
   From A ad B draw
    equal arcs with radius
    greater than half AB
   Join Intersection D
    and E with a straight
    line to locate center C




                              Compass system
   1. Lightly draw arc CR
   2. Lightly draw equal arcs r with radius
    slightly larger than half BC, to intersect at D
   3. Draw line AD, which bisects the angle
   Draw a random line and a random angle
   Trade with your neighbor and bisect both the
    line and the angle using the compass methods.
   Check with your protractor and scale
   Problem 4.30
Class 6 presentation
   It’s a good way to understand how to draw
    three-dimension items as a 2-D sketch
   It’s used for a variety of applications including
    ...
Class 6 presentation
Class 6 presentation
Class 6 presentation
Class 6 presentation
ETC . . .
To make and interpret drawings you need to know how to create
   projections and understand the standard arrangement of views.




You also need to be familiar with the geometry of solid objects and be able
to visualize a 3D object that is represented in a 2D sketch or drawing.
   Vanishing Points: An Introduction to
    Architectural Drawing
The outline on the plane of projection shows how the object appears to the observer.
In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all points on the edges or contours
of the object extend parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
The word orthographic means “at right angles.”




                                   Projection of an Object
Specific names are given to the planes of projection. The front view is
projected to the frontal plane. The top view is projected to the horizontal
plane. The side view is projected to the profile plane.
The system of views is called
multiview projection. Each view
provides certain definite
information. For example, a front
view shows the true shape and
size of surfaces that are parallel
to the front of the object.
The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides
certain definite information.
Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular
    directions,




Six Standard Views:
1. Top (Plan)
2. Bottom
3. Right Side
4. Left Side
5. Front
6. Rear
Revolving the Object to Produce Views. You can experience
different views by revolving an object.
One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on the sheet of
paper is to envision a glass box.




 If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal face of the object, they
 would form a box.
To organize the views of a 3D object on a flat sheet of paper, imagine the
    six planes of the glass box being unfolded to lie flat.




Note the six standard views
(front, rear, top, bottom, rig
ht side, left side).
Lines extend around the glass box from one view to another on the planes of
projection. These are the projectors from a point in one view to the same point
in another view.
The front, top, and right-side views of the object shown now without
the folding lines.
The three principal dimensions of an object are width, height, and depth.


   The front view shows only the height
   and width of the object and not the
   depth. In fact, any principal view of a 3D
   object shows only two of the three
   principal dimensions; the third is found
   in an adjacent view. Height is shown in
   the rear, left-side, front, and right-side
   views. Width is shown in the rear, top,
   front, and bottom views. Depth is
   shown in the left-side, top, right-side,
   and bottom views.
   Break up into groups of 2-3
   Use the blocks to create a new “part” or
    “building”
   Sketch the six standard orthographic views
   Label the principal dimensions as
    width, depth, and height
   Prepare to present your views
   On architectural plans, the term elevation is
    used for all views that show the height
   The top view is often called the “plan view” on
    architectural and engineering drawings
   Label your six standard views as either
    elevation or plan views if relevant
The top, front, and right-side
    views, arranged together, are called the
    three regular views because they are
    the views most frequently used.



A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to clearly
and completely describe the object.
The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond point-
for-point. When using CAD or instruments, transfer these distances
accurately.




  You can transfer dimensions between the top and    You may find it convenient
  side views either with dividers or with a scale.   to use a 45° miter line to
                                                     project dimensions
                                                     between top and side
                                                     views.
   Using a Miter Line (Also see page 186 in text)
       Place the miter line (fig. 5-10, view B) to the right of
        the top view at a convenient distance, keeping the
        appearance of a balanced drawing
       Draw light projection lines from the top view to the
        miter line (fig. 5-10, view C), then vertically
        downward (fig. 5-10, view D)
       Using the front view, draw horizontal projection
        lines (fig. 5-10, view E) to the right, intersecting the
        vertical projection lines
       The result of this procedure is the outline and
        placement of the right side view
Class 6 presentation
   Using your block creation, transfer the
    dimensions for three views using both the scale
    and the miter methods
To understand the two systems, think of
                            the vertical and horizontal planes of
                            projection, as indefinite in extent and
                            intersecting at 90° with each other; the
                            four angles produced are called the
                            first, second, third, and fourth angles
                            (similar to naming quadrants on a graph.)
                            If the
                            object to be drawn is placed below the
                            horizontal plane and behind the vertical
                            plane, as in the glass box you saw
                            earlier, the object is said to be in the third
                            angle. In third-angle projection, the views
                            are produced as if the observer is
                            outside, looking in.
Common in the US & Canada
                            Third Angle Projection
Sometimes, drawing three views using the conventional arrangement
wastes space.
If the object is placed above the horizontal plane and in front of the
vertical plane, the object is in the first angle.




                                               The biggest difference
                                               between third-angle
                                               projection and first-angle
                                               projection is how the planes
                                               of the glass box are
                                               unfolded.



                                                   Common in Europe & Asia


First Angle Projection
   Group Project
       Use transparencies to create 1st and 3rd Angle
        projections of your block structure
Thick, dark lines represent features of the object that are directly visible.
Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden behind other surfaces.
The centerline pattern is used to:
• show the axis of symmetry for a feature or part
• indicate a path of motion
• show the location for bolt circles and other circular patterns



                                                          The centerline pattern is
                                                          composed of three
                                                          dashes: one long dash on
                                                          each end with a short
                                                          dash in the middle.
   A. Make a hidden
    line join a visible
    line, except when it
    causes the visible
    line to extend too
    far.
   B. Make hidden
    lines intersect at L
    and T corners.
   C. Make visible line
    “jump” a visible line
    when possible.
   D. Draw parallel
    hidden lines so that
    the dashes are
    staggered.
   E. & F. When
    two or three
    hidden lines
    meet at a
    point, join the
    dashes.
   G. Make a hidden
    line join a visible
    line, except when it
    causes the visible
    line to extend too far.
   H. Draw hidden arcs
    with the arc joining
    the centerline. There
    should not be a gap
    between the arc and
    the centerline.
   Use the Hidden Line Techniques to draw a
    view with hidden lines of your block project
   No hidden lines? Draw a view of a coffee mug
    with hidden lines.
A visible line always takes precedence over and
covers up a centerline or a hidden line when they
coincide in a view (A and B).




A hidden line takes
precedence over a
centerline (C).
   Look over your drawings for today and
    determine whether you followed the
    precedence of lines
Centerlines (symbol: ) are used to indicate symmetrical axes of objects
or features, bolt circles, and paths of motion.
There are terms used for describing a surface’s orientation to the plane of
projection. The three orientations that a plane surface can have to the plane
of projection are normal, inclined, and oblique.




           Note how a plane surface
           that is perpendicular to a
           plane of projection
           appears on edge as a
           straight line
If an angle is in a normal plane (a plane parallel to a plane of projection) it will
show true size on the plane of projection to which it is parallel.
If a flat surface is viewed from several different positions, each view will
show the same number of sides and a similar shape. This consistency of
shapes is useful in analyzing views.
One method of interpreting sketches is to reverse the mental
process used in projecting them.
Many objects need only two views to clearly describe their shape. If an object
requires only two views, and the left-side and right-side views show the object
equally well, use the right-side view.
Often, a single view supplemented by a note or by lettered symbols is
Enough.
The view chosen for the front view in this case is the side, not the front, of the
automobile.
• Review for Test 1
• Finish Chapter 5
• Chapter 6 – 2D Drawing Representation
   On one of your sketches, answer the following
    two questions:
       What was the most useful thing that you learned
        today?
       What do you still have questions about?
Read Chapter 6
Chapter 5 Review Questions: 1, 2, 8.
Chapter 5 Exercises: 5.1, 5.5 (1, 2, 3), 5.6 (1, 2 – no
isometric drawing)

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Class 6 presentation

  • 1. Instructor: Laura Gerold, PE Catalog #10614113 Class # 22784, 24113, 24136, & 24138 Class Start: January 18, 2012 Class End: May 16, 2012
  • 3. Standard – draw (and round) to two decimal places. Never draw or round to greater than three decimal places  Steel Fabrication tolerances is 1/8 and Engineered wood trusses are 1/16, you do not want to be any larger than the actual material sizes  When drawing or designing new detail or plan for scales ¾ and smaller round to a ¼”, 1” to full scale, 1/16” is the smallest. Materials suppliers do not round their products lower then 1/16.  When field dimensioning an existing building round to the nearest ¼”, because it is easier to do a dimension check right at the site.  I have seen spotted elevations on site plans round their plans to 3 decimal point. Example 1’-4” = 1.333’
  • 5. From A ad B draw equal arcs with radius greater than half AB  Join Intersection D and E with a straight line to locate center C Compass system
  • 6. 1. Lightly draw arc CR  2. Lightly draw equal arcs r with radius slightly larger than half BC, to intersect at D  3. Draw line AD, which bisects the angle
  • 7. Draw a random line and a random angle  Trade with your neighbor and bisect both the line and the angle using the compass methods.  Check with your protractor and scale
  • 8. Problem 4.30
  • 10. It’s a good way to understand how to draw three-dimension items as a 2-D sketch
  • 11. It’s used for a variety of applications including ...
  • 16. ETC . . .
  • 17. To make and interpret drawings you need to know how to create projections and understand the standard arrangement of views. You also need to be familiar with the geometry of solid objects and be able to visualize a 3D object that is represented in a 2D sketch or drawing.
  • 18. Vanishing Points: An Introduction to Architectural Drawing
  • 19. The outline on the plane of projection shows how the object appears to the observer. In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all points on the edges or contours of the object extend parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The word orthographic means “at right angles.” Projection of an Object
  • 20. Specific names are given to the planes of projection. The front view is projected to the frontal plane. The top view is projected to the horizontal plane. The side view is projected to the profile plane.
  • 21. The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides certain definite information. For example, a front view shows the true shape and size of surfaces that are parallel to the front of the object.
  • 22. The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides certain definite information.
  • 23. Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular directions, Six Standard Views: 1. Top (Plan) 2. Bottom 3. Right Side 4. Left Side 5. Front 6. Rear
  • 24. Revolving the Object to Produce Views. You can experience different views by revolving an object.
  • 25. One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on the sheet of paper is to envision a glass box. If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal face of the object, they would form a box.
  • 26. To organize the views of a 3D object on a flat sheet of paper, imagine the six planes of the glass box being unfolded to lie flat. Note the six standard views (front, rear, top, bottom, rig ht side, left side).
  • 27. Lines extend around the glass box from one view to another on the planes of projection. These are the projectors from a point in one view to the same point in another view.
  • 28. The front, top, and right-side views of the object shown now without the folding lines.
  • 29. The three principal dimensions of an object are width, height, and depth. The front view shows only the height and width of the object and not the depth. In fact, any principal view of a 3D object shows only two of the three principal dimensions; the third is found in an adjacent view. Height is shown in the rear, left-side, front, and right-side views. Width is shown in the rear, top, front, and bottom views. Depth is shown in the left-side, top, right-side, and bottom views.
  • 30. Break up into groups of 2-3  Use the blocks to create a new “part” or “building”  Sketch the six standard orthographic views  Label the principal dimensions as width, depth, and height  Prepare to present your views
  • 31. On architectural plans, the term elevation is used for all views that show the height  The top view is often called the “plan view” on architectural and engineering drawings  Label your six standard views as either elevation or plan views if relevant
  • 32. The top, front, and right-side views, arranged together, are called the three regular views because they are the views most frequently used. A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to clearly and completely describe the object.
  • 33. The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond point- for-point. When using CAD or instruments, transfer these distances accurately. You can transfer dimensions between the top and You may find it convenient side views either with dividers or with a scale. to use a 45° miter line to project dimensions between top and side views.
  • 34. Using a Miter Line (Also see page 186 in text)  Place the miter line (fig. 5-10, view B) to the right of the top view at a convenient distance, keeping the appearance of a balanced drawing  Draw light projection lines from the top view to the miter line (fig. 5-10, view C), then vertically downward (fig. 5-10, view D)  Using the front view, draw horizontal projection lines (fig. 5-10, view E) to the right, intersecting the vertical projection lines  The result of this procedure is the outline and placement of the right side view
  • 36. Using your block creation, transfer the dimensions for three views using both the scale and the miter methods
  • 37. To understand the two systems, think of the vertical and horizontal planes of projection, as indefinite in extent and intersecting at 90° with each other; the four angles produced are called the first, second, third, and fourth angles (similar to naming quadrants on a graph.) If the object to be drawn is placed below the horizontal plane and behind the vertical plane, as in the glass box you saw earlier, the object is said to be in the third angle. In third-angle projection, the views are produced as if the observer is outside, looking in. Common in the US & Canada Third Angle Projection
  • 38. Sometimes, drawing three views using the conventional arrangement wastes space.
  • 39. If the object is placed above the horizontal plane and in front of the vertical plane, the object is in the first angle. The biggest difference between third-angle projection and first-angle projection is how the planes of the glass box are unfolded. Common in Europe & Asia First Angle Projection
  • 40. Group Project  Use transparencies to create 1st and 3rd Angle projections of your block structure
  • 41. Thick, dark lines represent features of the object that are directly visible. Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden behind other surfaces.
  • 42. The centerline pattern is used to: • show the axis of symmetry for a feature or part • indicate a path of motion • show the location for bolt circles and other circular patterns The centerline pattern is composed of three dashes: one long dash on each end with a short dash in the middle.
  • 43. A. Make a hidden line join a visible line, except when it causes the visible line to extend too far.  B. Make hidden lines intersect at L and T corners.
  • 44. C. Make visible line “jump” a visible line when possible.  D. Draw parallel hidden lines so that the dashes are staggered.
  • 45. E. & F. When two or three hidden lines meet at a point, join the dashes.
  • 46. G. Make a hidden line join a visible line, except when it causes the visible line to extend too far.  H. Draw hidden arcs with the arc joining the centerline. There should not be a gap between the arc and the centerline.
  • 47. Use the Hidden Line Techniques to draw a view with hidden lines of your block project  No hidden lines? Draw a view of a coffee mug with hidden lines.
  • 48. A visible line always takes precedence over and covers up a centerline or a hidden line when they coincide in a view (A and B). A hidden line takes precedence over a centerline (C).
  • 49. Look over your drawings for today and determine whether you followed the precedence of lines
  • 50. Centerlines (symbol: ) are used to indicate symmetrical axes of objects or features, bolt circles, and paths of motion.
  • 51. There are terms used for describing a surface’s orientation to the plane of projection. The three orientations that a plane surface can have to the plane of projection are normal, inclined, and oblique. Note how a plane surface that is perpendicular to a plane of projection appears on edge as a straight line
  • 52. If an angle is in a normal plane (a plane parallel to a plane of projection) it will show true size on the plane of projection to which it is parallel.
  • 53. If a flat surface is viewed from several different positions, each view will show the same number of sides and a similar shape. This consistency of shapes is useful in analyzing views.
  • 54. One method of interpreting sketches is to reverse the mental process used in projecting them.
  • 55. Many objects need only two views to clearly describe their shape. If an object requires only two views, and the left-side and right-side views show the object equally well, use the right-side view.
  • 56. Often, a single view supplemented by a note or by lettered symbols is Enough.
  • 57. The view chosen for the front view in this case is the side, not the front, of the automobile.
  • 58. • Review for Test 1 • Finish Chapter 5 • Chapter 6 – 2D Drawing Representation
  • 59. On one of your sketches, answer the following two questions:  What was the most useful thing that you learned today?  What do you still have questions about?
  • 60. Read Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Review Questions: 1, 2, 8. Chapter 5 Exercises: 5.1, 5.5 (1, 2, 3), 5.6 (1, 2 – no isometric drawing)