UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
Class 6 presentation
1. Instructor: Laura Gerold, PE
Catalog #10614113
Class # 22784, 24113, 24136, & 24138
Class Start: January 18, 2012 Class End: May
16, 2012
3. Standard – draw (and round) to two decimal places. Never
draw or round to greater than three decimal places
Steel Fabrication tolerances is 1/8 and Engineered wood
trusses are 1/16, you do not want to be any larger than the
actual material sizes
When drawing or designing new detail or plan for scales ¾
and smaller round to a ¼”, 1” to full scale, 1/16” is the
smallest. Materials suppliers do not round their products
lower then 1/16.
When field dimensioning an existing building round to the
nearest ¼”, because it is easier to do a dimension check right
at the site.
I have seen spotted elevations on site plans round their
plans to 3 decimal point. Example 1’-4” = 1.333’
5. From A ad B draw
equal arcs with radius
greater than half AB
Join Intersection D
and E with a straight
line to locate center C
Compass system
6. 1. Lightly draw arc CR
2. Lightly draw equal arcs r with radius
slightly larger than half BC, to intersect at D
3. Draw line AD, which bisects the angle
7. Draw a random line and a random angle
Trade with your neighbor and bisect both the
line and the angle using the compass methods.
Check with your protractor and scale
17. To make and interpret drawings you need to know how to create
projections and understand the standard arrangement of views.
You also need to be familiar with the geometry of solid objects and be able
to visualize a 3D object that is represented in a 2D sketch or drawing.
18. Vanishing Points: An Introduction to
Architectural Drawing
19. The outline on the plane of projection shows how the object appears to the observer.
In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all points on the edges or contours
of the object extend parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
The word orthographic means “at right angles.”
Projection of an Object
20. Specific names are given to the planes of projection. The front view is
projected to the frontal plane. The top view is projected to the horizontal
plane. The side view is projected to the profile plane.
21. The system of views is called
multiview projection. Each view
provides certain definite
information. For example, a front
view shows the true shape and
size of surfaces that are parallel
to the front of the object.
22. The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides
certain definite information.
23. Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular
directions,
Six Standard Views:
1. Top (Plan)
2. Bottom
3. Right Side
4. Left Side
5. Front
6. Rear
24. Revolving the Object to Produce Views. You can experience
different views by revolving an object.
25. One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on the sheet of
paper is to envision a glass box.
If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal face of the object, they
would form a box.
26. To organize the views of a 3D object on a flat sheet of paper, imagine the
six planes of the glass box being unfolded to lie flat.
Note the six standard views
(front, rear, top, bottom, rig
ht side, left side).
27. Lines extend around the glass box from one view to another on the planes of
projection. These are the projectors from a point in one view to the same point
in another view.
28. The front, top, and right-side views of the object shown now without
the folding lines.
29. The three principal dimensions of an object are width, height, and depth.
The front view shows only the height
and width of the object and not the
depth. In fact, any principal view of a 3D
object shows only two of the three
principal dimensions; the third is found
in an adjacent view. Height is shown in
the rear, left-side, front, and right-side
views. Width is shown in the rear, top,
front, and bottom views. Depth is
shown in the left-side, top, right-side,
and bottom views.
30. Break up into groups of 2-3
Use the blocks to create a new “part” or
“building”
Sketch the six standard orthographic views
Label the principal dimensions as
width, depth, and height
Prepare to present your views
31. On architectural plans, the term elevation is
used for all views that show the height
The top view is often called the “plan view” on
architectural and engineering drawings
Label your six standard views as either
elevation or plan views if relevant
32. The top, front, and right-side
views, arranged together, are called the
three regular views because they are
the views most frequently used.
A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to clearly
and completely describe the object.
33. The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond point-
for-point. When using CAD or instruments, transfer these distances
accurately.
You can transfer dimensions between the top and You may find it convenient
side views either with dividers or with a scale. to use a 45° miter line to
project dimensions
between top and side
views.
34. Using a Miter Line (Also see page 186 in text)
Place the miter line (fig. 5-10, view B) to the right of
the top view at a convenient distance, keeping the
appearance of a balanced drawing
Draw light projection lines from the top view to the
miter line (fig. 5-10, view C), then vertically
downward (fig. 5-10, view D)
Using the front view, draw horizontal projection
lines (fig. 5-10, view E) to the right, intersecting the
vertical projection lines
The result of this procedure is the outline and
placement of the right side view
36. Using your block creation, transfer the
dimensions for three views using both the scale
and the miter methods
37. To understand the two systems, think of
the vertical and horizontal planes of
projection, as indefinite in extent and
intersecting at 90° with each other; the
four angles produced are called the
first, second, third, and fourth angles
(similar to naming quadrants on a graph.)
If the
object to be drawn is placed below the
horizontal plane and behind the vertical
plane, as in the glass box you saw
earlier, the object is said to be in the third
angle. In third-angle projection, the views
are produced as if the observer is
outside, looking in.
Common in the US & Canada
Third Angle Projection
39. If the object is placed above the horizontal plane and in front of the
vertical plane, the object is in the first angle.
The biggest difference
between third-angle
projection and first-angle
projection is how the planes
of the glass box are
unfolded.
Common in Europe & Asia
First Angle Projection
40. Group Project
Use transparencies to create 1st and 3rd Angle
projections of your block structure
41. Thick, dark lines represent features of the object that are directly visible.
Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden behind other surfaces.
42. The centerline pattern is used to:
• show the axis of symmetry for a feature or part
• indicate a path of motion
• show the location for bolt circles and other circular patterns
The centerline pattern is
composed of three
dashes: one long dash on
each end with a short
dash in the middle.
43. A. Make a hidden
line join a visible
line, except when it
causes the visible
line to extend too
far.
B. Make hidden
lines intersect at L
and T corners.
44. C. Make visible line
“jump” a visible line
when possible.
D. Draw parallel
hidden lines so that
the dashes are
staggered.
45. E. & F. When
two or three
hidden lines
meet at a
point, join the
dashes.
46. G. Make a hidden
line join a visible
line, except when it
causes the visible
line to extend too far.
H. Draw hidden arcs
with the arc joining
the centerline. There
should not be a gap
between the arc and
the centerline.
47. Use the Hidden Line Techniques to draw a
view with hidden lines of your block project
No hidden lines? Draw a view of a coffee mug
with hidden lines.
48. A visible line always takes precedence over and
covers up a centerline or a hidden line when they
coincide in a view (A and B).
A hidden line takes
precedence over a
centerline (C).
49. Look over your drawings for today and
determine whether you followed the
precedence of lines
50. Centerlines (symbol: ) are used to indicate symmetrical axes of objects
or features, bolt circles, and paths of motion.
51. There are terms used for describing a surface’s orientation to the plane of
projection. The three orientations that a plane surface can have to the plane
of projection are normal, inclined, and oblique.
Note how a plane surface
that is perpendicular to a
plane of projection
appears on edge as a
straight line
52. If an angle is in a normal plane (a plane parallel to a plane of projection) it will
show true size on the plane of projection to which it is parallel.
53. If a flat surface is viewed from several different positions, each view will
show the same number of sides and a similar shape. This consistency of
shapes is useful in analyzing views.
54. One method of interpreting sketches is to reverse the mental
process used in projecting them.
55. Many objects need only two views to clearly describe their shape. If an object
requires only two views, and the left-side and right-side views show the object
equally well, use the right-side view.
56. Often, a single view supplemented by a note or by lettered symbols is
Enough.
57. The view chosen for the front view in this case is the side, not the front, of the
automobile.
58. • Review for Test 1
• Finish Chapter 5
• Chapter 6 – 2D Drawing Representation
59. On one of your sketches, answer the following
two questions:
What was the most useful thing that you learned
today?
What do you still have questions about?