1. Personality includes an
individuals characteristics, ways
of thinking and behaving in a
variety of situations

2. Personologist – psychologist who
study personality

3. Personality – organization of an
individual’s characteristics,
attitudes and habits.
- it includes the individuals unique
ways of thinking, behaving, or
otherwise experiencing the
environment
TRAITS VS. SITUATION

4. FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS
1. EXTRAVERSION – interest is
directed to other person rather
than to oneself.
2. AGREEABLENESS willingness
to consent, helpfulness

5. 3. CONSCIENTIOUS – showing care and
precision doing what one thinks is
right
4. EMOTIONAL STABILITY – being
relatively free of anxieties and other
mood variations
5. INTELLECT – ability to reason,
understand and perceive relationships
among variables

6. THEORY – is an organized and
systematic set of principles that
describe or explains a
phenomenon.

7. FREUD PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
TWO SOURCES OF INSTINCTUAL
ENERGY
1. LIFE INSTINCT – (eros) including
sexual impulses
-accounts for feelings and behavior
related to self-preservation

8. 2. DEATH INSTINCT – (THANATOS)
impels the person toward aggression
and destruction
According to Freud:Primitive people
had no restrictions on the expressions
of their instinct. Social norms did not
restrict them from expressing their
sexual urges.

9. Contemporary civilized people
however place fairly rigid
restrictions on sexual expression.
CIVILIZATION limits the expression
of our aggressive instincts.

10. Defense mechanisms
1. DENIAL – a defense similar to
repression, in which a person denies
the reality of something that has
happened.
EXAMPLE: Parents who have lost a
child may continue to behave for a
time as if the child were still alive, by
keeping the child’s room exactly as it
was and speaking as if the child were
still with them

11. 2. DISPLACEMENT – use of a
substitute object as the target for
an impulse. The substitute is often
linked to the real target by some
association.
EXAMPLE: A man who who has
been treated unfairly at work by a
superior may take his anger and
frustration out on his children.

12. 3. INTELLECTUALIZATION - dealing with
psychological conflicts in an intellectual
rather than overt behavioral or
emotional manner. The aim is to gain
mastery over instinctual impulses.
EXAMPLE: A teenager who has conflicts
over sexual expression intensely studies
medical textbooks on human sexuality.

13. 4. IDENTIFICATION – taking the
attributes of another person and
making them part of oneself as a
protective defense. Example:
Prisoners of war who are beaten by
their captors may take on some of
their captor’s characteristics in an
attempt to reduce their own
punishment.

14. 5. PROJECTION – attributing to
someone else a impluse that in
reality one is experiencing oneself.
Example: People who are hostile or
aggressive towards others may view
the world as hostile and aggrresive.

15. 6. RATIONALIZATION – a defense for
dealing with something that has
already happened by constructing a
false but plausible explanation for the
behavior. EXAMPLE: a student who
plagiarizes a paper may excuse the
behavior by saying that the teacher’s
assignment was unreasonable and
anyway, everybody does it.

16. 7. REGRESSION – a return to an
earlier, more childlike form of
behavior when a current pattern of
behavior appears inadequate or
satisfactory.

17. 8. REPRESSION – forcing
unpleasant or emotional material
out of conscious awareness
Example: a child who was sexually
abused by a familoy member has
no memory of the incident in
adulthood.

18. 9. SUBLIMATION – transforming
frustrated urges, especially sexual
urges into more socially accepted
forms of behavior.