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FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 
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FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY THE 
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 2014 
Prepared by Peter Saundry, Ph.D. for the COUNCIL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEANS AND DIRECTORS, 
AND THE MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE AFFILIATE PROGRAM OCTOBER 2014 
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 
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FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 
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Contents 
Foreword ............................................................................................. 4 
Summary ............................................................................................. 5 
1. Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ($388 million) ..................... 7 
1.1 NOAA Laboratories .................................................................................................. 8 
1.2 Climate Research ..................................................................................................... 8 
1.3 Weather and Air Chemistry Research ................................................................... 10 
1.4 Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research ........................................................... 11 
1.5 Innovative Research and Technology ................................................................... 14 
2 National Ocean Service ($73 million) .............................................. 15 
2.1 Coastal Science and Assessment ........................................................................... 15 
2.2 Navigation, Observations and Positioning ............................................................ 15 
2.3 Ocean and Coastal Management and Services ..................................................... 16 
2.4 National Oceanographic Partnership Program ..................................................... 16 
3. National Marine Fisheries Service ($67 million) ............................. 17 
3.1 Protected Species Research and Management .................................................... 18 
3.2 Fisheries Research and Management ................................................................... 18 
3.3 Habitat Conservation and Restoration .................................................................. 18 
4. National Weather Service ($33 million) .......................................... 19 
4.1 Climate Services Division ....................................................................................... 19 
5. National Environmental Data Satellite Information Service ($26 million) ............................................................................................ 20 
6. Program Support and Other ($79 million) ...................................... 21
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T 
Foreword 
he National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) is pleased to acknowledge and express its deep appreciation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The AAAS R&D Budget and Policy Program has provided the budget analysis behind this report for the past fifteen years, first under Kei Koizumi and, in recent years, under Patrick Clemins and now Matthew Hourihan. 
AAAS drew the data for this report from White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) R&D data, Budget of the United States Government, and from agency and historical data. Yearly values are adjusted for inflation using OMB's GDP deflators. Nominal values are unadjusted. FY 2013 are estimates adjusted for the full-year continuing resolution and sequestration. The text of this report is largely drawn directly from the NOAA budget justification to Congress,1 from NOAA program websites, and to a lesser degree, from other NOAA resources.2, 3 
The definition of Environmental R&D used in this report includes environmental physical, life, and social sciences; environmental engineering; energy-related fields; environmental data and information; and studies that utilize any or all of the above to address pollution problems or activities that impair the sustained functioning and productivity of the earth’s environment. 
We have made no effort to analyze activities by specific “fields of science” or “scientific disciplines.” 
Because terms such as “environmental science” and even “research” and “development” have imprecise definitions, estimates of federal funding for environmental R&D must be considered approximations. That is not to say the data and descriptions of particular programs are not accurate, rather that definitions are important in deciding which programs and projects to include in the analysis. We have attempted to maintain consistency over the past fourteen years in order to identify trends. 
The budget of the federal government and the activities of its agencies are subject to change— sometimes significant change at short notice. We again encourage readers to explore the websites and documents of the respective agencies and programs for the latest information. 
1 NOAA: FY 2015 Budget Summary - http://www.corporateservices.noaa.gov/~nbo/fy15_bluebook/FY2015BudgetSummary-small.pdf 
2 See for example, RESEARCH IN NOAA: Toward Understanding and Predicting Earth’s Environment: A five year plan: Fiscal Years 2008-2012 
http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/eop/documents/noaadocs/NOAA%20FY0509%205%20year%20Research%20Plan%20Jan05.pdf 
3 NOAA 5-Year Research and Development Plan for 2013 - http://nrc.noaa.gov/CouncilProducts/ResearchPlans.aspx
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Summary 
he National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides environmental intelligence to advance the nation’s ability to understand and anticipate changes in the Earth’s environment, improve society’s ability to make scientifically informed decisions, deliver services vital to the economy and public safety, and conserve and manage ocean and coastal ecosystems and resources. NOAA’s mission is best described as a triad of science, service, and stewardship. 
Figure 1. NOAA Environmental R&D Spending 2000-2014 (budget authority in billions of constant FY 2014 dollars) 
Environmental R&D constitutes approximately 12.5 percent of NOAA’s overall budget of $5.32 billion. NOAA Research is conducted mainly through a number of offices, as shown in Table 1. 58 percent of NOAA’s environmental R&D passes through its Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. However, significant R&D funding passes through other offices which have more applied missions.
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Table 1. Environmental R&D at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
(budget authority in millions of dollars) 
Change FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 14-13 
Actual 
Actual 
Estimate 
Percent 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 
339 
336 
388 
15.4% National Ocean Service 63 62 73 17.4% 
National Marine Fisheries Service 
54 
32 
67 
107.0% National Weather Service 23 24 33 35.5% 
National Env. Data Satellite Info Service 
27 
25 
26 
3.4% Program Support and Other 70 63 79 25.9% 
______ 
______ 
______ 
TOTAL 574 543 666 22.7%
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1. Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ($388 million) 
NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)4 is the central research line office that integrates research across the agency. OAR’s science enables NOAA to fulfill its mission, both today and into the future. 
OAR supports laboratories and programs across the United States and collaborates with external partners, such as NOAA-funded Cooperative Institutes and thirty-two Sea Grant Institutions. OAR research contributes to accurate weather forecasts, enables communities to plan for and respond to climate events such as drought, and enhances the protection and management of the nation’s coastal and ocean resources. 
91 percent of OAR’s budget is classified here as environmental R&D. Table 2 shows the full OAR budget with its FY 2015 request. 
Table 2. NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Environmental R&D 
(budget authority in millions of dollars) 
FY 2013 
FY 2014 
FY 2015 Actual Estimate Request Climate Research 
Laboratories & Cooperative Institutes 
50 
59 
75 Regional Climate Data & Information 40 37 52 
Climate Competitive Research 
45 
60 
61 Weather and Air Chemistry Research 
Laboratories & Cooperative Institutes 
51 
64 
65 U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) 4 4 7 
Tornado Severe Storm Research / Phased Array Radar 
9 
13 
13 Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research 
Laboratories & Cooperative Institutes 
24 
26 
25 National Sea Grant College Program Base 58 63 61 
Marine Aquaculture Program 
0 
5 
2 Ocean Exploration and Research 21 26 19 
Integrated Ocean Acidification 
6 
6 
15 Sustained Ocean Observations and Monitoring 41 41 41 
High Performance Computing Initiatives 
11 
12 
12 Other OAR 9 10 13 
______ 
______ 
______ TOTAL 369 426 461 
1.1 NOAA Laboratories 
4 OAR website - http://research.noaa.gov/
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OAR has seven laboratories across the United States that conduct innovative research and development to support NOAA‘s mission of understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts. These laboratories collaborate with numerous external partners, including NOAA- funded cooperative institutes. A primary objective of the Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes is improvement of NOAA products and services to facilitate decision making by policy makers and the public. They include: 
1. Air Resources Laboratory — air quality, atmospheric dispersion, and climate, with a focus on conditions near the Earth’s surface that affect people and ecosystems. 
2. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory — oceanography, tropical meteorology, atmospheric and oceanic chemistry, and acoustics. 
3. Earth System Research Laboratory — works to understand the roles of gases and particles that contribute to climate change, provides weather and climate information related to water management decisions, improves weather prediction, studies the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer, and develops air quality forecast models. 
4. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory — cutting-edge research necessary to understand, project, and predict Earth’s climate on a range of space and timescales 
5. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory — integrated interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource management and environmental services in coastal and estuarine waters, with a primary emphasis on the Great Lakes. 
6. National Severe Storms Laboratory — weather research aimed at improving the accuracy and timeliness of forecasts and warnings of hazardous weather events such as thunderstorms, blizzards, ice storms, flash floods, tornadoes, and lightning. 
7. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory — oceanography, marine meteorology, and related subjects. 
1.2 Climate Research 
The objectives of the Climate Research sub-program are to: 
 Describe and understand the state of the climate through sustained atmospheric and oceanic observations and research related to global distributions, trends, sources, and sinks of atmospheric constituents that are capable of forcing change in the climate of the Earth; 
 Understand, predict, and project climate variability and change from weeks to decades to centennial timescales; 
 Conduct advanced modeling of the climate and Earth systems, including natural climate variability, anthropogenic climate change, weather and hurricane forecasts, El Niño prediction, and stratospheric ozone depletion to increase fundamental understanding and to
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improve the prediction of climate phenomena; 
 Sustain the observing systems essential for climate, oceanographic, monitoring, and data management; 
 Conduct physical process research to advance a seamless suite of information and forecast products, ranging from short-term weather forecasts to longer-term climate forecasts and assessments; and 
 Understand how decision makers use climate information to improve the ability of society to plan for and respond to climate variability and change. 
The Climate Program Office (CPO) 
Established in October 2005, NOAA’s Climate Program Office5 (CPO) provides a unique and highly flexible climate research enterprise that focuses on: 
 Competitive grant programs that advance and extend our research capabilities;6 
 Partnerships with academia, businesses, and other agencies to develop and deliver targeted research and data products; and 
 Knowledge and information to improve public climate literacy and decision making needed to maintain resilient economies and environmental services. 
The CPO funds high-priority climate research to advance understanding of atmospheric and oceanic processes as well as climate impacts resulting from drought and other stresses. This research is conducted in most regions of the United States and at national and international scales, including in the Arctic. Recognizing that climate science literacy is a prerequisite for putting this new knowledge into action at all levels of society, the CPO also helps to lead NOAA’s climate communication, education, and professional development and training activities. 
Grant activities are organized within four Programs: 
1. The Climate Observation Division designs, deploys, and maintains an integrated global in situ network of oceanic and atmospheric observing instruments to produce continuous records and analyses of a range of ocean and atmosphere parameters. 
2. The Earth System Science (ESS) Program aims to provide process-level understanding of the climate system through observation, modeling, research analysis, and field studies to support the development of improved climate models and predictions in support of NOAA's mission. 
3. The mission of the Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections (MAPP) Program is to 
5 Climate Research Office - http://www.cpo.noaa.gov/ 
6 CPO Grants and Projects - http://cpo.noaa.gov/GrantsandProjects.aspx
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enhance the nation's capability to predict variability and changes in Earth's climate system. The MAPP Program focuses on the coupling, integration, and application of Earth system models and analyses across NOAA, among partner agencies, and with the external research community. 
4. The Climate and Societal Interactions (CSI) Program7 provides leadership and support for research, assessments, and climate services development activities designed to bring sound, interdisciplinary science to bear on climate-sensitive resource management and adaptation challenges in key sectors and regions. There are four sub-programs: 
a) International Research and Applications Project (IRAP) – supports activities to link climate research and assessments to practical risk management, development, and adaptation challenges in key regions throughout the world. 
b) Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) – supports research teams that conduct innovative, interdisciplinary, user-inspired, and regionally relevant research that informs resource management, planning, and public policy. 
c) Sectoral Applications Research Program (SARP) – addresses the needs of a specific stakeholder or set of stakeholder within key socioeconomic sectors (e.g., water resources, agriculture, health, etc.) grappling with pressing climate-related issues. 
d) National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) – provides dynamic and easily accessible drought information for the nation. NIDIS supports drought research focusing on risk assessment, forecasting, management, and development of decision- support resources. "Coping with Drought" grants competitions are administered through the RISA and SARP Programs. 
e) Coastal and Ocean Climate Applications (COCA) – supports interdisciplinary applications research on the impacts of climate variability and change on coastal communities and coastal and marine ecosystems to inform decision making. 
1.3 Weather and Air Chemistry Research 
The objectives of the Weather and Air Chemistry Research sub-program8 are: (i) to support research and development that provides the nation with more accurate and timely warnings and forecasts of high- impact weather events and their broader impact on issues of societal concern, such as weather and air quality; and (ii) to support research that provides the scientific basis for informed management decisions about weather, water, and air quality. 
Researchers at OAR Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes have been key contributors to the modernization of the National Weather Service (NWS) by providing the research to better understand 
7 Climate and Societal Interactions - http://cpo.noaa.gov/ClimatePrograms/ClimateandSocietalInteractions/RISAProgram.aspx 
8 The U.S. Weather Research Program - http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/research/uswrp/
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severe weather events as well as technological advancements in weather modeling and observing. OAR scientists strive to continually improve NOAA’s capabilities as well as other federal agencies’ capabilities to provide more accurate and timely warnings and forecasts of various high-impact weather, water, and air quality events. Examples of these high-impact events include floods, droughts, heat waves, severe storms, hurricanes, tsunamis, and the deposition of nutrients, heavy metals, and toxic organic substances to the surface of the earth. Programs include: 
 OAR’s Hurricane Research, within the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), focuses on improving the understanding and prediction of hurricane track and intensity change through directed research with the goal of transferring these improved capabilities to NOAA’s operational hurricane forecast components. 
 OAR’s National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) seeks to improve the accuracy and timeliness of forecasts and warnings of hazardous weather events such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, flash floods, lightning, and winter weather. NSSL accomplishes this goal through a balanced research program that conducts research in three general areas: severe and hazardous weather research, storm-scale hydrometeorology research, and weather radar research development. 
 OAR’s Air Chemistry activities respond to significant societal needs. Air pollutants are a primary cause or significant contributor to a number of pressing societal issues. These include health impacts such as illness and/or premature death due to respiratory effects, permanent neurological damage (affecting tens of thousands of newborns annually), and environmental degradation caused by exposure to air pollutants and deposition of nutrients, mercury, and other toxic substances. The Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) conducts field studies and long-term measurements and develops numerical models to address a wide range of critical air chemistry and deposition issues. 
1.4 Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research 
The objectives of the Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research sub-program are to: 
 Improve understanding of the physics, chemistry, and ecology of oceanic, coastal, and Great Lakes systems, including changes in these environments and impacts of stressors such as changes in temperature, changes in ocean and Great Lakes chemistry, pollution, and invasive species; 
 Improve predictive capability for oceanic, coastal, and Great Lakes processes, including developing predictive models for ecosystems and coupling these with physical and biogeochemical models to create comprehensive Earth system models for these environments; 
 Translate ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes science into services through tools developed for resource managers, policy makers, and the public as well as increased education and outreach; and 
 Develop and use cutting edge technology for understanding and exploring the ocean, coasts, and
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 
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Great Lakes. 
Activities are organized within seven Programs: 
1. Great Lakes Research consists of integrated, interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource management and environmental services in coastal and estuarine waters with a primary emphasis on the Great Lakes. 
2. The Vents Program conducts ocean exploration and research directed toward understanding and predicting large-scale oceanographic processes and consequences of submarine volcanism and hydrothermal activity. 
3. Ecosystems Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (Eco-FOCI) to improve the understanding of the productive ecosystems in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Arctic waters. 
4. The Integrated Coral Observing Network (ICON) Program acquires and integrates near real- time data from in situ, satellite, radar, and other data sources at important U.S. and international coral reef ecosystems. 
5. Ecosystem Research and Modeling conducts observational research and modeling to assess the impact of land-based sources of pollution and water use practices on marine ecosystems and human and animal health. 
6. The Aquatic Invasive Species Program provides support to national, regional, and state efforts to manage invasive species. 
7. The Marine Aquaculture Program is an integrated program of research, education, and technology transfer that is focused on key scientific, engineering, environmental, and socioeconomic issues that currently inhibit this emerging industry. 
National Sea Grant College Program (Sea Grant) 
The National Sea Grant College Program (Sea Grant)9 aims to enhance the practical use and conservation of coastal, marine, and Great Lakes resources to create a sustainable economy and environment. 
The 33 state Sea Grant programs, located in every coastal and Great Lakes state, Lake Champlain, Puerto Rico, and Guam, form a dynamic national network of more than 300 participating institutions represented by more than 3,000 scientists, engineers, outreach experts, educators, and students. 
As a non-regulatory program, Sea Grant focuses on generating and disseminating science-based information to a wide range of groups who require scientific information to make daily decisions including commercial and recreational fishermen, educators, fish farmers, state and local planning officials, port and harbor commissioners, seafood processors and retailers, and natural resource, water, 
9 National Sea Grant Office - http://seagrant.noaa.gov/
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 
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and environmental quality managers. 
Sea Grant personnel are both trusted community residents and coastal experts charged with providing balanced and reliable science-based information to help stakeholders identify locally relevant solutions to critical coastal issues. 
Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) 
The Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER)10 supports research through competitive grants programs in the Ocean Exploration Program (OE)11 and in the National Undersea Research Program (NURP).12 
OER core activities include: 
1. Supporting interdisciplinary expeditions to characterize new ocean areas and phenomena; 
2. Conducting cutting edge transformational research to address national priorities and to identify new and emerging issues; 
3. Working with partners to develop new underwater technologies focused on increasing the pace and efficiency of ocean exploration and research; and 
4. Engaging a broad spectrum of stakeholders and audiences through education and outreach. 
Ocean Acidification Program 
The Ocean Acidification Program (OAP):13 
1. Promotes the development of an ocean and coastal ocean acidification (OA) monitoring network composed of fixed observing platforms, underwater systems, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and dedicated cruises within the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico with partners in the Climate Program Office and Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS); 
2. Partners with the Coral Reef Conservation Program to establish a coral reef OA monitoring network capable of tracking coral reef community response to OA; 
3. Funds the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and extramural partners to conduct a range of experimental studies examining the sensitivity of commercially important living marine resources under NOAA’s purview to OA; 
4. Promotes the development of forecasting models of ecosystem and socioeconomic impacts; 
10 NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research - http://explore.noaa.gov/ 
11 NOAA Ocean Explorer program - http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ 
12 NOAA National Undersea Research Program - http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/ 
13 NOAA Ocean Acidification Program - http://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/
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5. Invests in critical new technologies that can facilitate geochemical and ecosystem monitoring; and 
6. Provides for outreach and education efforts to explain ocean acidification and its potential impacts on ecosystems and society. 
Ocean Climate Observation Program 
The NOAA Ocean Observing System for Climate14 provides information about the state of the world ocean and its regional variations to address important societal needs related to the Earth's climate. The NOAA Climate Observation Division sponsors the majority of the global component of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS).15 
Currently, over 8,000 observational platforms are deployed throughout the global ocean, with plans to increase that number to bring the system into compliance with the initial Global Climate Observing System16 design. NOAA sponsors nearly half of the platforms presently deployed in the global ocean, with over 70 other countries providing the remainder. 
1.5 Innovative Research and Technology 
The objective of the Innovative Research and Technology sub-program is to accelerate the adoption of advanced computing, communications, and information technology throughout NOAA. Innovative Research and Technology supports OAR’s High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Initiative. 
The HPCC Initiative supports OAR through major improvements in weather and climate forecasting, ecosystem and ocean modeling, and environmental information dissemination. These improvements are heavily dependent on major advances in high-end computing power, advanced information technology, and the availability of environmental data and information. These critical investments allow NOAA to meet its mission to deliver vital services and science education. 
14 NOAA Ocean Climate Observing Program - http://www.oco.noaa.gov/ 
15 U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System - http://www.ioos.gov/ 
16 Global Climate Observing System -http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=AboutGCOS
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2 National Ocean Service ($73 million) 
The National Ocean Service (NOS)17 is the primary federal agency responsible for enabling and promoting the sustainable, safe, and efficient use of coastal resources and coastal places. As the health of marine resources faces increasing threats, NOS’s science-based products and services have never been more essential to the nation’s economic and ecological well-being. In addition to informing smart resource management and stewardship, NOS directly enables the safe and efficient operation of all oceangoing economic activity—including maritime commerce, offshore energy development, fishing, aquaculture, and tourism. 
Approximately 15 percent of the NOS budget of $499 million is considered environmental R&D here. 
Table 3. National Ocean Service Budget (budget authority in millions of dollars) 
FY 2013 
FY 2014 
FY 2015 Actual Estimate Request Navigation, Observations and Positioning 173 190 192 
Coastal Science and Assessment 
71 
80 
88 Ocean and Coastal Management and Services 199 203 212 
Other 
______ ______ ______ 
TOTAL 
468 
499 
519 
2.1 Coastal Science and Assessment 
The NOAA Coastal Science and Assessment Program includes NOS’s applied science functions from the former Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment Program, along with the Office of Response and Restoration. There are two offices: 
 The National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS)18 conduct research, monitoring, and assessments to build the scientific foundation essential for sustainable use of coastal resources. 
 The Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R)19 is a center of expertise in preparing for, evaluating, and responding to threats to coastal environments, including oil and chemical spills, releases from hazardous waste sites, and marine debris. 
The Coastal Science and Assessment program includes competitive awards. 
2.2 Navigation, Observations, and Positioning 
17 National Ocean Service - http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ 
18 National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science - http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/nccos/ 
19 Office of Response and Restoration - http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/
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The following program offices are responsible for carrying out the Navigation, Observation, and Positioning sub-program: 
 The Office of Coast Survey (OCS) is responsible for conducting hydrographic surveys and producing charts of the nation’s waters. 
 The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) defines, maintains, and provides access to the National Spatial Reference System to meet our nation's economic, social, and environmental needs. 
 The Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) provides the national infrastructure, science, and technical expertise to monitor, assess, and distribute tide, current, water level, and other coastal oceanographic and meteorological products and services that support NOAA's missions. 
 The Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) draws together the vast network of federal and non-federal observing systems to fulfill regional, national, and global needs for integrated ocean information. 
2.3 Ocean and Coastal Management and Services 
The Office of Coastal Ocean Management20 includes: 
 Coastal Zone Management and Services; 
 Coastal Management Grants; 
 Coral Reef Program; 
 National Estuarine Research Reserve System; and 
 Sanctuaries and Marine Protected Areas. 
2.4 National Oceanographic Partnership Program 
The National Ocean Service leads NOAA’s contribution to the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), 21 a collaboration of federal agencies that support ocean research partnerships among academia, government, industry, and non-governmental organizations. These sectors pursue ocean- related scientific and technical information on some of the nation’s most pressing issues. NOPP investments encompass numerous areas, including oceanographic research and exploration, technology development, resource management, and ocean education; these focus areas have led to community advances in oceanography and impacts on society. 
Since 1997, NOPP has become an excellent forum for the development of new interagency initiatives and priorities that transcend single agency mandates in the pursuit of wise use of the ocean and maintenance of its health. Typically, NOPP initiates about 11 new projects per year. 
20 Office of Coastal Ocean Management - http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/ocrm/ 
21 National Oceanographic Partnership Program - http://www.nopp.org/
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3. National Marine Fisheries Service ($67 million) 
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is responsible for the management and conservation of living marine resources within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)—the area extending from 3 to 200 nautical miles offshore. 
NMFS provides critical support and scientific and policy leadership in the international arena. It plays a key role in the management of living marine resources in coastal areas under state jurisdiction. 
NMFS implements science-based conservation and management actions aimed at sustaining long- term use and promoting the health of coastal and marine ecosystems. All of these activities rely on a strong scientific and research competency to support the challenging public policy decision process associated with NMFS’s stewardship responsibility. 
Approximately 7 percent of the NMF budget of $996 million is considered environmental R&D here. 
Table 4.NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (budget authority in millions of dollars) 
FY 2013 Actual 
FY 2014 Estimate 
FY 2015 Request Protected Species Research and Management 166 177 186 
Fisheries Research and Management 
414 
426 
437 Enforcement & Observers/Training 103 108 109 
Habitat Conservation & Restoration 
39 
42 
42 Other Activities Supporting Fisheries 56 60 62 
Other NMF 
105 
186 
80 ______ ______ ______ 
TOTAL 
882 
996 
917 
NMFS has six Regional Offices, each with a Science Center that conducts research and directs the work carried out by the other laboratories and satellite/special purpose facilities in that region. An Office of Science and Technology, which advocates and ensures the sound scientific basis for NOAA Fisheries science programs and resource conservation and management decisions, coordinates all NMFS research. Major activities include: 
 The Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) Program; 
 The Fisheries and the Environment (FATE) Program; 
 Climate impacts on marine ecosystems; 
 Ocean acidification; 
 Habitat science and assessments; 
 Arctic science; 
 The Global Plankton Database; 
 The Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) Program; and 
 Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM).
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3.1 Protected Species Research and Management 
The mission of the Protected Species Research and Management Program is to protect and improve the health of protected species, the ecosystems that sustain them, and the communities that value and depend on them. 
The program fosters partnerships and employs scientific excellence and rigorous conservation actions to reverse the trend of human-caused declines that threaten the marine and coastal ecosystems we all share. Further, healthy habitats and sustainable populations of protected species are necessary for the continuity and promotion of the nation’s fishery operations. Protected species include those listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and most of the marine mammals covered by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). 
Areas of research include: 
 Marine Mammal and Turtle Science; 
 Marine and Anadromous Fish; and 
 Marine Invertebrates and Plants. 
3.2 Fisheries Research and Management 
The Fisheries Research and Management Program base funding encompasses many of the scientific and management activities that enable the NMFS to be an effective steward of living marine resources by using an ecosystem-based approach, for the benefit of the nation. 
The Cooperative Research Program provides a means for commercial and recreational fishermen to become involved in the collection of fundamental fisheries information to support the development and evaluation of management options. In cooperative research, industry and other stakeholders can partner with NOAA Fisheries and university scientists in all phases of the research program, including survey/statistical design, conducting of research, analysis of results, and communication of results. 
3.3 Habitat Conservation and Restoration 
The Habitat Conservation and Restoration Program has a critical and challenging conservation mission to protect and restore habitats that provide important societal and ecological benefits. The Program conserves habitat for living marine resources over a range of NOAA mandates benefiting commercial and recreational fisheries (Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Federal Power Act, and the Energy Policy Act of 2005), protected species (Endangered Species Act), and NOAA trust resources injured from oil and hazardous wastes spills (Oil Pollution Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act).
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 
4. National Weather Service ($33 million) 
The National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather, water, and climate data as well as forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters, and ocean areas for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. 
With some 5,000 employees in 122 weather forecast offices, 13 river forecast centers, 9 national centers, and other support offices around the country, NWS provides a national infrastructure to gather and process data worldwide. 
Each year, NWS collects some 76 billion observations and issues approximately 1.5 million forecasts and 50,000 warnings. 
However, only 3 percent of the NWS budget of $1,067 million is classified as environmental R&D. 
NWS engages in applied climate prediction research and maintains the operational climate forecasting modeling activity through the Climate Services Division. 
4.1 Climate Services Division 
The Climate Services Division provides the strategic vision for climate services within NWS and oversees the NWS regional and local climate services programs. 
Researchers at NWS collaborate on a continuing basis with the operational forecasters, with basic climate prediction researchers at the NOAA laboratories, and academia. The Climate Test Bed (CTB) was established to formalize and promote the process of transferring research into operations. 
The NOAA CTB accelerates the transfer of research and development into NOAA operational climate forecasts, products, and applications. The CTB serves as a conduit between the operational and research communities through a number of activities, including support for projects funded through the Climate Program Office that partner the external research community with NCEP scientists. The CTB is administered by the Climate Prediction Center.
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 20 
5. National Environmental Data Satellite Information Service ($26 million) 
The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) is dedicated to providing timely access to global environmental data from satellites and other sources to promote, protect, and enhance the nation's economy, security, environment, and quality of life. To fulfill its responsibilities, NESDIS—informally known as the NOAA Satellite and Information Service—acquires and manages the nation's operational environmental satellites, operates the NOAA National Data Centers, provides data and information services including Earth system monitoring, performs official assessments of the environment, and conducts related research. 
NESDIS environmental satellite observations also provide important contributions to U.S. national security by providing military users with real-time and near-real-time observations for their aircraft, ships, ground forces, and facilities worldwide. Current satellite programs include: the Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), and Jason-2/Ocean Surface Topography Mission (Jason- 2/OSTM). In addition to current satellite programs, NOAA/NASA operate two next generation satellite missions: the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R). 
NESDIS also contributes to the national economy by providing environmental data that support resource management of energy, water, global food supplies, and other economic and environmental resources. NESDIS maintains three national data centers for oceanographic, geophysical, and climatic data. 
Only about 1 percent of the NEDSIS budget of $2 billion is classified as environmental R&D. This occurs through the National Environmental Information Office.
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 21 
6. Program Support and Other ($79 million) 
Program Support consists of Corporate Services, the NOAA Education Program, and Facilities. 
1. Corporate Services include providing the planning, administrative, financial, procurement, information technology, human resources, and infrastructure services that are essential to the safe and successful performance of NOAA’s mission. 
2. NOAA’s Office of Education consults within NOAA and with the Department of Commerce (DOC). It identifies opportunities for the deployment of coordinated interagency/intergovernmental policy strategies that recognize the importance of linking education, economic and environmental goals. 
3. The Facilities Management and Modernization Program provides funds to address facilities management; repair, restoration and other construction; and environmental compliance and safety issues NOAA-wide.
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 22 
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 23

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Fiscal Year 2014 NSF Environmental R&D Report October 2014

  • 1. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 1 FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY THE NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 2014 Prepared by Peter Saundry, Ph.D. for the COUNCIL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEANS AND DIRECTORS, AND THE MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE AFFILIATE PROGRAM OCTOBER 2014 NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
  • 2. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 2
  • 3. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 3 Contents Foreword ............................................................................................. 4 Summary ............................................................................................. 5 1. Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ($388 million) ..................... 7 1.1 NOAA Laboratories .................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Climate Research ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Weather and Air Chemistry Research ................................................................... 10 1.4 Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research ........................................................... 11 1.5 Innovative Research and Technology ................................................................... 14 2 National Ocean Service ($73 million) .............................................. 15 2.1 Coastal Science and Assessment ........................................................................... 15 2.2 Navigation, Observations and Positioning ............................................................ 15 2.3 Ocean and Coastal Management and Services ..................................................... 16 2.4 National Oceanographic Partnership Program ..................................................... 16 3. National Marine Fisheries Service ($67 million) ............................. 17 3.1 Protected Species Research and Management .................................................... 18 3.2 Fisheries Research and Management ................................................................... 18 3.3 Habitat Conservation and Restoration .................................................................. 18 4. National Weather Service ($33 million) .......................................... 19 4.1 Climate Services Division ....................................................................................... 19 5. National Environmental Data Satellite Information Service ($26 million) ............................................................................................ 20 6. Program Support and Other ($79 million) ...................................... 21
  • 4. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 4 T Foreword he National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) is pleased to acknowledge and express its deep appreciation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The AAAS R&D Budget and Policy Program has provided the budget analysis behind this report for the past fifteen years, first under Kei Koizumi and, in recent years, under Patrick Clemins and now Matthew Hourihan. AAAS drew the data for this report from White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) R&D data, Budget of the United States Government, and from agency and historical data. Yearly values are adjusted for inflation using OMB's GDP deflators. Nominal values are unadjusted. FY 2013 are estimates adjusted for the full-year continuing resolution and sequestration. The text of this report is largely drawn directly from the NOAA budget justification to Congress,1 from NOAA program websites, and to a lesser degree, from other NOAA resources.2, 3 The definition of Environmental R&D used in this report includes environmental physical, life, and social sciences; environmental engineering; energy-related fields; environmental data and information; and studies that utilize any or all of the above to address pollution problems or activities that impair the sustained functioning and productivity of the earth’s environment. We have made no effort to analyze activities by specific “fields of science” or “scientific disciplines.” Because terms such as “environmental science” and even “research” and “development” have imprecise definitions, estimates of federal funding for environmental R&D must be considered approximations. That is not to say the data and descriptions of particular programs are not accurate, rather that definitions are important in deciding which programs and projects to include in the analysis. We have attempted to maintain consistency over the past fourteen years in order to identify trends. The budget of the federal government and the activities of its agencies are subject to change— sometimes significant change at short notice. We again encourage readers to explore the websites and documents of the respective agencies and programs for the latest information. 1 NOAA: FY 2015 Budget Summary - http://www.corporateservices.noaa.gov/~nbo/fy15_bluebook/FY2015BudgetSummary-small.pdf 2 See for example, RESEARCH IN NOAA: Toward Understanding and Predicting Earth’s Environment: A five year plan: Fiscal Years 2008-2012 http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/eop/documents/noaadocs/NOAA%20FY0509%205%20year%20Research%20Plan%20Jan05.pdf 3 NOAA 5-Year Research and Development Plan for 2013 - http://nrc.noaa.gov/CouncilProducts/ResearchPlans.aspx
  • 5. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 5 T Summary he National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides environmental intelligence to advance the nation’s ability to understand and anticipate changes in the Earth’s environment, improve society’s ability to make scientifically informed decisions, deliver services vital to the economy and public safety, and conserve and manage ocean and coastal ecosystems and resources. NOAA’s mission is best described as a triad of science, service, and stewardship. Figure 1. NOAA Environmental R&D Spending 2000-2014 (budget authority in billions of constant FY 2014 dollars) Environmental R&D constitutes approximately 12.5 percent of NOAA’s overall budget of $5.32 billion. NOAA Research is conducted mainly through a number of offices, as shown in Table 1. 58 percent of NOAA’s environmental R&D passes through its Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. However, significant R&D funding passes through other offices which have more applied missions.
  • 6. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 6 Table 1. Environmental R&D at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (budget authority in millions of dollars) Change FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 14-13 Actual Actual Estimate Percent Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 339 336 388 15.4% National Ocean Service 63 62 73 17.4% National Marine Fisheries Service 54 32 67 107.0% National Weather Service 23 24 33 35.5% National Env. Data Satellite Info Service 27 25 26 3.4% Program Support and Other 70 63 79 25.9% ______ ______ ______ TOTAL 574 543 666 22.7%
  • 7. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 7 1. Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ($388 million) NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)4 is the central research line office that integrates research across the agency. OAR’s science enables NOAA to fulfill its mission, both today and into the future. OAR supports laboratories and programs across the United States and collaborates with external partners, such as NOAA-funded Cooperative Institutes and thirty-two Sea Grant Institutions. OAR research contributes to accurate weather forecasts, enables communities to plan for and respond to climate events such as drought, and enhances the protection and management of the nation’s coastal and ocean resources. 91 percent of OAR’s budget is classified here as environmental R&D. Table 2 shows the full OAR budget with its FY 2015 request. Table 2. NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Environmental R&D (budget authority in millions of dollars) FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 Actual Estimate Request Climate Research Laboratories & Cooperative Institutes 50 59 75 Regional Climate Data & Information 40 37 52 Climate Competitive Research 45 60 61 Weather and Air Chemistry Research Laboratories & Cooperative Institutes 51 64 65 U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) 4 4 7 Tornado Severe Storm Research / Phased Array Radar 9 13 13 Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research Laboratories & Cooperative Institutes 24 26 25 National Sea Grant College Program Base 58 63 61 Marine Aquaculture Program 0 5 2 Ocean Exploration and Research 21 26 19 Integrated Ocean Acidification 6 6 15 Sustained Ocean Observations and Monitoring 41 41 41 High Performance Computing Initiatives 11 12 12 Other OAR 9 10 13 ______ ______ ______ TOTAL 369 426 461 1.1 NOAA Laboratories 4 OAR website - http://research.noaa.gov/
  • 8. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 8 OAR has seven laboratories across the United States that conduct innovative research and development to support NOAA‘s mission of understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts. These laboratories collaborate with numerous external partners, including NOAA- funded cooperative institutes. A primary objective of the Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes is improvement of NOAA products and services to facilitate decision making by policy makers and the public. They include: 1. Air Resources Laboratory — air quality, atmospheric dispersion, and climate, with a focus on conditions near the Earth’s surface that affect people and ecosystems. 2. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory — oceanography, tropical meteorology, atmospheric and oceanic chemistry, and acoustics. 3. Earth System Research Laboratory — works to understand the roles of gases and particles that contribute to climate change, provides weather and climate information related to water management decisions, improves weather prediction, studies the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer, and develops air quality forecast models. 4. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory — cutting-edge research necessary to understand, project, and predict Earth’s climate on a range of space and timescales 5. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory — integrated interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource management and environmental services in coastal and estuarine waters, with a primary emphasis on the Great Lakes. 6. National Severe Storms Laboratory — weather research aimed at improving the accuracy and timeliness of forecasts and warnings of hazardous weather events such as thunderstorms, blizzards, ice storms, flash floods, tornadoes, and lightning. 7. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory — oceanography, marine meteorology, and related subjects. 1.2 Climate Research The objectives of the Climate Research sub-program are to:  Describe and understand the state of the climate through sustained atmospheric and oceanic observations and research related to global distributions, trends, sources, and sinks of atmospheric constituents that are capable of forcing change in the climate of the Earth;  Understand, predict, and project climate variability and change from weeks to decades to centennial timescales;  Conduct advanced modeling of the climate and Earth systems, including natural climate variability, anthropogenic climate change, weather and hurricane forecasts, El Niño prediction, and stratospheric ozone depletion to increase fundamental understanding and to
  • 9. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 9 improve the prediction of climate phenomena;  Sustain the observing systems essential for climate, oceanographic, monitoring, and data management;  Conduct physical process research to advance a seamless suite of information and forecast products, ranging from short-term weather forecasts to longer-term climate forecasts and assessments; and  Understand how decision makers use climate information to improve the ability of society to plan for and respond to climate variability and change. The Climate Program Office (CPO) Established in October 2005, NOAA’s Climate Program Office5 (CPO) provides a unique and highly flexible climate research enterprise that focuses on:  Competitive grant programs that advance and extend our research capabilities;6  Partnerships with academia, businesses, and other agencies to develop and deliver targeted research and data products; and  Knowledge and information to improve public climate literacy and decision making needed to maintain resilient economies and environmental services. The CPO funds high-priority climate research to advance understanding of atmospheric and oceanic processes as well as climate impacts resulting from drought and other stresses. This research is conducted in most regions of the United States and at national and international scales, including in the Arctic. Recognizing that climate science literacy is a prerequisite for putting this new knowledge into action at all levels of society, the CPO also helps to lead NOAA’s climate communication, education, and professional development and training activities. Grant activities are organized within four Programs: 1. The Climate Observation Division designs, deploys, and maintains an integrated global in situ network of oceanic and atmospheric observing instruments to produce continuous records and analyses of a range of ocean and atmosphere parameters. 2. The Earth System Science (ESS) Program aims to provide process-level understanding of the climate system through observation, modeling, research analysis, and field studies to support the development of improved climate models and predictions in support of NOAA's mission. 3. The mission of the Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections (MAPP) Program is to 5 Climate Research Office - http://www.cpo.noaa.gov/ 6 CPO Grants and Projects - http://cpo.noaa.gov/GrantsandProjects.aspx
  • 10. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 10 enhance the nation's capability to predict variability and changes in Earth's climate system. The MAPP Program focuses on the coupling, integration, and application of Earth system models and analyses across NOAA, among partner agencies, and with the external research community. 4. The Climate and Societal Interactions (CSI) Program7 provides leadership and support for research, assessments, and climate services development activities designed to bring sound, interdisciplinary science to bear on climate-sensitive resource management and adaptation challenges in key sectors and regions. There are four sub-programs: a) International Research and Applications Project (IRAP) – supports activities to link climate research and assessments to practical risk management, development, and adaptation challenges in key regions throughout the world. b) Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) – supports research teams that conduct innovative, interdisciplinary, user-inspired, and regionally relevant research that informs resource management, planning, and public policy. c) Sectoral Applications Research Program (SARP) – addresses the needs of a specific stakeholder or set of stakeholder within key socioeconomic sectors (e.g., water resources, agriculture, health, etc.) grappling with pressing climate-related issues. d) National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) – provides dynamic and easily accessible drought information for the nation. NIDIS supports drought research focusing on risk assessment, forecasting, management, and development of decision- support resources. "Coping with Drought" grants competitions are administered through the RISA and SARP Programs. e) Coastal and Ocean Climate Applications (COCA) – supports interdisciplinary applications research on the impacts of climate variability and change on coastal communities and coastal and marine ecosystems to inform decision making. 1.3 Weather and Air Chemistry Research The objectives of the Weather and Air Chemistry Research sub-program8 are: (i) to support research and development that provides the nation with more accurate and timely warnings and forecasts of high- impact weather events and their broader impact on issues of societal concern, such as weather and air quality; and (ii) to support research that provides the scientific basis for informed management decisions about weather, water, and air quality. Researchers at OAR Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes have been key contributors to the modernization of the National Weather Service (NWS) by providing the research to better understand 7 Climate and Societal Interactions - http://cpo.noaa.gov/ClimatePrograms/ClimateandSocietalInteractions/RISAProgram.aspx 8 The U.S. Weather Research Program - http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/research/uswrp/
  • 11. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 11 severe weather events as well as technological advancements in weather modeling and observing. OAR scientists strive to continually improve NOAA’s capabilities as well as other federal agencies’ capabilities to provide more accurate and timely warnings and forecasts of various high-impact weather, water, and air quality events. Examples of these high-impact events include floods, droughts, heat waves, severe storms, hurricanes, tsunamis, and the deposition of nutrients, heavy metals, and toxic organic substances to the surface of the earth. Programs include:  OAR’s Hurricane Research, within the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), focuses on improving the understanding and prediction of hurricane track and intensity change through directed research with the goal of transferring these improved capabilities to NOAA’s operational hurricane forecast components.  OAR’s National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) seeks to improve the accuracy and timeliness of forecasts and warnings of hazardous weather events such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, flash floods, lightning, and winter weather. NSSL accomplishes this goal through a balanced research program that conducts research in three general areas: severe and hazardous weather research, storm-scale hydrometeorology research, and weather radar research development.  OAR’s Air Chemistry activities respond to significant societal needs. Air pollutants are a primary cause or significant contributor to a number of pressing societal issues. These include health impacts such as illness and/or premature death due to respiratory effects, permanent neurological damage (affecting tens of thousands of newborns annually), and environmental degradation caused by exposure to air pollutants and deposition of nutrients, mercury, and other toxic substances. The Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) conducts field studies and long-term measurements and develops numerical models to address a wide range of critical air chemistry and deposition issues. 1.4 Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research The objectives of the Ocean, Coastal, and Great Lakes Research sub-program are to:  Improve understanding of the physics, chemistry, and ecology of oceanic, coastal, and Great Lakes systems, including changes in these environments and impacts of stressors such as changes in temperature, changes in ocean and Great Lakes chemistry, pollution, and invasive species;  Improve predictive capability for oceanic, coastal, and Great Lakes processes, including developing predictive models for ecosystems and coupling these with physical and biogeochemical models to create comprehensive Earth system models for these environments;  Translate ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes science into services through tools developed for resource managers, policy makers, and the public as well as increased education and outreach; and  Develop and use cutting edge technology for understanding and exploring the ocean, coasts, and
  • 12. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 12 Great Lakes. Activities are organized within seven Programs: 1. Great Lakes Research consists of integrated, interdisciplinary environmental research in support of resource management and environmental services in coastal and estuarine waters with a primary emphasis on the Great Lakes. 2. The Vents Program conducts ocean exploration and research directed toward understanding and predicting large-scale oceanographic processes and consequences of submarine volcanism and hydrothermal activity. 3. Ecosystems Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (Eco-FOCI) to improve the understanding of the productive ecosystems in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Arctic waters. 4. The Integrated Coral Observing Network (ICON) Program acquires and integrates near real- time data from in situ, satellite, radar, and other data sources at important U.S. and international coral reef ecosystems. 5. Ecosystem Research and Modeling conducts observational research and modeling to assess the impact of land-based sources of pollution and water use practices on marine ecosystems and human and animal health. 6. The Aquatic Invasive Species Program provides support to national, regional, and state efforts to manage invasive species. 7. The Marine Aquaculture Program is an integrated program of research, education, and technology transfer that is focused on key scientific, engineering, environmental, and socioeconomic issues that currently inhibit this emerging industry. National Sea Grant College Program (Sea Grant) The National Sea Grant College Program (Sea Grant)9 aims to enhance the practical use and conservation of coastal, marine, and Great Lakes resources to create a sustainable economy and environment. The 33 state Sea Grant programs, located in every coastal and Great Lakes state, Lake Champlain, Puerto Rico, and Guam, form a dynamic national network of more than 300 participating institutions represented by more than 3,000 scientists, engineers, outreach experts, educators, and students. As a non-regulatory program, Sea Grant focuses on generating and disseminating science-based information to a wide range of groups who require scientific information to make daily decisions including commercial and recreational fishermen, educators, fish farmers, state and local planning officials, port and harbor commissioners, seafood processors and retailers, and natural resource, water, 9 National Sea Grant Office - http://seagrant.noaa.gov/
  • 13. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 13 and environmental quality managers. Sea Grant personnel are both trusted community residents and coastal experts charged with providing balanced and reliable science-based information to help stakeholders identify locally relevant solutions to critical coastal issues. Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) The Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER)10 supports research through competitive grants programs in the Ocean Exploration Program (OE)11 and in the National Undersea Research Program (NURP).12 OER core activities include: 1. Supporting interdisciplinary expeditions to characterize new ocean areas and phenomena; 2. Conducting cutting edge transformational research to address national priorities and to identify new and emerging issues; 3. Working with partners to develop new underwater technologies focused on increasing the pace and efficiency of ocean exploration and research; and 4. Engaging a broad spectrum of stakeholders and audiences through education and outreach. Ocean Acidification Program The Ocean Acidification Program (OAP):13 1. Promotes the development of an ocean and coastal ocean acidification (OA) monitoring network composed of fixed observing platforms, underwater systems, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and dedicated cruises within the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico with partners in the Climate Program Office and Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS); 2. Partners with the Coral Reef Conservation Program to establish a coral reef OA monitoring network capable of tracking coral reef community response to OA; 3. Funds the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and extramural partners to conduct a range of experimental studies examining the sensitivity of commercially important living marine resources under NOAA’s purview to OA; 4. Promotes the development of forecasting models of ecosystem and socioeconomic impacts; 10 NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research - http://explore.noaa.gov/ 11 NOAA Ocean Explorer program - http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ 12 NOAA National Undersea Research Program - http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/ 13 NOAA Ocean Acidification Program - http://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/
  • 14. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 14 5. Invests in critical new technologies that can facilitate geochemical and ecosystem monitoring; and 6. Provides for outreach and education efforts to explain ocean acidification and its potential impacts on ecosystems and society. Ocean Climate Observation Program The NOAA Ocean Observing System for Climate14 provides information about the state of the world ocean and its regional variations to address important societal needs related to the Earth's climate. The NOAA Climate Observation Division sponsors the majority of the global component of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS).15 Currently, over 8,000 observational platforms are deployed throughout the global ocean, with plans to increase that number to bring the system into compliance with the initial Global Climate Observing System16 design. NOAA sponsors nearly half of the platforms presently deployed in the global ocean, with over 70 other countries providing the remainder. 1.5 Innovative Research and Technology The objective of the Innovative Research and Technology sub-program is to accelerate the adoption of advanced computing, communications, and information technology throughout NOAA. Innovative Research and Technology supports OAR’s High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Initiative. The HPCC Initiative supports OAR through major improvements in weather and climate forecasting, ecosystem and ocean modeling, and environmental information dissemination. These improvements are heavily dependent on major advances in high-end computing power, advanced information technology, and the availability of environmental data and information. These critical investments allow NOAA to meet its mission to deliver vital services and science education. 14 NOAA Ocean Climate Observing Program - http://www.oco.noaa.gov/ 15 U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System - http://www.ioos.gov/ 16 Global Climate Observing System -http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=AboutGCOS
  • 15. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 15 2 National Ocean Service ($73 million) The National Ocean Service (NOS)17 is the primary federal agency responsible for enabling and promoting the sustainable, safe, and efficient use of coastal resources and coastal places. As the health of marine resources faces increasing threats, NOS’s science-based products and services have never been more essential to the nation’s economic and ecological well-being. In addition to informing smart resource management and stewardship, NOS directly enables the safe and efficient operation of all oceangoing economic activity—including maritime commerce, offshore energy development, fishing, aquaculture, and tourism. Approximately 15 percent of the NOS budget of $499 million is considered environmental R&D here. Table 3. National Ocean Service Budget (budget authority in millions of dollars) FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 Actual Estimate Request Navigation, Observations and Positioning 173 190 192 Coastal Science and Assessment 71 80 88 Ocean and Coastal Management and Services 199 203 212 Other ______ ______ ______ TOTAL 468 499 519 2.1 Coastal Science and Assessment The NOAA Coastal Science and Assessment Program includes NOS’s applied science functions from the former Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment Program, along with the Office of Response and Restoration. There are two offices:  The National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS)18 conduct research, monitoring, and assessments to build the scientific foundation essential for sustainable use of coastal resources.  The Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R)19 is a center of expertise in preparing for, evaluating, and responding to threats to coastal environments, including oil and chemical spills, releases from hazardous waste sites, and marine debris. The Coastal Science and Assessment program includes competitive awards. 2.2 Navigation, Observations, and Positioning 17 National Ocean Service - http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ 18 National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science - http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/nccos/ 19 Office of Response and Restoration - http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/
  • 16. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 16 The following program offices are responsible for carrying out the Navigation, Observation, and Positioning sub-program:  The Office of Coast Survey (OCS) is responsible for conducting hydrographic surveys and producing charts of the nation’s waters.  The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) defines, maintains, and provides access to the National Spatial Reference System to meet our nation's economic, social, and environmental needs.  The Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) provides the national infrastructure, science, and technical expertise to monitor, assess, and distribute tide, current, water level, and other coastal oceanographic and meteorological products and services that support NOAA's missions.  The Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) draws together the vast network of federal and non-federal observing systems to fulfill regional, national, and global needs for integrated ocean information. 2.3 Ocean and Coastal Management and Services The Office of Coastal Ocean Management20 includes:  Coastal Zone Management and Services;  Coastal Management Grants;  Coral Reef Program;  National Estuarine Research Reserve System; and  Sanctuaries and Marine Protected Areas. 2.4 National Oceanographic Partnership Program The National Ocean Service leads NOAA’s contribution to the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), 21 a collaboration of federal agencies that support ocean research partnerships among academia, government, industry, and non-governmental organizations. These sectors pursue ocean- related scientific and technical information on some of the nation’s most pressing issues. NOPP investments encompass numerous areas, including oceanographic research and exploration, technology development, resource management, and ocean education; these focus areas have led to community advances in oceanography and impacts on society. Since 1997, NOPP has become an excellent forum for the development of new interagency initiatives and priorities that transcend single agency mandates in the pursuit of wise use of the ocean and maintenance of its health. Typically, NOPP initiates about 11 new projects per year. 20 Office of Coastal Ocean Management - http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/ocrm/ 21 National Oceanographic Partnership Program - http://www.nopp.org/
  • 17. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 17 3. National Marine Fisheries Service ($67 million) The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is responsible for the management and conservation of living marine resources within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)—the area extending from 3 to 200 nautical miles offshore. NMFS provides critical support and scientific and policy leadership in the international arena. It plays a key role in the management of living marine resources in coastal areas under state jurisdiction. NMFS implements science-based conservation and management actions aimed at sustaining long- term use and promoting the health of coastal and marine ecosystems. All of these activities rely on a strong scientific and research competency to support the challenging public policy decision process associated with NMFS’s stewardship responsibility. Approximately 7 percent of the NMF budget of $996 million is considered environmental R&D here. Table 4.NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (budget authority in millions of dollars) FY 2013 Actual FY 2014 Estimate FY 2015 Request Protected Species Research and Management 166 177 186 Fisheries Research and Management 414 426 437 Enforcement & Observers/Training 103 108 109 Habitat Conservation & Restoration 39 42 42 Other Activities Supporting Fisheries 56 60 62 Other NMF 105 186 80 ______ ______ ______ TOTAL 882 996 917 NMFS has six Regional Offices, each with a Science Center that conducts research and directs the work carried out by the other laboratories and satellite/special purpose facilities in that region. An Office of Science and Technology, which advocates and ensures the sound scientific basis for NOAA Fisheries science programs and resource conservation and management decisions, coordinates all NMFS research. Major activities include:  The Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) Program;  The Fisheries and the Environment (FATE) Program;  Climate impacts on marine ecosystems;  Ocean acidification;  Habitat science and assessments;  Arctic science;  The Global Plankton Database;  The Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) Program; and  Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM).
  • 18. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 18 3.1 Protected Species Research and Management The mission of the Protected Species Research and Management Program is to protect and improve the health of protected species, the ecosystems that sustain them, and the communities that value and depend on them. The program fosters partnerships and employs scientific excellence and rigorous conservation actions to reverse the trend of human-caused declines that threaten the marine and coastal ecosystems we all share. Further, healthy habitats and sustainable populations of protected species are necessary for the continuity and promotion of the nation’s fishery operations. Protected species include those listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and most of the marine mammals covered by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Areas of research include:  Marine Mammal and Turtle Science;  Marine and Anadromous Fish; and  Marine Invertebrates and Plants. 3.2 Fisheries Research and Management The Fisheries Research and Management Program base funding encompasses many of the scientific and management activities that enable the NMFS to be an effective steward of living marine resources by using an ecosystem-based approach, for the benefit of the nation. The Cooperative Research Program provides a means for commercial and recreational fishermen to become involved in the collection of fundamental fisheries information to support the development and evaluation of management options. In cooperative research, industry and other stakeholders can partner with NOAA Fisheries and university scientists in all phases of the research program, including survey/statistical design, conducting of research, analysis of results, and communication of results. 3.3 Habitat Conservation and Restoration The Habitat Conservation and Restoration Program has a critical and challenging conservation mission to protect and restore habitats that provide important societal and ecological benefits. The Program conserves habitat for living marine resources over a range of NOAA mandates benefiting commercial and recreational fisheries (Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Federal Power Act, and the Energy Policy Act of 2005), protected species (Endangered Species Act), and NOAA trust resources injured from oil and hazardous wastes spills (Oil Pollution Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act).
  • 19. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 4. National Weather Service ($33 million) The National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather, water, and climate data as well as forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters, and ocean areas for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. With some 5,000 employees in 122 weather forecast offices, 13 river forecast centers, 9 national centers, and other support offices around the country, NWS provides a national infrastructure to gather and process data worldwide. Each year, NWS collects some 76 billion observations and issues approximately 1.5 million forecasts and 50,000 warnings. However, only 3 percent of the NWS budget of $1,067 million is classified as environmental R&D. NWS engages in applied climate prediction research and maintains the operational climate forecasting modeling activity through the Climate Services Division. 4.1 Climate Services Division The Climate Services Division provides the strategic vision for climate services within NWS and oversees the NWS regional and local climate services programs. Researchers at NWS collaborate on a continuing basis with the operational forecasters, with basic climate prediction researchers at the NOAA laboratories, and academia. The Climate Test Bed (CTB) was established to formalize and promote the process of transferring research into operations. The NOAA CTB accelerates the transfer of research and development into NOAA operational climate forecasts, products, and applications. The CTB serves as a conduit between the operational and research communities through a number of activities, including support for projects funded through the Climate Program Office that partner the external research community with NCEP scientists. The CTB is administered by the Climate Prediction Center.
  • 20. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 20 5. National Environmental Data Satellite Information Service ($26 million) The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) is dedicated to providing timely access to global environmental data from satellites and other sources to promote, protect, and enhance the nation's economy, security, environment, and quality of life. To fulfill its responsibilities, NESDIS—informally known as the NOAA Satellite and Information Service—acquires and manages the nation's operational environmental satellites, operates the NOAA National Data Centers, provides data and information services including Earth system monitoring, performs official assessments of the environment, and conducts related research. NESDIS environmental satellite observations also provide important contributions to U.S. national security by providing military users with real-time and near-real-time observations for their aircraft, ships, ground forces, and facilities worldwide. Current satellite programs include: the Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), and Jason-2/Ocean Surface Topography Mission (Jason- 2/OSTM). In addition to current satellite programs, NOAA/NASA operate two next generation satellite missions: the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R). NESDIS also contributes to the national economy by providing environmental data that support resource management of energy, water, global food supplies, and other economic and environmental resources. NESDIS maintains three national data centers for oceanographic, geophysical, and climatic data. Only about 1 percent of the NEDSIS budget of $2 billion is classified as environmental R&D. This occurs through the National Environmental Information Office.
  • 21. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 21 6. Program Support and Other ($79 million) Program Support consists of Corporate Services, the NOAA Education Program, and Facilities. 1. Corporate Services include providing the planning, administrative, financial, procurement, information technology, human resources, and infrastructure services that are essential to the safe and successful performance of NOAA’s mission. 2. NOAA’s Office of Education consults within NOAA and with the Department of Commerce (DOC). It identifies opportunities for the deployment of coordinated interagency/intergovernmental policy strategies that recognize the importance of linking education, economic and environmental goals. 3. The Facilities Management and Modernization Program provides funds to address facilities management; repair, restoration and other construction; and environmental compliance and safety issues NOAA-wide.
  • 22. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 22 NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
  • 23. FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014 23