1. Citation

2. Citation
There are two ways in which you can
refer to, or cite, another person’s work.
• Direct quotation
• Reporting (through summary or
paraphrase)

3. Direct Quotation

4. Direct Quotation
You may want to quote the exact words
of another author in your work. For
example:
A further way of showing that a school is fully
inclusive as suggested by Davies is when ‘schools will
monitor the progress of boys and girls and where
there is an attainment gap will put in intervention
strategies to improve performance’.
(Davies, 2006: 155)

5. Direct Quotation
Rules for quoting
• Keep the quotation as brief as possible
• Quote only when necessary (Guideline: no
more than 3 short quotes per page)
• Emphasis should be on working with other
people’s ideas, not reproducing their words
• Your work should be a synthesis of
information from sources, expressed in your
own words, not a collection of quotes

6. Direct Quotation
Reasons for using quotations:
• The language used in the quotation says
what you want to say particularly well
• You need to support your points by
• Quoting evidence
• Giving examples/illustrating
• Adding weight of authority

7. Direct Quotation
Reasons for not using quotations:
• The information is well-known in your subject
area
• The quote disagrees with your argument
(unless you can prove it is wrong)
• You cannot understand the meaning of the
original source
• Your are not able to summarize the original
• In order to make you point for you
• If the quote repeats the point you have just
made

8. Direct Quotation
Three items of information are needed
to acknowledge a quote within your
assignment
• Author or author’s surname(s)
• Year of publication
• Page number from which the quote was taken
Note: the position of this information can
vary

9. Direct Quotation
Examples:
Brassington and Pettitt (2006:312) state that: ‘The
danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid
challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost
and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland.’
According to Brassington and Pettitt (2006), ‘The
danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid
challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost
and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland’ (p.213).

10. Direct Quotation
According to Brassington and Pettitt,‘The danger is,
of course, that by trying to avoid challenging anyone
linguistically, imagination is lost and the Eurobrand
becomes the Eurobland’ (2006: 213).
‘The danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid
challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost
and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland’
(Brassington and Pettitt, 2006:213).

11. Direct Quotation
In all cases, on your reference list at the end
of the essay you should write:
References
Brassington,F. and Pettitt, S. (2006) Principles of
Marketing (4th edn). Harlow: Pearson Education.

12. Direct Quotation
When the authors are not in brackets
expressions such as ‘according to’ or ‘X an Y
state that …’ are used to introduce the
quotation.
Quotation marks (either ‘…’ or “…” are use
around the quoted text.
According to Brassington and Pettitt,‘The danger is, of course,
that by trying to avoid challenging anyone linguistically,
imagination is lost and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland’
(2006: 213).

13. Direct Quotation
Some useful expressions to introduce
quotes
As X states/stated, ‘…’.
As X commented/comments, ‘…’.
This example is given by X: ‘…’.
According to X, ‘…’.
The opinion of X is that, ‘…’.
X found that, ‘…’.

14. Omitting Words
• You can omit words that are not relevant to
your writing.
• Use three dots (…) to indicate where you have
left something out.
• Make sure you don’t change the meaning of
the sentence.
• Make sure the sentence remains
grammatically correct.

15. Omitting Words
Example:
‘The danger is … that by trying to avoid challenging
anyone linguistically, imagination is lost and the
Eurobrand becomes Eurobland’ (Brassington and
Pettitt, 2006:312)

16. Inserting Words
• You can insert words to clarify meaning.
• Use square brackets […] around the inserted
text.
Example
‘This [academic writing] is then further developed in
their undergraduate study’ (Martala, 2006:40).

17. Quoted Text within a Quote
When the material quoted already
contains a quotation, use double
quotation marks for the original
quotation (“…”).
Cai (2008:7) stated ‘different persuasion theories
operate well in certain contexts and are then
combined in an “integrative framework”’.
Note: You may choose to adopt the convention of
using double quotation marks for quotations and
then use single quotation marks for the original
quotation.

18. Long Quotations
• If a quotation is long - more than three lines -
it should be indented as a separate paragraph
• No quotation marks

19. Long Quotations
Example:
According to Keenan and Riches (2007:114):
The Enterprise Act of 2002 is designed to promote
enterprise by minimizing the effects of business failure.
In this connection the Act differentiates between
‘culpable’ bankrupts who set out who set out to run a
business in a way that would mislead the public and
other businesses and the ‘non-culpable’ bankrupts who
for reasons beyond his or her control has suffered
business failure

20. Long Quotations
Example:
According to Keenan and Riches (2007:114):
The Enterprise Act of 2002 is designed to promote
enterprise by minimizing the effects of business failure.
In this connection the Act differentiates between
‘culpable’ bankrupts who set out who set out to run a
business in a way that would mislead the public and
other businesses and the ‘non-culpable’ bankrupts who
for reasons beyond his or her control has suffered
business failure

21. Long Quotations
On the reference list at the end of the essay
you should state the full details as in the
example below:
References
Keenan, D. and Riches, S. (2007) Business Law (8th
edn). Harlow: Pearson Education

22. Multi-authored Works
• If several authors have written a book or
journal cite the main author and use et al.
• Usually more than two or three authors listed
are treated in this way

23. Reporting

24. Reporting
• Reporting is putting the other writer’s ideas in
your own words
• The best method to use is the summary
• The are two ways of showing that you have
used another writer’s ideas
• Integral (author as part of sentence)
• non-integral (author in brackets)

25. Reporting
Integral (author as part of a sentence)
According to Davies (2006) it is essential that pupils
learn how to evaluate their strengths an weaknesses.
The importance of pupils learning how to evaluate
their strengths and weaknesses was stressed by
Davies (2006).

26. Reporting
Non-integral (author in brackets)
Evidence from classroom learning (Davies, 2006)
suggests that it is essential for pupils to learn how to
evaluate their own strengths and weaknesses.
It is important that pupils learn how to evaluate their
strengths and weaknesses (Davies, 2006).

27. Reporting
At the end of the essay, the reference list
will state:
Davies, S. (2006) The Essential Guide to
Teaching. Harlow: Pearson Education.