1. El LibroGramatica By, Helena King

4. Present Perfect *formed with present tense of haber and the past participle *Yo he comido *He vivido

5. Past Perfect *Juan había abierto las puertas *Yohabíacomido *used to say you had done something

6. Present Perfect Irregulars *verbs irregularin the past participle

7. Perfect Subjunctive Subjunctive+Haber+Past Participle *Hayaestudiado *Hayashablado *Hayansalido

8. Tanto y Tan *used to show things are the same tan + adjective (adverb) + como El chica es tan alta como la chico. tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como Choose the form of tanto to agree with the noun it modifies. Tiene tantos libros como ella.

9. Se hablaEspañolaqui. -Spanish is spoken here. No se permite la comida en el teatro. -No foodisallowed in thetheater. Se prohibe fumar. -Smoking isprohibited Se Impersonal

11. Know information

12. Know a person, place, or thingYoséjugar al fútbol. Nosotrosconocemos la ciudad.

13. Informal Commands Negatives Affirmatives Irregular Regular Regular Irregular Put in yo form, change to opposite vowel and add an ‘s’ Di, haz, ve,pon, sal, se, ten, ven Conjugate in tu form and drop the ‘s’ Tengas, vengas, digas/des, vayas, seas, hagas, estes, se Or put in the tu, stem change, and drop ‘s’ Or put in yo form, change to oppostie vowel and add an ‘s’ Add pronoun if necessary Place pronoun before the verb

14. Formal Commands Usted Ustedes Irregulars Ar e Er/Ir  a Yo form of verb, drop the O and add the opposite endingof the third plural form Ar en Er/Ir  an CAR, GAR, ZAR verbs require spelling changes Yo form of verb, drop the O and add the opposite endings GO to GA (Present tense irregular Yo form verbs *Add no in front to form a negative command *DOP attaches to end of affirmative *DOP placed in front of verb in negative

15. Nosotros Commands

16. Subjunctive Hablar-->Yo hable Jugar-->Tu juegues Ser-->Yo sea Escribir-->Tu escribas

17. Subjunctive Trigger Words

18. Impersonal Expressions

19. Expressions of Emotions With Subjunctive *The infinitive of the verb is used if there is no change in subject -Temollegartarde *If there is a change in subject then the subjunctive is used -Temoquemisetsudianteslleguentarde. Other Examples: *Me alegro de que tú sonrías *Siento mucho que no puedan venir a la fiesta

20. Conjunctions of Time

21. Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns