Worldviews and values en 08-04-12

Department of Social Studies and Public Opinion
BBVA Foundation
I t ti l St dInternational Study
Values and Worldviews
Political and economic values
and the economic crisis
11April, 2013

"Values and Worldviews" is a BBVA Foundation international study examining a broad set of
perceptions attitudes and values held by citizens in 10 European countries in both publicperceptions, attitudes and values held by citizens in 10 European countries in both public
(politics, economics) and private (religion, ethics) domains.
Empirical information was gathered through a survey of 15,000 people aged 18 and over in 10
European Union countries (Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands,
Poland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom). The international reach of "Values andPoland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom). The international reach of Values and
Worldviews" facilitates a comparative snapshot of Spaniards' values, perceptions and
attitudes at a particularly critical time (late 2012).
The fieldwork was carried out by Ipsos between November 2012 and January 2013. The
design and analysis of the study are the work of the BBVA Foundation Department of Social
Studies and Public Opinion.
2

• This presentation looks at the political and economic values of citizens in 10 European countries,
along with their perceptions and attitudes regarding the economic crisis and current socio‐political
landscape.
• Among its aims is to explore the interaction between contingent views (linked to the present
moment) and longer‐held values.
Perceptions and attitudes
towards the economy and
Attitudes and general
liti l d i towards the economy and
the current crisis
political and economic
values
 Connection with the public sphere: interest in
politics, associationism and participation
 Identification of main problems
 Perceptions of the severity of the national and
world economic crisispolitics, associationism and participation
 Attitudes to politics and political parties
 Trust in professional groups and institutions
world economic crisis
 Views on certain groups and institutions’
responsibility for the crisis
 Identification with socio‐political positions and
movements
 Views of the welfare state and market
 Expectations regarding measures to deal with
the crisis
 The economic crisis and the role of the
3
Views of the welfare state and market
economy
European Union and the euro
 Personal experience of the economic crisis

I. Attitudes and general
political and economic
valuesvalues
44

MAP OF INTERESTSDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Strong interest in both local and national, European and world affairs.
• News of a more local nature (city, country) attracts greater interest than news about more distant places
(Europe, the world in general).
• Spaniards’ interest in each news category stands close to the average of European countries in the survey.
News items about your
News items about News items about World news
I would like you to tell me how interested you are in each of the topics I am going to read out to you.
Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you have absolutely no interest and 10 means you have a great deal of interest. Base: all cases
city or town
News items about
(COUNTRY)
News items about
Europe
World news
Total EU countries (10)
Italy 7,7
7,2
7,8
7,4
7,1
6,5
7,0
6,4
Germany
Denmark
S d
7,5
7,6
7 7
8,1
7,4
6 3
7,2
6,7
6 8
7,0
6,7
Sweden
United Kingdom
Netherlands 7,0
7,1
7,5
7,6
7,1
7,7
7,0
6,1
6,3
6,8
5,5
6,8
Czech Republic
Spain 7,0
7,0
7,2
7,0
6,3
6,1
6,2
6,2
5
France
Poland 6,6
6,7
0 2 4 6 8 10
6,8
7,4
0 2 4 6 8 10
5,9
6,3
0 2 4 6 8 10
5,9
6,3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Total EU countries (10): Referring to the 10 European countries taking part in the survey

NEWSPAPER CONSUMPTIONDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Taking newspaper consumption as a proxy for citizens’ connection with public affairs via the information
t d fi d i ifi t diff th E t i dreported, we find significant differences across the European countries surveyed.
• The daily reading of newspapers is a majority habit in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands, and less
common in Poland, the Czech Republic, Italy and Spain. Daily reading of newspapers in Spain stands below the
European average. Spain also has the largest proportion of respondents who never read a newspaper.
How often do you read the newspaper, either in print or online? (excluding exclusively sports
newspapers) Base all cases
European average. Spain also has the largest proportion of respondents who never read a newspaper.
newspapers) Base: all cases
71,6
35,5
20
32,2
3,9
10,1
4,4
22,0
Sweden
45 8
58,7
60,3
32
22,5
26,7
8 9
4
5,8
13 3
14,7
7,1
Germany
Netherlands
Denmark
Every day (once or several times a day)
36,1
36,6
45,8
35,7
29,1
32
8,5
10,8
8,9
19,2
23,5
13,3
United Kingdom
France
Germany Every day (once or several times a day)
At least once a week
At least once a month
N l
26,3
31,9
32,8
25,6
11,1
8,2
29,7
34,2
Italy
Spain
Never or almost never
DK‐NA
6
11,6
23,0
41,1
52,3
19,2
11,7
27,2
12,6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Poland
Czech Republic

ASSOCIATIONISMDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Associationism is a more direct indicator of connection with the public space, and a core component of a
t ' “ i l it l” i f it f t f i it f ilit t ti d t d illcountry's “social capital”, insofar as it fosters norms of reciprocity, facilitates cooperation and stands as a pillar
of civil society and pluralist democracy. Levels of associationism differ widely throughout Europe:
• High in Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, and fairly high in Germany
• Medium low in France the United Kingdom and Czech Republic• Medium‐low in France, the United Kingdom and Czech Republic
• Low in Spain, Italy and, last of all, Poland
Membership of some group or association. Base: all cases.
91 7
42,5
D k
79,5
82,8
91,7
Netherlands
Sweden
Denmark
38 1
46,0
60,2
United Kingdom
France
Germany
29,4
35,0
38,1
Spain
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
7
16,7
27,8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Poland
Italy

ASSOCIATIONISMDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Associationism is also limited in scope as regards the interests involved. Sports and recreational associations
top the list, ahead of trade unions (thanks to their high penetration in societies like Denmark and Sweden),top the list, ahead of trade unions (thanks to their high penetration in societies like Denmark and Sweden),
and charitable, cultural and religious associations.
• Spaniards tend not to belong to associations or groups, trailing the European average by this measure across
all types of organization.
Are you a member of any of the following associations or groups?
Percentage answering yes. Base: all cases
Total EU countries (10) Spain
7,6
20,3
5,0
8,1Sports or recreational associations
Trade unions
6,2
6,7
7,6
5,0
3,1
2,6Religious associations
Charity and welfare associations
Cultural and artistic associations
3,3
3,6
6,2
0,7
2,5
5,0Cultural and artistic associations
Health‐related associations
Animal protection societies
1,6
2,5
2,9
1,3
1,3
2,2Political parties
Environmental protection groups
Human rights organizations
8
2,9
1,6
0 20 40 60
3,4
0,8
0 20 40 60
Scientific associations
Other

PARTICIPATION BY CAUSEDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Participation in the widest sense, where people collaborate or mobilize in support of a particular cause is low‐
k llkey overall.
• Issues like the environment or human rights mobilize more support in the Nordic countries. Issues linked to
the economic or political situation are likelier to move citizens to action in Spain and Italy.
h h b f h d f h
Environment Human rights The economic crisis
The government’s record or
Whether or not you are a member of an organization, have you participated in some action to support any of the
following issues at some point in the last 12 months? Here we mean any kind of participation, whether donating
money, organizing, collaborating or joining a protest in favour of the cause.
Environment Human rights The economic crisis
the political situation
Sweden 30,7
14,4
32,1
12,0
7,0
8,3
3,5
9,8
Denmark
Netherlands
I l 20 9
26,8
29,9
22,0
31,3
5,9
8,5
7,0
8,9
Italy
France
Germany 11,1
17,2
20,9
6,5
12,8
21,4
3,5
7,8
17,2
2,8
11,5
20,6
United Kingdom
Spain 10,7
10,8
12,1
6,7
15,8
2,9
20,9
3,0
9
Czech Republic
Poland 7,8
8,1
0 20 40 60 80 100
6,2
3,7
0 20 40 60 80 100
5,2
8,6
0 20 40 60 80 100
6,8
3,7
0 20 40 60 80 100

PARTICIPATION BY ACTIONDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• …• A key indicator of civic engagement is political and social participation, which varies widely across the
countries surveyed. In general, the civic action respondents most often engage in is signature collectioncountries surveyed. In general, the civic action respondents most often engage in is signature collection
campaigns. Citizens in Nordic countries also make more of their role as consumers by opting to purchase or
boycott certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons.
• In Spain, the most frequent civic actions are signing petitions and taking part in strikes or demonstrations.
Have you done any of the things I am going to read out in the last 12 months?
Percentage answering yes Base: all cases
Spaniards are the likeliest of any Europeans to have participated in these last two actions in the past year.
Total EU
countries
(10)
Sweden Denmark Netherlands France Spain Italy United
Kingdom
Germany Czech
Republic
Poland
Sign a petition in a signature collection campaign 24 0 49 0 31 9 33 8 35 2 26 4 23 4 25 8 14 8 24 9 10 3Sign a petition in a signature collection campaign 24.0 49.0 31.9 33.8 35.2 26.4 23.4 25.8 14.8 24.9 10.3
Bought certain products for political, ethical or
environmental reasons
15.8 53.6 46.3 23.9 28.8 8.4 13.6 11.9 13.8 8.6 5.1
Boycotted or stopped using certain products for political,
ethical or environmental reasons
15.1 43.3 30.1 21.3 28.3 8.9 12.6 10.8 15.6 4.9 3.8
Got in touch with a politician or government department orGot in touch with a politician or government department or
employee to draw their attention to some problem
10.3 17.9 16.5 21.5 15.5 5.5 9.8 13.1 7.3 6.9 4.8
Taken part in demonstrations 10.3 7.7 5.3 2.8 14.0 23.2 14.3 4.0 7.3 9.3 3.6
Collaborated with some civic association or non‐
governmental organization (NGO) to support social causes
9.6 13.2 18.4 15.7 17.5 14.9 8.7 5.0 5.9 5.1 5.0
Taken part in a strike 7.6 1.0 1.3 1.6 7.7 20.6 13.5 3.4 3.6 2.7 3.0
Taken partpart in a protest that was self‐convened through
SMS, e‐mail, social networks, etc.
7.2 14.8 7.7 11.9 11.6 8.7 7.0 4.6 5.2 5.1 4.4
Given money to a political party or organization 4.8 4.3 14.0 10.3 4.3 2.6 4.9 3.7 5.5 9.0 4.1
10
Collaborated in the campaigns or activities of a political
party
4.0 4.8 5.6 4.4 4.9 3.2 5.9 1.8 4.2 3.3 3.5

AGGREGATE PARTICIPATION INDICATORDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Aggregating the percentage carrying out at least one of the 10 actions into a single indicator, we find thatAggregating the percentage carrying out at least one of the 10 actions into a single indicator, we find that
participation is strongest in Sweden, Denmark and, some way behind, the Netherlands and France, where a
majority of citizens have engaged in at least one such activity in the last twelve months.
• In remaining countries, participation is in the medium to low interval, with Poland bringing up the rear.
Percentage engaging in at least one public participation activity. Base: all cases
78 6
41,9
S d
Total EU Countries (10)
62,1
69,7
78,6
Netherlands
Denmark
Sweden
40 4
42,7
60,3
Italy
Spain
France
36,0
37,1
40,4
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
Italy
11
18,6
35,2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Poland
Germany

AGGREGATE PARTICIPATION INDICATOR BY SEGMENTDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• In Europe in general, and Spain particularly, social and political participation through diverse forms of action is
clearly higher among those with more years of study, those identifying themselves as politically left and thoseclearly higher among those with more years of study, those identifying themselves as politically left and those
reading the newspaper every day.
• Spain departs from the European average in that participation is lowest among those identifying themselves
as on the right (in Europe as a whole it is lowest among those calling themselves centrists). In Spain, also,
participation tails off more sharply among older adults.
Percentage engaging in at least one public participation activity. Base: all cases
Total 41 9
42 7Total
Age
18‐24
25‐34
35‐44 46,2
42,7
41,8
41,9
51,6
53,8
47,5
42,7
45‐54
55‐64
65 or over
Age finished studying
34,5
42,2
45,6
,
17,8
46,8
44,7
,
15 or under
16 to 19
20 or over
Still studying
Id l
52,8
57,8
39,0
27,2
62,7
60,5
45,6
27,8
Ideology
Left
Centre
Right
Reading of newspapers
44,6
37,6
53,9
31,6
43,4
52,3
12
Daily
Less often 31,2
42,5
51,2
0 20 40 60 80 100
26,3
49,3
59,5
0 20 40 60 80 100

PARTICIPATION VIA THE INTERNETDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• …• Use of the Internet to participate in public life is low overall. The main uses stated are signing of petitions,
posting comments on some political issue and following a politician.posting comments on some political issue and following a politician.
• The Swedes, Danish and Dutch report most use of the Internet for politics‐related activities. Spaniards
(together with Germans and Poles) are among the least likely to engage in this kind of activity, except in the
case of demonstrations.
Have you used the Internet for any of the following activities in the last 12 months?
Total EU
countries
(10) Sweden Denmark
Netherla
nds France
Czech
Republic
United
Kingdom Italy Spain Germany Poland(10) Sweden Denmark nds France Republic Kingdom Italy Spain Germany Poland
Sign a petition in a signature collection
campaign 12.0 29.3 18.1 23.5 19.5 14.4 14.0 11.1 9.3 5.8 5.2
Comment on some political issue on a
website or blog 8.5 19.3 16.9 12.6 10.5 7.0 7.8 9.6 9.6 5.7 4.8
Follow a politician or government official
on the Internet 7.4 12.5 20.5 12.4 11.2 12.9 4.1 8.1 5.7 3.5 9.5
Get in contact with a politician or a
national, regional or local authority or
government officer to draw their
attention to some problem 5.5 12.6 11.0 11.6 7.3 4.5 7.0 5.5 3.0 3.1 3.3
Participate in a forum with political
content 5.3 13.4 15.3 8.3 5.5 4.6 3.8 5.3 4.8 5.5 3.5
Take part in demonstrations called over
the Internet through e‐mail or social g
networks 4.2 7.0 4.9 3.4 5.9 3.8 3.0 5.4 6.7 2.3 1.9
Those using the Internet for
some of the above politics‐
21 2
45,9
41,1 39,5
30,4
24,3
40
60
13
related activities 21,2
24,3
20,1 19,3 16,8 14,7 14,7
0
20

PARTICIPATION VIA THE INTERNET BY SEGMENTDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• In Europe, and Spain particularly, use of the Internet as a medium for politics‐related activities increases with
educational level, as does political participation in general. It is also higher among men than women, andeducational level, as does political participation in general. It is also higher among men than women, and
tends to taper off with age. In Spain, the participation of older adults is very low indeed compared to the
European average.
• It is also higher in Spain among declaredly left‐leaning than right‐leaning citizens; a distinction that is more
blurred in Europe as a whole.
Percentage engaging in at least one politics‐related activity on the Internet. Base: all cases
Total
Sex
Male
Female 18,2
24,5
21,2
13,3
20,4
16,8
Age
18‐24
25‐34
35‐44 25,1
27,2
29,1
17,4
26,9
28,8
45‐54
55‐64
65 or over
15 d 7 2
10,9
18,9
21,6
4 6
2,5
13,4
17,8
15 or under
16 to 19
20 or over
Still studying
Ideology
38,6
34,8
17,5
7,2
37,6
34,9
15,1
4,6
14
Ideology
Left
Intermediate positions
Right 24,7
17,0
29,2
0 20 40 60 80 100
15,2
12,6
23,5
0 20 40 60 80 100

There tends to be a positive relation between indicators of connection with the public sphere:
reading of newspapers, level of associationism and social and political participation.
+
In each country, notably in Spain, connection
with the public space is stronger among:
+
Sweden
Denmark
Netherlands
p p g g
 Young people
 Those with a higher educational level
 Those identifying with the left
SPACE
• Compared to the rest of Europe, the Spanish
score low on associationism and close to the
b i l d liti l ti i ti
Netherlands
France
Germany
HE PUBLIC S
average by social and political participation.
• Spaniards’ participation primarily takes the
form of signing petitions and taking part in
demonstrations.
Th S i h t th ith th It li th
Spain
Italy
UK
Czech Rep.
N WITH TH
• The Spanish, together with the Italians, are the
likeliest to be moved to action by causes
related to the economic and political situation.
Czech Rep.
Poland
ONNECTION
15
-
CO

CONNECTION WITH POLITICAL PARTIESDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Party membership is extremely low in almost every country.
Si ifi t diff i th ti f h t ’ iti th t thi ith liti l• Significant differences emerge in the proportion of each country’s citizens that sympathize with some political
party.
• Party sympathy extends to an ample majority in Denmark and Sweden, well ahead of the Netherlands.
• Is medium low (around 45%) in France Germany Italy and Spain• Is medium‐low (around 45%) in France, Germany, Italy and Spain.
• Is low (around 35%) in the United Kingdom and Czech Republic, and lower still in Poland.
Are you a member of a
political party?
Whether or not you are a member, do you sympathize
with some political party?
9,9
5,4
po t ca pa ty p p y
Denmark 76,7
41,8
Connection with
political parties.
7,1
9,5Sweden
Netherlands 56,6
70,2
p p
Base: all cases
5,3
6,5
6,8France
Germany
United Kingdom 34,2
46,2
42,6
4,2
4,9
,g
Czech Republic
Italy 42,5
36,1
,
16
2,9
3,9
0 20 40 60 80 100
Spain
Poland 21,7
44,3
0 20 40 60 80 100

PARTY SYMPATHY BY SEGMENT
• In both Europe and Spain, age is a factor for sympathy with political parties. The percentage sympathizing with
t i ith hil l t d t f l h di da party increases with age, while young people tend to feel much more disengaged.
• Declared sympathy for political parties is also higher among those defining themselves as right or left than
among those at the centre of the political spectrum.
• The more informed population, defined as those reading a newspaper every day, are likelier to sympathize
with a party than their less informed peers (infrequent readers).
Whether or not you are a member, do you sympathize with some political party? Base: all cases
Total
Age
18‐24
34,8
44,2
30,3
41,8
25‐34
35‐44
45‐54
55 64 50 7
40,5
41,0
35,3
48 2
40,7
37,4
33,4
55‐64
65 or over
Ideology
Left 57,1
58,5
50,7
55,2
53,7
48,2
Centre
Right
63,4
29,8
55,4
29,8
17
Daily
Less often 37,0
45,3
53,4
0 20 40 60 80 100
29,6
39,3
55,1
0 20 40 60 80 100

VIEWS ON HOW DEMOCRACY IS WORKINGDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Views on how democracy is working differ significantly from one country to the next. The Spanish are, along
ith th It li th t di i f h d i ki i th i ti t iwith the Italians, the most disapproving of how democracy is working in their respective countries.
• In Poland, the United Kingdom and France, opinions are divided
• The most upbeat views correspond to Denmark and Sweden, followed at a distance by Germany and the
NetherlandsNetherlands.
As a whole, how well do you think democracy is working right now in (COUNTRY)?
Average on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 means it is working very badly and 10 that it is working very well. Base: all cases g g y y g y
7,0
4,9
Denmark
6,0
6,1
6,7
Netherlands
Germany
Sweden
4,9
5,1
,
United Kingdom
Poland
3,7
4,5
4,8
Italy
Czech Republic
France
18
3,6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Spain

THE POWER TO PERSONALLY INFLUENCE POLICYDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Ample consensus around the idea that voting is the main way citizens can influence what the government
does with agreement strongest in Denmark and Sweden and weakest in the Czech Republicdoes, with agreement strongest in Denmark and Sweden and weakest in the Czech Republic.
• Agreement coexists (except in Denmark) with the feeling that individuals have little real influence on political
decisions.
Voting is the main way that people like me can
i fl h t th G t d
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following sentences?
Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases
People like me have no real influence on political
d i iinfluence what the Government does
Denmark 7,5
6,3
4,6
6,5
decisions
Sweden
Netherlands
F 6 6
6,9
7,3
6,1
5,7
France
Germany
Spain 6,3
6,5
6,6
6,2
6,7
6,9
Italy
United Kingdom 6,1
6,1
6,3
6,7
19
Poland
Czech Republic 5,2
5,7
0 2 4 6 8 10
6,9
6,6
0 2 4 6 8 10

VIEW OF POLITICIANSDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• There is a widely held view that politicians place their own interests before those of society, with respondents
i It l th C h R bli d S i t h tl i t d th i D k d S d thin Italy, the Czech Republic and Spain most vehemently in agreement and those in Denmark and Sweden rather
less convinced.
Politicians pay more attention to their own interests than the interests of society
y g g g
Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases.
Total EU countries (10) 7,7( )
Italy
Czech Republic 8,3
8,7
Spain
United Kingdom
France 7,5
7,7
8,3
France
Germany
Poland 7,3
7,4
,
Netherlands
Denmark
Sweden 5,8
5,9
6,3
20
Sweden ,
0 2 4 6 8 10

TRUST IN PROFESSIONAL GROUPS
• On average, doctors, scientists and teachers occupy the upper reaches of the European trust map, while civil
servants, businessmen/women, the clergy, journalists and, especially, politicians fall below the trustservants, businessmen/women, the clergy, journalists and, especially, politicians fall below the trust
threshold.
• Spaniards stand apart from the European average in the relatively low trust accorded to most groups,
especially judges, military personnel, businessmen/women, the clergy and politicians. Their trust in politicians
particularly is at rock‐bottom levels (1.5 on a scale from 0 to 10).
• They assign above‐average trust scores to doctors, scientists and teachers only.
Doctors
Scientists 6,8
7,1
7,3
7,6
Could you please tell me how
much you feel you trust the
following social and professional
?
Teachers
The police
Military personnel 5,8
6,2
6,8
4,9
5,7
7,4
groups?
Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0
means you do not trust them at all and 10
means you trust them completely.
Base: all cases
y p
Judges
Ecologists
Sportmen/women 5,6
5,7
5,7
5,5
5,8
4,7
,
Sportmen/women
Civil servants
Businessmen/women
Clergy 4,7
4,7
4,9
,
3,3
4,1
4,8
,
21
Clergy
Journalists
Politicians 3,0
4,5
4,7
0 2 4 6 8 10
1,5
4,7
3,3
0 2 4 6 8 10

TRUST IN PROFESSIONAL GROUPS IN SPAIN 2005‐2012
• Analysis of the times series shows that Spaniards' level of trust in groups like scientists (very high) and theAnalysis of the times series shows that Spaniards level of trust in groups like scientists (very high) and the
police (medium‐high) has held more or less flat since 2005.
• However, the trust expressed in judges, businessmen/women, the clergy and politicians begins to visibly
diminish as of 2009.
• Although politicians have occupied the least trusted slot since 2005, their scores have increasingly
deteriorated as far as a late 2012/early 2013 average of just 1.5 on a scale from 0 to 10.
Could you please tell me how much you feel you trust the following social and professional groups? Average on a scale
from 0 to 10 where 0 means you do not trust them at all and 10 means you trust them completely. Base: all cases
10
Politicians Clergy Businessmen/women Judges The police Scientists
4,9 4,9
5,25,4
4 3
4,7
5,2 5,4
5,6
5,9
6,2
5,7
7,37,4
6,9
7,3
6
8
4,4
, ,
1,5
3,13,43,7
3,3
4,2 4,3
4,1
2
4
22
0
2005 2007 2009 2012
International Study on Social Capital
Fundación BBVA
Opinion Barometer
Fundación BBVA
European Mindset
Fundación BBVA
Values and Worldviews
Fundación BBVA

TRUST IN PROFESSIONAL GROUPS
• Considering the scores assigned to the full set of 13 groups, it is clear that trust in groups moves in the
medium‐to‐high range.
• The highest overall trust scores correspond to the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Denmark.
• Spain is among the countries assigning the lowest average trust scores, alongside France, the UK and Poland.
Could you please tell me how much you feel you trust the following social and professional groups? Average on a scale
from 0 to 10 where 0 means you do not trust them at all and 10 means you trust them completely. Base: all cases
Doctors Scientists Teachers The police
Military
personnel
Judges Ecologists
Sportsme
n/women
Civil
servants
The
clergy
Businessm
en/women
Journalis
ts
Politici
ans
EU countries (10) 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.5 3.0
Netherlands 7.2 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.8 6.2 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.2 4.4
Sweden 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.8 5.6 6.9 6.4 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.6 4.4 4.3
Germany 7.1 6.5 6.7 6.9 5.7 6.5 6.0 6.1 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.1 3.9
Denmark 7.3 7.0 6.8 7.4 5.4 7.5 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.1
Italy 6.9 7.1 6.6 6.5 6.0 5.4 6.2 5.4 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.1 2.3
C ech Rep blic 7 5 7 4 7 2 5 6 5 6 5 2 6 0 6 7 4 3 3 8 4 8 4 9 2 6Czech Republic 7.5 7.4 7.2 5.6 5.6 5.2 6.0 6.7 4.3 3.8 4.8 4.9 2.6
France 7.3 6.8 6.7 5.7 5.8 5.5 4.8 4.8 5.4 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.3
Spain 7.6 7.3 7.4 5.7 4.9 4.7 5.8 5.5 4.8 3.3 4.1 4.7 1.5
United Kingdom 7.1 6.4 6.7 6.0 6.5 5.6 5.5 5.8 4.2 5.3 4.7 3.0 2.6
23
Poland 6.1 6.1 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.0 5.2 5.9 4.2 5.3 4.3 4.8 3.3

TRUST IN INSTITUTIONS
• Institutional trust in Europe moves in the medium to low interval. Heading the list are universities, the army
d th t f l hil th b tt l d t liti l ti t th ith b k dand the courts of law, while the bottom places correspond to political parties, together with banks and
multinational companies.
• Spain stands apart from the European average in according far less trust to a majority of institutions,
particularly the national government, banks and trade unions.particularly the national government, banks and trade unions.
Overall, how much do
you currently feel you
Universities
The army
The courts of law of (COUNTRY)
(NATIONALITY) companies 5,5
5,5
6,0
6,4
5 0
4,3
4,9
6,9
you currently feel you
trust the following
institutions?
Average on a scale from 0 to
10 where 0 means you do not
trust them at all and 10 means
(NATIONA ITY) companies
Environmentalist associations
The United Nations
Non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) 5,2
5,2
5,3
5,5
5,4
4,4
4,9
5,0
trust them at all and 10 means
you trust them completely.
Base: all cases
The mass media
Trade unions
The International Monetary Fund
Religious institutions 4,5
4,5
4,6
4,7
3,4
3,4
2,8
4,7
g
The European Central Bank
The national government
National banks 4,0
4,1
4,3
,
2,3
2,8
3,1
,
24
Multinational companies
International banks
Political parties 3,3
3,3
4,1
0 2 4 6 8 10
2,0
2,1
3,7
0 2 4 6 8 10

• European citizens express a medium‐low degree of identification with the mainstream political orientations
stated. They identify more readily with movements like pacifism or socialism than they do with capitalism or
IDENTIFICATION WITH MOVEMENTS AND VIEWS
stated. They identify more readily with movements like pacifism or socialism than they do with capitalism or
nationalism.
• Compared to their fellow Europeans, Spaniards identify more strongly with pacifism (half a point above the
average) and less with capitalism (one point below).
Pacifism Socialism Capitalism Nationalism
To what extent do you identify with the following views or movements?
Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means that you do not identify at all and 10 that you identify strongly. Base: all cases.
Pacifism Socialism Capitalism Nationalism
Italy 6,6
4,7
4,3
3,9
4,7
3,1
3,4
3,1
Spain
France
N h l d 9
4,9
5,9
5 4
3,8
3,9
4 1
2,9
2,7
4 0
2,5
2,3
Netherlands
Denmark
Germany 4,1
4,2
4,9
4,0
5,0
5,4
2,6
3,7
4,1
3,2
4,1
4,0
Sweden
United Kingdom 3,3
4,1
3,3
4,4
3,3
3,2
2,9
3,3
25
Poland
Czech Republic 3,2
3,3
0 2 4 6 8 10
3,2
2,8
0 2 4 6 8 10
1,9
2,4
0 2 4 6 8 10
3,4
3,6
0 2 4 6 8 10

THE STATE’S ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF THE ECONOMYDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Broad consensus in Europe around the need for the state to play a highly active role in the control of theBroad consensus in Europe around the need for the state to play a highly active role in the control of the
economy.
• Spain is among the countries where this preference is strongest.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following sentences.
The state should play a very active role in the control of the economyp y y y
7,4
6,8
France
7,1
7,1
7,1
Sweden
Spain
United Kingdom
6,9
6,9
,
Czech Republic
Netherlands
6,2
6,6
6,9
Germany
Denmark
Italy
26
6,2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Poland

STATE VS. INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY
• Although the state is acknowledged by all to have a key role in the control of the economy, views are divided
h ibilit h ld li f i th t ll iti j d t t d d f li ion where responsibility should lie for ensuring that all citizens enjoy a decent standard of living:
• A very large majority in Spain and Italy believe that the main responsibility should lie with the state. This
option also finds majority support, albeit to a lesser extent, in Sweden, France and Poland.
• In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands a majority believe that each individual bears the main
Which of the following statements comes closer to your opinion? Base: all cases
• In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, a majority believe that each individual bears the main
responsibility for ensuring their own standard of living. In remaining countries, opinions are divided.
54,5 40,8 4,6Total EU Countries (10)
58,9
74,1
76,3
37,3
23,6
20,2
3,8
2,2
3,5
Sweden
Spain
Italy
Responsibility for ensuring that all
citizens enjoy a decent standard of
li i h ld li i l ith th St t
48 1
52,0
53,1
45 8
43,7
40,8
6 2
4,3
6,2
Denmark
France
Poland
living should lie mainly with the State
It is mainly up to each individual to
ensure his or her standard of living
43,8
48,5
48,1
47,7
48,2
45,8
8,5
3,3
6,2
Czech Republic
Germany
Denmark
DK‐NA
27
34,5
38,1
57,2
57,2
8,3
4,6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
United Kingdom
Netherlands

THE WELFARE STATE
• A clear majority say it is preferable to have a comprehensive social security system even if it means paying
hi h t th li it d i l it t ith l thigh taxes , than a limited social security system with low taxes.
• Agreement on this point is strongest in Spain, together with Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and France.
• Support is rather more nuanced in the Czech Republic, Poland and United Kingdom (though a plurality concur),
where just over a third opt for a society with a more limited social security system accompanied by lower
where just over a third opt for a society with a more limited social security system accompanied by lower
taxes.
88,4
66,2
10
25,2
1,7
8,6
Sweden
80 5
81,5
87,2
13 7
13
9,2
5 8
5,5
3,5
Spain
Netherlands
Denmark
It is better to have a society with a
comprehensive social security system
even if it means paying higher taxes
68,9
75,8
80,5
25,2
20,3
13,7
5,9
3,9
5,8
Germany
France
Spain
it is better to have a society where
people pay lower taxes even if it means
having a limited social security system
53,3
58,5
34,2
27,9
12,5
13,6
United Kingdom
Italy
g y y
DK‐NA
28
48,0
51,8
37,9
36
14,1
12,2
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Czech Republic
Poland

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATE
• The general expectation that the state will take an active role in the control of the economy is expressed as
support for its provision of a wide range of services (especially health and pension coverage) and in thepp p g ( p y p g )
control of certain economic variables.
• Here the Spanish deviate markedly from the European average in the strength and extent of their demand: a
large majority believe the state should take a lot of responsibility for welfare state‐related services, but also in
h id i ( l f fi i )
Do you believe the state should take no responsibility at all, not much responsibility, quite a lot of responsibility or a
lot of responsibility for…? Base: all cases
other areas outside its scope (control of profits, prices or wages).
62,0
65,0
29,8
27,2
5,6
5,4
1,2
1Providing health coverage to
all citizens
Assuring a good enough
pension for retired people
85,2
85,8
13,4
12,5
0,7
1
47,1
55,9
35,3
29,4
10,8
9,1
3,5
2,9
70,6
77,5
23
16,7
3,6
3,4Controlling banks' profits
Guaranteeing savers' deposits
44,1
44,8
38,5
37,8
12,7
12,4
2,8
3
72,3
64,8
20,3
27,7
5,5
3,9Keeping prices under control
Providing decent housing for
all citizens
32,7
38,6
33,5
42,5
22,5
14,1
7,7
2,5
54,0
74,6
26,9
22,7
12,7
1,8Assuring a decent standard of
living for the unemployed
Controlling companies' profits
29
28,9 39,1 20,9 7,8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
A lot Quite a lot Not much None DK‐NA
50,7 30,6 10,3
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Controlling wages

THE MARKET ECONOMYDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• Broad acceptance of the state taking an active role in the economy coexists with a consensus view that the
market economy is the best economic system. Nonetheless a majority also believe that “the market economymarket economy is the best economic system. Nonetheless a majority also believe that the market economy
is the cause of social inequalities”.
• Spaniards are more sceptical about the market economy, with opinions divided as to whether it is the most
appropriate system, and stronger agreement with the idea that it gives rise to social inequalities.
A market economy is the most
The market economy is the cause of social
appropriate system for the country
Germany 6,5
6,1
5,0
6,0
inequalities
Denmark
Netherlands
I l 6 3
6,3
6,5
5,7
5,6
Italy
Sweden
Poland 6,1
6,2
6,3
6,0
6,5
6,5
United Kingdom
Czech Republic 5,7
6,1
6,6
5,7
30
France
Spain 5,2
5,6
0 2 4 6 8 10
6,6
6,2
0 2 4 6 8 10

DISTRIBUTION OF INCOMEDepartment of Social Studies and Public Opinion
• A majority of Europeans accept that differences in income as a product of individual effort are part and parcel
f th k t lt I l t t th j it id th t diff i iof the market culture. In almost every country, the majority consider that differences in income are necessary
so people who work harder earn more than people who work less; a view that is accentuated in Denmark and
the Netherlands.
• Spain stands apart on this point, with a majority saying they would like to see income more evenly distributed
Spain stands apart on this point, with a majority saying they would like to see income more evenly distributed
regardless of individual effort. Note, however, that a likewise significant percentage see income differences as
justified on the basis of effort.
54,7
34,4
41,5
59,5
3,8
6,2
Spain
31 4
36,9
45,7
64 2
53,8
47,1
4 5
9,2
7,3
Sweden
Poland
Italy
Income should be evenly distributed,
even if it means that people who work
harder and people who work less earn
the same
27,5
29,7
31,4
67,3
66,8
64,2
5,3
3,5
4,5
France
Germany
Sweden
Differences in income are necessary so
people who work harder earn more
than people who work less
26,0
27,4
65,2
62,8
8,7
9,8
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
DK‐NA
31
13,8
19,2
79,1
75,4
7
5,4
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Denmark
Netherlands

VIEW OF THE STATE AND INCOME IN SPAIN BY SEGMENT
• In Spain, the welfare state model meets with a broad consensus which is even impervious to citizens’ political
leanings. Views on income distribution, however, are clearly influenced by educational level and politicalg , , y y p
orientation: more even distribution of income regardless of individual effort gains adherents as we move
down the educational ladder and across the political spectrum from right to left.
• Those reading the newspaper every day are likelier to support both the welfare state and the idea that income
differences are necessary to reward effort.
y
80,5 13,75,8 54,7 41,5 3,8Total
83,8
79,8
79,1
10,4
14,2
15,3
5,8
6
5,6
47,0
52,3
60,5
48,4
44,3
35,9
4,7
3,3
3,6
g y g
15 or under
16 to 19
20 or over
82,0
78,0
12,4
13,4
5,6
8,6
55,6
56,6
39,1
38,6
5,2
4,8Still studying
Ideology
Left
85 1
80,2
81,1
11
16,4
12,9
3 8
3,4
6
48 7
42,6
52,9
46 7
54,8
44,2
4 6
2,6
2,9Intermediate positions
Right
D il
77,2
79,8
85,1
14,8
15,2
11
7,9
5
3,8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
58,5
55,9
48,7
37,1
42,0
46,7
4,4
2
4,6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Daily
Less often
32
% % % % % % % % % % % %
Income should be more evenly distributed, even if it means that people who work
harder and people who work less earn the same
Differences in income are necessary so people who work harder earn more than people
who work less
DK‐NA
It is better to have a society with a comprehensive social security system
even if it means paying high taxes
It is better to have a society where people pay low taxes even if it means
having a limited social security system
DK‐NA

Acceptance of the
market economy
Compatible Expectation that the state
will intervene actively in
the economy
Broad consensus around the
welfare state model without
ti l id l i l
+
E
generational or ideological
rifts
Sweden
Denmark
Netherlands
•Compared to other Europeans, the Spanish take
a rather more critical view of the market
FARE STAT
Netherlands
Spain
France
Germany
I l economy.
•They are also those assigning the state the
strongest role in the economy, with attributions
that extend beyond the provision of social
R THE WEL
Italy
UK
Czech. Rep.
Poland y p
security services to the control and regulation of
key economic variables and agents
PPORT FOR
33
-
SUP

II. Perceptions and
ttit d th tattitudes on the current
economic situation
3434

• Unemployment and the crisis head the list of Europeans' concerns.
MAIN CONCERNS AT NATIONAL LEVEL
Unemployment and the crisis head the list of Europeans concerns.
• Next, at a distance, come politics‐related matters (politicians’ conduct, the Government, corruption),
alongside more specific issues like the health service, social inequality and poverty.
What do you see as the main problem currently facing (COUNTRY)? Base: all cases
Total EU
countries
(10)
Spain Poland Italy France Sweden Denmark United
Kingdom
Czech
Republic
Germany Netherlan
ds
Unemployment 35.8 64.7 47.3 47.1 44.0 36.7 29.6 24.3 22.9 14.7 11.2
The economy/crisis/deficit/The economy/crisis/deficit/
lack of growth 19.8 13.4 5.0 20.9 15.0 15.9 36.3 28.9 11.8 7.9 40.6
The conduct of politicians
4.6 5.4 3.7 6.6 2.0 1.1 3.5 1.6 9.3 7.5 2.7
Corruption 1.7 3.9 1.8 2.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.8 13.9 0.6 0.4
The Government 4.4 3.6 5.0 4.4 3.5 1.3 2.1 6.1 8.5 4.0 3.7
Poverty 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.8 6.6 0.3 0.5 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.0
The crisis of values 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.3 2.2 0.6 1.9 3.3 7.1
The health system 3.5 0.5 7.0 3 0.5 3.5 1.3 3.3 6.3 6.1 3.8
Social inequality 4.1 0.5 1.2 0.9 2.6 4.7 3.8 1.0 2.2 13.9 2.4
Pensions 4.0 0.3 6.0 3.2 0.7 0.5 0.1 1.8 7.5 10.9 0.4
Immigration 3.1 0.2 0.2 0.9 2.5 8.1 3.8 10.8 0.1 2.7 2.0
* Problems mentioned by at least 5% in some countries.
35
* *Up to 100% "other problems", DK and NA.

• Unemployment and the economic crisis polarize the attention of Europe's citizens. Two‐thirds of Spaniards
t t l t th bi t ti l bl
MAIN CONCERNS AT NATIONAL LEVEL
state unemployment as the biggest national problem.
• A plurality in Poland, Italy, France, Sweden and the Czech Republic mention unemployment in first place,
while the crisis occupies the foreground of concerns in Denmark, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
• Germans mention unemployment and the crisis in roughly equal measure though in percentages well belowGermans mention unemployment and the crisis in roughly equal measure, though in percentages well below
the European average.
What do you see as the main problem currently facing (COUNTRY)? Base: all cases
13,7
19,8
47 3
64,7
35,8
Spain
15 0
20,9
5,0
44,0
47,1
47,3
France
Italy
Poland
Unemployment
The economy/ crisis/
deficit/ lack of growth
36,3
15,9
15,0
29,6
36,7
Denmark
Sweden
deficit/ lack of growth
11,8
28,9
14 7
22,9
24,3
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
36
40,6
13,4
11,2
14,7
0 20 40 60 80 100
Netherlands
Germany

• All countries share the perception that the world economy is going through a serious crisis, but differences
THE WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS
emerge as to just how serious it is. Italians and Spanish are by far the most convinced of its severity, followed
by the French and British, with over half of respondents in these four countries rating it “very serious” (in
Spain 7 out of every 10).
Would you say that the world economy is going through… a very serious crisis, a serious crisis, a mild crisis or no crisis
at all? Base: all cases
69,2
76,5
47,6
27,5
21,4
39,7 9,2
Spain
Italy
51,6
56,0
69,
40,5
39,5
7,5
5,5
3,2
United Kingdom
France
Spain
A very serious crisis
28 0
29,7
40,0
39 4
52,1
51,5
26 3
14,7
6,7
Czech Republic
Sweden
Denmark A serious crisis
A minor crisis
No crisis at all
24,1
27,0
28,0
55,3
49,1
39,4
17,6
17,2
26,3
5,2
Netherlands
Germany
Czech Republic
DK/NA
37
20,2 52 18,4 5,1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Poland

• While in Spain and Italy the crisis of the national economy is considered more serious than the worldwide
THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC CRISIS
• While in Spain and Italy the crisis of the national economy is considered more serious than the worldwide
crisis, citizens in Sweden, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands take just the opposite view.
• More than 80% of Spaniards and Italians rate the national economic crisis very serious.
• Conversely a majority of Swedes describe the national crisis as no more than mild.y j y
And thinking about the economy of (COUNTRY), would you say the (NATIONALITY) economy is going through… a very
serious crisis, a serious crisis, a mild crisis or no crisis at all? Base: all cases
87,2
46,5
11,7
34,1 15,7 2,6
Spain
47,5
55,5
84,7
42
40,6
13,2
8,7
3
United Kingdom
France
Italy
A very serious crisis
19,6
31,5
48,2
36,6
24,8
26,8 3 ,3
Poland
Czech Republic A serious crisis
A minor crisis
No crisis at all
13,7
15,9
17,9
39,5
59,2
55,6
37,4
23,2
24,2
8,2
1,7
Germany
Denmark
Netherlands
DK/NA
38
6,1
13,7
37,1
39,5
49,4
37,4 8,2
5,1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Sweden
y

• Europeans spread responsibility for the crisis across a range of groups and institutions, particularly
politicians banks national governments the EU leaders investment firms and credit rating agencies
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ECONOMIC CRISIS
politicians, banks, national governments, the EU leaders, investment firms and credit rating agencies.
• Spaniards stand apart in apportioning considerably more blame to construction companies than the
European average.
To what extent do you think the following groups and organizations are responsible for the current international crisis?
“Percentage saying they are responsible to some extent + a great deal” Base: all cases
Banks
Politicians
National governments
L d f h EU 80 2
86,5
88,6
89,4
90,9
95,3
94,5
Leaders of the EU
Investment firms
The European Central Bank
Credit rating agencies 74,8
75,6
79,5
80,2
76,0
81,0
87,1
81,4
Multinational companies
The IMF
Countries of southern Europe
Businessmen/women 63 4
66,0
67,7
73,9
49,2
72,7
71,0
,
Businessmen/women
Countries of northern Europe
Construction companies
Trade unions 38,8
42,3
46,7
63,4
49,2
75,1
49,3
68,7
Citizens
Small companies
39
16,3
29,0
0 20 40 60 80 100
14,9
24,9
0 20 40 60 80 100

• Europeans are readier to assign responsibility for the crisis to the countries of southern Europe than those
of the north albeit with differences between countries
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ECONOMIC CRISIS
of the north, albeit with differences between countries.
• The northern countries are the likeliest to hold the southern countries responsible for the crisis, and the
least likely, in Germany and Denmark especially, to assign any responsibility to the north, while citizens in
Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom tend to share responsibility more equally between the south and north
of Europe.
To what extent do you think the following groups and organizations are responsible for the current international crisis?
“Percentage saying they are responsible to some extent + a great deal”
Base: respondents believing the world economy is going through a crisis
Co ntries of so thern E rope C t i f th ECountries of southern Europe Countries of northern Europe
88,5
66,0Total UE countries (10)
Netherlands 57,4
46,7
83,9
86,7Sweden
Germany
D k
28,3
46,2
63,0
74,8
79,4Denmark
Czech Republic
Poland 47,8
41,5
33,7
60,5
61,5United Kingdom
France 45,9
58,8
47,8
40
49,2
56,3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Italy
Spain 49,3
55,8
0 20 40 60 80 100

• Europeans are divided on how to overcome the crisis.
• The option to maintain or increase spending to stimulate growth wins out overall especially in Spain
MEASURES TO DEAL WITH THE CRISIS
• The option to maintain or increase spending to stimulate growth wins out overall, especially in Spain,
Sweden, Netherlands and Denmark but also in the Czech Republic and United Kingdom.
• The Spanish are the least willing to accept spending cuts as a solution to the crisis.
• In France and Germany, a majority believe cuts must be made in order to balance public accounts.In France and Germany, a majority believe cuts must be made in order to balance public accounts.
• In Italy and Poland, opinions fall more evenly on either side.
In the current economic situation, what do you think would be best for (COUNTRY)? Base: all cases
56,6
38,5
27,9
40,3
5,9 9,5
11,59,6
France
, y ( )
36,7
38,2
51,2
39
42,6
31,7
7,5
10,6
11,2
16,8
8,6
6
Poland
Italy
Germany
Implement cuts and adjustments
to balance the public accounts
M i t i i di t
26,4
27,0
35,7
49
43,6
50,2
10,8
13,5
8
13,8
15,9
6,4
Denmark
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Maintain or increase spending to
stimulate growth
Neither of the two
DK‐NA
24,5
25,6
26,4
59,1
41,4
49
7,7
10,8
10,8
8,8
22,3
13,8
Sweden
United Kingdom
Denmark DK NA
20,8 58,7 10,5 9,9
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Spain
41

• The majority in Europe and in Spain believe governments should respond to the crisis with investment stimulus and regulatory measures.
A clear majority agree with placing limits on bank executives’ pay, regulating the banks more, incentivizing the hiring of young people,
raising taxes on those obtaining the highest capital income, and reducing the number of government workers.
• Spaniards express above average agreement with measures to regulate and control the banks and impose higher taxes on those earning
most. By contrast, they disapprove more strongly of solutions like a more flexible labour market or higher taxes on consumption, and are
firmly opposed to injecting capital into troubled banks.
I am now going to read out different measures the (NATIONALITY) government could take to deal with the country's
current economic crisis. Average on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that you totally agree. Base: all cases.
l i ( 0) S i
7,8
8,1
8,5
8,6Place limits on bank executives’ pay
Regulate the banks more
6,5
6,9
7,6
5,9
7,7
8,3Subsidize or incentivize the hiring of young people
Impose higher taxes on those with highest capital income
Reduce the number of government workers
6,3
6,2
6,5
5,3
4,9
7,1Lower interest rates
Make the labour market more flexible (hiring and firing)
Reduce public spending
4,7
5,6
6,1
7,1
4,5
6,5Increase public investment
Retrict the entry of foreign products
Impose higher taxes on those earning most from their work
42
2,3
3,5
0 2 4 6 8 10
1,2
1,9
0 2 4 6 8 10
p g g
Inject capital into troubled banks
Raise taxes on consumption (VAT)

• In Europe generally, and especially in Spain, the majority would rather maintain or increase public spending
i ll h d i h h i f d d f l h ld l di bl d d
in all the areas stated, with the exception of sport and defence. Health, elderly care, disabled care and
education are the most favoured areas overall, with Spaniards also keen to see higher spending on scientific
research and assistance to the unemployed.
In today’s climate, do you think that the government of (COUNTRY) should reduce, maintain or increase public
spending in the following areas? Base: all cases
Total EU countries (10) Spainp
55 6
59,1
67,3
40 5
37,9
29,4
2 4
2
2,5Health
Assistance to the elderly
Assistance to the disabled 75 3
72,8
77,5
23 9
26,8
21,7
44,7
52,8
55,6
45,9
41,9
40,5
7,3
4
2,4Assistance to the disabled
Education
Scientific research 62,1
65,1
75,3
34,4
33,4
23,9
2,6
33 2
33,8
40,8
54 3
54,8
47,8
10 5
9,3
9,9Assistance to the unemployed
Environment
Infrastructure 30 3
36,6
69,0
59
56,3
29,9
10 3
6,1
15,2
22,3
33,2
49,1
56,1
54,3
33,5
19,4
10,5Infrastructure
Culture
Defence 12,1
44,6
30,3
45,9
48,4
59
40,3
6,4
10,3
43
10,9 51,1 35,8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Sport
Increase Maintain Reduce DK‐NA
13,1 53,9 31,9
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Perception of severity of
national and world economic
crisis
Higher in the countries of
southern Europe (Spain, Italy and
France) and the United Kingdom
Politicians
+
Small companies
‐
CRISIS
Compared to other Europeans, the Spanish
experience both the national and world crisis
most intensely and are the strongest advocates of
Politicians
Banks
National
Small companies
Citizens
Trade unions
Y FOR THE C
y g
increased public spending in diverse areas,
especially health, assistance to the elderly and
disabled, education, scientific research and
assistance to the unemployed.
government
SPONSIBILITRES
Divided on whether to maintain or increase
public spending to stimulate growth or
implement cuts and adjustments to balance
the public accounts.
44
the public accounts.

• A predominantly adverse sentiment in Eurozone countries, the Netherlands excepted, about the euro's
THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND THE EURO
A predominantly adverse sentiment in Eurozone countries, the Netherlands excepted, about the euro s
effects on their national economies.
• The dominant view in all the non‐Eurozone members surveyed is that using the national currency rather
than the euro has been a good thing for the country.
On balance, do you think having the euro as
(COUNTRY’S) currency has been bad or good for the
country? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been
On balance, do you think that NOT having the euro as
(COUNTRY’S) currency has been bad or good for the
country? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been verycountry? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been
very bad and 10 that is has been very good for the country. Base: all cases.
Eurozone countries Non‐Eurozone countries
country? Average on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means it has been very
bad and 10 that is has been very good for the country. Base: all cases.
4,5
5,3
Germany
Netherlands
7,5
7,8
Denmark
Sweden
4,3Italy
y
7,4
United
Kingdom
3,9France 7,2
C h
Poland
3,6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Spain
45
7,0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Czech
Republic

• Although a majority believe the euro has been bad for their economies, Eurozone citizens are set against
t i t th i ld ti l i
returning to their old national currencies.
• A majority of Spaniards too are against leaving the euro and going back to the peseta. Support for the euro
is strongest among men, adults aged from 55 to 64 and, especially, those of a higher educational level, those
declaring themselves on the right and those reading a newspaper every day.g g g p p y y
How much do you agree or disagree with “leave the euro
and go back to the old national currency”
Spain
Total
Sex
3,8
and go back to the old national currency
Average on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means you totally disagree and 10 that
you totally agree Base: all cases.
Male
Female
Age
18‐24
25‐34 4,1
3,6
4,2
3,3
4,5
4,5
Germany
Italy 35‐44
45‐54
55‐64
65 or over
3,8
3,1
3,9
3,9
4,1
3,8
,
Spain
15 or under
16 to 19
20 or over
Still studying
Ideology
2,8
2,8
3,9
4,4
3,7France
Ideology
Left
Centre
Right
D il 3 4
3,1
4,0
3,5
3,0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Netherlands
46
Daily
Less often 4,9
4,1
3,4
0 2 4 6 8 10

• Despite the negative views expressed about the euro's effect on national economies, a majority in almost all
t i i ll th ithi th E b li th i l ill i
countries, especially those within the Eurozone, believe the single currency will survive.
• More than eight of every ten citizens in the Netherlands and Spain believe the euro will survive.
• Respondents in the Czech Republic and the UK have more divided views on the future of the euro.
And do you think the euro will disappear or survive? Base: all cases
83,4
88,2
66,7
8,9
7,9
20,7
7,7
3,8
12,5
Spain
Netherlands
76 7
76,9
78,9
11 1
13,5
12,6
12 1
9,6
8,5
Italy
Denmark
France
It will survive
69,6
67,8
76,7
25,7
22,5
11,1
4,7
9,7
12,1
Sweden
Germany
Italy It will disappear
DK‐NA
37,3
42,5
51,0
40,9
34,1
29,3
21,9
23,4
19,7
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
Poland
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
47

• Citizens in all countries are predominantly against giving the EU greater authority over the economic and
b d t li i f M b St t f i i t d th t h t h ld t i ti l t l
THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND THE
EUROPEAN UNION
budget policies of Member States, preferring instead that each country should retain national control.
• The British, Czechs and Swedes are the most vehemently in favour of this second option.
Some people think that with European countries in crisis, the European Union should have more authority over the
economic policies of all Member States. Others believe that each country should retain control of its own economic
policy. Which of these views is closer to your own?
44 1
33,4
51 7
60,2
4 2
6,3
Germany
Base: all cases
42,3
43,2
44,1
51,8
52,1
51,7
5,9
4,7
4,2
Italy
Netherlands
Germany
The European Union should have more
authority over the economic policies of all
29,3
37,0
38,0
61,7
58,7
54,6
8,9
4,4
7,4
Denmark
France
Spain
y p
Member States
Each country should retain control of its own
economic policy
14 9
20,1
24,9
78 9
75,7
67
6 3
4,2
8,1
C h R bli
Sweden
Poland DK‐NA
11,1
14,9
78,6
78,9
10,3
6,3
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
48

• The deep and prolonged economic crisis besetting Europe over recent years has been felt to varying extents in
th E t i d
ECONOMIC CRISIS AND PERSONAL LIFE
the European countries surveyed:
• The Spanish, Czechs, Italians, British, Polish, French and, in smaller measure, the Dutch feel that the
economic crisis is affecting them to some extent or a great deal.
• Danes Swedes and Germans conversely are those feeling least personally affected• Danes, Swedes and Germans, conversely, are those feeling least personally affected.
To what extent is the current economic crisis in (COUNTRY) affecting you and your family? Is it not affecting you at all, not
affecting you much, affecting you to some extent or affecting you a great deal?
Base: population responding that there is a crisis in their country
31,6
20,8
41
44,6
23
26,2
4,2
7,5
0,1
1
España
Total Países UE (10)Total UE countries (10)
Spain
25 7
27,8
28,4
50 2
47,1
46,6
17 4
22,1
21,5
4 3
2,3
2,7
2 4
0,8
0,9
R i U id
Italia
República Checa
Mucho
Bastante
A great deal
To some extent
Czech Republic
Italy
U it d Ki d
20,5
23,3
25,7
54,3
45,2
50,2
18,2
25,1
17,4
6,9
4,3
4,3
0,1
2,1
2,4
Francia
Polonia
Reino Unido Bastante
Poco
Nada
To some extent
Not much
Not at all
United Kingdom
Poland
France
7,5
7,5
14,4
22,5
26,5
44
39,5
45
29,3
29,5
20,3
12,2
0,9
0,6
0,1
Suecia
Dinamarca
Países Bajos
Ns‐NcDK‐NANetherlands
Denmark
Sweden
49
6,0
,
36,1
,
42,5
,
14,4
,
0,9
,
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Alemania
Sweden
Germany

• European citizens have adopted new or partly new habits of consumption in order to rein in their household
di i hi l b l d i l i di l f d h h
ECONOMIC CRISIS AND PERSONAL LIFE
spending. Buying white label products, cutting leisure expenses or spending less on food are the changes
most frequently reported with reference to the last year.
In the last year, have you made any of the following decisions or adopted any of the following habits?In the last year, have you made any of the following decisions or adopted any of the following habits?.
“Percentage answering yes” Base: all cases
B hit l b l d t ( t b d )
37,9
53,6
65,1
53,0
72,9
74,7
Buy white label products (store brands)
Cut spending on leisure and entertainment
Cut spending on food
23,6
25,4
41,2
20,2
19,4
50,7Dip into savings to pay household expenses
Work longer hours (with or without salary increase)
Postpone payment of a bill or invoice due
16,7
20,5
18,5
19,3
20,7
14,9Withdraw your savings from a bank or savings bank
Buy only national products
Borrow money to pay household expenses
i di d
4,4
5,9
9,0
2 0
3,9
6,5
14,7Give up your credit card
Move house because the old one was too expensive to keep up
Put your car up for sale
P t i id /h f l
2,0
2,8
0 20 40 60 80 100
0,7
2,0
0 20 40 60 80 100
50
Put your main residence/home up for sale
Put your second residence/home up for sale

Summary
5151

Some dimensions of Europeans’ political culture
Europeans believe the state should play a highly active role in the control of the economy and express widespread
support for the welfare state model. However, politicians fall below the trust threshold in all the countries surveyed.
The political culture of the ten European countries corresponds broadly to a dualist model
• Large segments interested and informed through daily
Countries with a high regard for the
public sphere
Countries more distant from the
public sphere
Large segments interested and informed through daily
reading of the newspaper
• High level of associationism
• Strong connection with the public space via diverse modes
f i l d liti l ti i ti
• High level of interest, but low informedness
• Low level of associationism
• Significant (though minority) segments moved to action by
the current crisis
of social and political participation
• More closeness and sympathy with political parties
• Medium‐high trust in groups and institutions
• Generally content with the state of democracy in their
the current crisis
• Greater distance from political insitutions and scant trust
in the political class
• Medium‐low trust in groups and institutions
• Generally content with the state of democracy in their
country
• Acceptance of the welfare state but also the market
economy, and of income differences deriving from
individual effort and merit
• General discontent with the state of democracy in their
country
• Widespread acceptance of the welfare state; also of an
interventionist state with responsibilities beyond the remit
individual effort and merit
of a welfare state (regulation of wages, prices, etc.)
Denmark
Sweden
Italy
S i
Although some countries
share traits with both
groups, the countries
52
Netherlands
Spain
Germany stands close to this group of countries but
exhibits less connection with the public space
France stands close to this group of countries but
exhibits more connection with the public space
g oups, t e cou t es
most characteristic of
each model are:

Europeans’ perceptions and attitudes towards the crisisEuropeans perceptions and attitudes towards the crisis
SIMILARITIES
• Unemployment and the crisis occupy the foreground of citizens’ map of concerns
• Widely held perception that the world economy is going through a profound crisis
• Responsibility for the crisis is laid at the door of both financial instutions and national and international political
bodies and representatives
• Preference for increasing or maintaining public spending in almost every area
• Unwilling to grant the EU more authority over national economies in response to the crisis. Eurozone countries think
the euro has been bad for their economies, but have no desire to revert to their old national currencies
• Besides collective strategies to surmount the crisis (mobilization) Europeans have adopted personal strategies and
Countries with a lesser perception of Countries with a stark perception of
• Besides collective strategies to surmount the crisis (mobilization), Europeans have adopted personal strategies and
made economic decisions to balance their household income and expenses
DIFFERENCES:Countries with a lesser perception of
national economic crisis
Countries with a stark perception of
national economic crisis
DIFFERENCES:
• See the crisis of their national economy as not that serious • See the crisis of their national economy as very serious
D k
• Less personally affected by the crisis
• Tend to assign responsibility for the crisis to the countries of
southern Europe
• Personally affected by the crisis to a large extent
• Likelier to divide responsibility for the crisis between the
countries of northern and southern Europe
53
Denmark
Sweden
Netherlands
Germany
Italy
Spain
France
Characteristic countries

Department of Social Studies and Public Opinion The Spanish
Interested in national and European news items but little effort to stay informed of events throughInterested in national and European news items, but little effort to stay informed of events through
the press
Consider themselves gravely affected by the crisis: a significant though minority segment have
engaged in some form of civic action against the crisis while a large majority have adopted personalengaged in some form of civic action against the crisis, while a large majority have adopted personal
strategies to rein in household spending
Low degree of trust in political and economic institutions (whom they hold largely responsible for
the crisis) and widespread discontent with the political class. Political party membership is extremely
low, though a significant percentage sympathize with some or other party
Although democracy is considered not to be working well, voting in democratic elections is seen as g y g , g
the main way to influence public affairs
Strong supporters of the welfare state, they also call for the state to intervene widely in the
economy. This widespread demand for the state to take a highly active role is crystallised at a time
of crisis: citizens prefer to increase spending to boost growth rather than implement cuts to balance
public finances, and favour maintaining or even raising expenditure in welfare state‐related areas,
while expressing strong support for state‐sponsored regulatory and stimulus measureswhile expressing strong support for state‐sponsored regulatory and stimulus measures
Adverse sentiment regarding the euro’s effects on the national economy, but no wish to abandon the
single currency
54
Young Spaniards feel disengaged from political parties, despite being the most informed and activist
segment

TECHNICAL NOTES
Geographical scope of the study: The Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Italy NetherlandsGeographical scope of the study: The Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands,
Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Universe: in each country, the general population aged 18 or over.
Method: administered face‐to‐face interview in respondents' homes via CAPI (computer‐assisted personalMethod: administered face‐to‐face interview in respondents homes via CAPI (computer‐assisted personal
interviewing).
Sample size and distribution: 1,500 cases in each of the 10 countries. Multistage sample distribution
stratified by region (NUTS classification or equivalent)/size of habitat, with primary units selected at
random in each municipality. Selection of individual respondents by the last birthday rule.
Sampling error: The estimated sampling error is +/‐ 2.6% in each country for a confidence level of 95.5%
and in the worst‐case scenario (p=q=0.5).
Survey period: November 2012 to January 2013.
Weighting: Total European results are arrived at by weighting each country’s data according to its
population weight in the sample of European countries surveyed.
Fieldwork: Fieldwork coordinated by IPSOS.
Study design and analysis: BBVA Foundation Department of Social Studies and Public Opinion.
55

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