1. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Patent Issuance Announcement
US 7,893,414 will issue on February 22, 2011
“Apparatus and Method for Absorption of Incident Gamma
Radiation and its Conversion to Outgoing Radiation at
Less Penetrating, Lower Energies and Frequencies”
Lewis Larsen, President and CEO
“Tight-lipped, guided by reasons only,
Cautiously let us step into the era of
the unchained fire.”
Czeslaw Milosz, poem “Child of Europe,”
New York, 1946
February 11, 2011 Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1

2. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of CLENR Energy
US Patent No. 7,893,414
Inventors: Lewis Larsen and Allan Widom
Assignee: Lattice Energy LLC, Chicago, Illinois USA
USPTO Issue Date: February 22, 2011
Abstract:
“Gamma radiation (22) is shielded by producing a region of heavy electrons (4)
and receiving incident gamma radiation in such region. The heavy electrons
absorb energy from the gamma radiation and re-radiate it as photons (38, 40) at a
lower energy and frequency. The heavy electrons may be produced in surface
plasmon polaritons. Multiple regions (6) of collectively oscillating protons or
deuterons with associated heavy electrons may be provided. Nanoparticles of a
target material on a metallic surface capable of supporting surface plasmons may
be provided. The region of heavy electrons is associated with that metallic surface.
The method induces a breakdown in a Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
Apparatus and method are described.”
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3. Lattice Energy LLC
Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - I
 Hydride forming elements, e.g., Palladium (Pd), Nickel
(Ni), Titanium (Ti), etc. can be viewed as akin to metallic
‘sponges’ that can absorb significant amounts of
hydrogen isotopes in atom % via ‘loading’ mechanisms
 Analogous to loading a bone-dry sponge with H2O by
gradually spilling droplets of water onto it, hydrogen
isotopes can actually be ‘loaded’ into hydride-forming
metals using different techniques, e.g., various levels of
DC electric currents, pressure gradients, etc.
 Just prior to entering a metallic lattice, molecules of
hydrogen isotopes dissociate, become monatomic, and
then ionize by donating their electrons to the metallic
electron ‘sea,’ thus becoming charged interstitial lattice
protons (p+), deuterons (d+), or tritons (t+) in the process
 Once formed, ions of hydrogen isotopes migrate to and
occupy specific interstitial structural sites in metallic
hydride bulk lattices; this is a material-specific property
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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4. Lattice Energy LLC
Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - II
 When all available interstitial sites in the interior of a bulk lattice are
occupied by hydrogenous ions, a metallic hydride is ‘fully loaded,’ i.e.,
saturated. At that point, a dynamic balance between loading and deloading
begins (so-called “breathing” mode) during which some of those ions start
‘leaking back out’ of the bulk onto the surface. This localized deloading is a
dynamic process, occurring in discrete, island-like, micron-scale surface
‘patches’ or ‘droplets’ (scattered randomly across the surface) comprised of
many contiguous p+, d+, and/or t+ ions (or admixtures thereof)
 Homogeneous (limited % admixtures; too large % will destroy coherence)
collections of p+, d+, or t+ found in many-body patches on loaded metallic
hydride surfaces oscillate in unison, collectively and coherently; their QM
wave functions are effectively ‘entangled.’ Such coherence has been
demonstrated in many experiments involving deep inelastic neutron- and High electric fields
electron-scattering measurements on loaded hydrides surrounding “nanorice” – Au
coating on hematite core
Electric fields surrounding
 Collective oscillations of hydrogenous ions in many-body surface patches “nanorice” – Au coating on
hematite core
set the stage for local breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation;
this enables loose electromagnetic coupling between p+, d+, or t+ ions
See: A. Bushmaker et al.,
located in patches and nearby ‘covering’ surface plasmon polariton (SPP) “Direct observation of
electrons. B-O breakdown creates nuclear-strength local electric fields Born-Oppenheimer
(above 1011 V/m) in and around such patches. Effective masses of SPP approximation breakdown
electrons (e-) exposed to very large local electric fields are thereby in carbon nanotubes” in
increased (e-*), enabling neutron production via e-* + p+, e-* + d+, e-* + t+ Nano Lett. 9 (2) pp. 607-611
reactions above isotope-specific threshold values for E-M field strength Feb. 11, 2009
February 11, 2011 Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 4

5. Lattice Energy LLC
Local capture of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces
 Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear Ultra low momentum neutrons
reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are have enormous absorption
effectively ‘standing still’ at the moment of their creation in cross-sections on 1/v
condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal isotopes. For example, Lattice
energies (ultra low momentum), ULMNs have huge QM has estimated ULMN fission
DeBroglie wavelengths (up to microns) and extraordinarily capture cross-section on U-
large capture cross-sections on nearby nuclei; virtually all 235 @ ~1 million barns and
will be locally absorbed; not detectable as ‘free’ neutrons on Pu-239 @ 49,000 barns
(b), vs. ~586 b and ~752 b,
respectively, for neutrons @
 For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, ULM
thermal energies. A neutron
neutron capture cross-sections are directly related to ~1/v, capture expert recently
where v is the neutron velocity in m/sec. Since v is estimated ULMN capture on
extremely small for ULM neutrons, their capture cross- He-4 @ ~20,000 b vs. value
sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be correspondingly of <1 b for thermal neutrons
large relative to cross-sections measured at thermal
energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and the neutron DeBroglie By comparison, the highest
known thermal capture cross
wavelength is ~2 Angstroms. After being collectively
section for any stable isotope
created, virtually all ULMNs will be locally absorbed before
is Gadolinium-157 @ ~49,000
any scattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal b. The highest measured
kinetic energies; per S. Lamoreaux (Yale) thermalization cross-section for any unstable
would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10-4 sec., a long time on isotope is Xenon-135 @ ~2.7
typical 10-19 - 10-22 sec. time-scale of nuclear reactions rendering : Magneticb
Artist’s million Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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6. Lattice Energy LLC
W-L mechanism in condensed matter LENR systems
Weak interaction processes are very important in LENRs
1. E-M radiation on metallic hydride surface No strong interaction fusion or heavy element
fission occurring below, only weak interactions
increases mass of surface plasmon electrons
(High E-M field) + Mass-renormalized
(radiation) + e − → e −
2. Heavy-mass surface plasmon polariton 1. ~ surface plasmon
polariton electron
electrons react directly with surface protons
(p+) or deuterons (d+) to produce ultra low ν
2. + +
momentum (ULM) neutrons (nulm or 2nulm,
respectively) and an electron neutrino (νe) e − + p+ → n
~ +ν e
ulm
3. Ultra low momentum neutrons (nulm) are
captured by nearby atomic nuclei (Z, A) + + ν
2.
representing some element with charge (Z) and e − + d + → 2n
~ +ν e
atomic mass (A). ULM neutron absorption ulm
produces a heavier-mass isotope (Z, A+1) via +
transmutation. This new isotope (Z, A+1) may 3.
itself be a stable or unstable, which will n + ( Z , A) → ( Z , A + 1)
ulm Unstable or stable new isotope
perforce eventually decay
+ + ν
Many unstable isotopes β- decay, producing: 4.
( Z , A + 1) → ( Z + 1, A + 1) + e − + ν e
4.
transmuted element with increased charge
Unstable Isotope
(Z+1), ~ same mass (A+1) as ‘parent’ nucleus;
β- particle (e- ); and an antineutrino Weak interaction β- decays (shown above), direct
gamma conversion to infrared (not shown), and α
decays (not shown) produce most of the excess
Note: colored shapes associated with diagram on next Slide heat calorimetrically observed in LENR systems
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7. Lattice Energy LLC
Conceptual details: W-L mechanism in metallic hydrides
Side view – not to scale – charge balances in diagram only approximate
A proton has just reacted with a SPP electron,
Collectively oscillating patch of many creating a ‘ghostly’ ULM neutron via e* + p weak Surface of metallic
protons or deuterons with nearby interaction; QM wavelength same ‘size’ as patch hydride substrate
‘heavy’ mass-renormalized SPP
electrons ‘bathed’ in high local E-field Local region of very high (>1011 V/m) electric
fields ‘above’ micron-scale, many-body
QM wave function of ultra low patches of protons or deuterons where Born-
momentum (ULM) neutron Oppenheimer Approximation breaks down
Heavily hydrogen-‘loaded’ metallic hydride atomic lattice
Conduction electrons in substrate lattice not shown
Region of short-range, high = Proton, deuteron, or triton = Surface ‘target’ atom = Transmuted atom (nuclear product)
strength E-M fields and
‘entangled’ QM wave
functions of hydrogenous
ions and SPP electrons = ULM neutron = Unstable isotope = SPP electron = ‘Heavy’ SPP electron
February 11, 2011 Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 7

8. Lattice Energy LLC
High level overview: W-L mechanism in condensed matter
US Patent No. 7,893,414 covers gamma to IR conversion below
LENR Nuclear Realm (MeVs) ‘Transducer’ regions: many-body collective effects, ~eV Chemical Energy Realm (eVs)
Occurs within micron-scale ‘patches’ energies are ‘collected’ and ‘summed’ to MeV energies in Everywhere else in LENR systems
micron-scale, many-body surface ‘patches’ by ‘film’ of SPP
“Hot spots:”reach 3,000 - 6,000+ oC electrons and p+, d+, t+ ions in patches; all oscillate collectively Energy must be inputted to create
‘Craters’ visible in post-experiment SEM high surface E-M radiation fields
images of LENR device surfaces that are needed to produce ULM
e − + p+ → n
~ +ν e neutrons. Required input energy
ulm E-M energy Input can be provided from one or a
E-M energy E-M energy
e − + d + → 2n
~ +ν e combination of: electron ‘beams’
ulm Mass- (electric currents); ion ‘beams’, i.e.,
Many-body, Normal-mass
+ + ν collectively renormalized surface plasmon fluxes of ions across the surface
‘film’ of SPP electrons (protons,
oscillating surface polariton (SPP) or π
deuterons, tritons, or other ions);
n + ( Z , A) → ( Z , A + 1) surface’ patches’ plasmon electrons on
and E-M photons, e.g., from lasers
ulm of p+, d+, or t+ polariton surfaces of certain
Either a stable (SPP) if nanoscale surface roughness
ions carbon structures
+ isotope electrons – coupling parameters are satisfied
Or unstable also convert
Gamma photons IR photons
γ
isotope in an IR Infrared (IR) photons
excited state
gammas to IR excite lattice
- may emit gammas Surface ‘film’ of SPP phonons
Micron-scale surface regions with
or X-rays electrons inherently ULM neutron
Unstable isotope: very high local electromagnetic fields
oscillates collectively captures on ‘target
Which then subsequently undergoes fuel’ elements and
some type of nuclear decay process Born-Oppenheimer Approximation breaks down in many- subsequent nuclear
body ‘patches’ of p+, d+, or t+ on ‘loaded’ hydride surfaces reactions all
In the case of typical beta- decay:
release nuclear Heat
+ + ν Two-way, collective energy transfers occur back-and-forth
binding energy –
( Z , A) → ( Z + 1, A) + e − + ν e
neutrons are the
via E-M fields coupling the chemical and nuclear realms ‘match’ that lights
the fuel ‘on fire’
In the case of typical alpha decay:
LENR final products: primarily stable Energetic
+
isotopes, energetic β-, α (He-4) particles, charged
( Z , A) → ( Z − 2, A − 4) + 4 He Output
other charged particles, IR photons (with
Output particles
2 excite lattice
Extremely neutron-rich product isotopes small ‘tail’ in soft X-rays), and neutrinos phonons
Neutrinos (ν) fly
may also deexcite via beta-delayed
off into space at
decays, which also emit small fluxes of
neutrons, protons, deuterons, tritons, etc. End with: ν and IR photons velocity c
February 11, 2011 Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 8