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November 25, 2011


 Subject: were LENRs observed in the early 1950s? Einstein and Bethe got involved in this saga


Dear Readers:

You may really enjoy reading this amazing tale of a brilliant LENR-related experimental discovery back in
1951 --- followed by its descent into total obscurity. Simply lost and forgotten by mainstream physics.

In the history of science, it seems that experimental results that don't somehow fit within some sort of
contemporary conceptual paradigm often tend to get ignored. Sadly, in many cases such results are
never reported anywhere in peer-reviewed journals for posterity. In that regard, this cover note is
combined with scanned page images from Chapter 6 in Dr. Ernest Sternglass' little 1997 book, “Before
the Big Bang - the Origin of the Universe.”

The excerpted page scans from the above book chapter are those in which Dr. Sternglass describes
some enigmatic experiments that he conducted in the Cornell University physics department back in the
early 1950s.It recounts his work with an old hydrogen-filled X-ray tube, as well as a subsequent dialogue
with Albert Einstein in attempting to understand the (then) utterly inexplicable experimental results.

Seven years ago, Sternglass, then in his late 80s, told me over the telephone that (before he had
communicated with Einstein about his strange results) the legendary Hans Bethe had looked over his
experimental data and was totally baffled too. Nobody at Cornell understood what was happening in the
experimental setup that could possibly produce the observed fluxes of neutrons (obviously, ultra low
momentum neutrons were not produced in his experiments --- they were more akin to what happens in
high-current exploding wires as opposed to what happens in typical P&F aqueous electrolytic cells). So, a
baffled Bethe called Einstein on the telephone and asked him to help PhD candidate Sternglass evaluate
his unexpected experimental results. The attached chapter taken from Sternglass' book relates that story.

What is truly mind boggling about this tale is that Einstein simply looked at Sternglass' data and then
immediately realized that the observed neutron production must involve some sort of many-body
collective effects with electrons (which we utilize with great explanatory power in our theory of LENRs).
Can you believe it --- what a mind Einstein had ---- even at that late stage in his life! At that point (1951),
very few physicists really had any idea of what collective effects were about. Well, Einstein surely did.

Unfortunately, Ernest's bizarre experimental discovery was simply not pursued any further. In the end,
Sternglass didn't heed Einstein's (and Bethe's) strong advice to "be stubborn" and publish the deeply
anomalous results. Sternglass' experiments were subsequently lost and largely forgotten by other
physicists in the ensuing years, just like the work of chemists Wendt and Irion at the University of Chicago
back in 1922 and other related transmutation work published in refereed journals circa 1900 - 1927.

Einstein, the only contemporary scientist who had any real inkling of what might be happening in
Sternglass' puzzling experiments, died just four years after his interaction with Sternglass on the
unexplained neutron fluxes.

The only surviving document wherein these intriguing experimental results were ever mentioned was
Sternglass' little book published many years later in 1997. In 2006, I stumbled across a copy of it in the
$2.99 discount section at Border's bookstore and, curious, just for kicks picked it up to read over the
weekend. After reading an amazing chapter (see scanned pages), I immediately called my theoretical
collaborators and said, "You guys won't believe what I just found." They were equally amazed.

We plan to specifically discuss and explain the 1951 Sternglass/Bethe/Einstein saga in an upcoming
paper; it appears that this experimental anomaly is just another aspect of LENRs. Perhaps now, after
remaining in obscurity for 60 years, there can finally be some conceptual closure on Sternglass’ long-lost,
unpublished experimental results.




Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC                   All rights reserved                                 Page 1
November 25, 2011


Besides the 1950s-era Sternglass affair, we heard the following story from one of the former graduate
students who was directly involved in some amazing experiments: specifically, in the mid-1960s,
unexpected neutron production was observed in comparatively low temperature, RF-excited (dusty)
deuterium plasma experiments jointly conducted at the University of Florida by the EE and nuclear
engineering departments. The well-documented experimental results were so bizarre (significant
unexplained neutron fluxes, "heat-after-death" after the electrical power was completely turned-off, etc.)
that in the end, the graduate students and faculty involved in the work decided not to even try to publish
their work in a refereed journal. It was deemed too controversial and potentially risky for all of their
careers. Yes, this could potentially be yet another aspect of LENRs.

Incredibly, from ~1905 - 1927 some of the most famous people in British science (Thomson, Ramsay,
etc.) episodically reported experimental results that are, in hindsight, obviously the result of LENR nuclear
transmutations. The anomalous effects (e.g., appearance of new elements) were observed
spectroscopically in various electrical discharge experiments and published in premier refereed journals
of that era (e.g., Nature, Proceedings of the Royal Society, etc.). Interestingly, Thomson published a
paper in Nature in which he complained about having major problems with experimental reproducibility of
such effects. Does this problem sound familiar --- a la the Pons & Fleischmann brouhaha in 1989?

Back in the 1920s, nobody had a sensible explanation for anomalous transmutation effects that were
being discovered experimentally; so by 1932 (when Chadwick experimentally confirmed the existence of
the neutron predicted by Rutherford) the whole area of inquiry had been quietly dropped with little fanfare,
many people apparently preferring to pursue 'hotter' contemporary topics such as quantum mechanics.

Over the past 100+ years, who knows how many scientists have actually observed different aspects of
LENR-related phenomena, could not explain or understand what they saw experimentally, and were then
either unable or unwilling to publish such controversial results in well-recognized, peer-reviewed journals.

One can only wonder at what may have been lost to science.

Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
Chicago, IL USA
1-312-861-0115

Scanned note: in theSternglass’ 1997 bookSternglass is really talking about looking for the
Special pages from highlighted sections, follow
presence of neutrons he thought could potentially be produced in his hydrogen-filled X-ray tube
experiments via the weak interaction, that is e + p --> n + neutrino. After actually observing the
neutrons he had hypothesized might be created, the remaining theoretical puzzle became
explaining how such neutrons could possibly be created under conditions present in his
experiments. In Sternglass' words, “... there was no chance that such an experiment could
possibly succeed. The neutron was believed to have a mass so large that it would take an
electron accelerated to about 780,000 volts to produce it. But the power supply of Parratt's X-ray
tube would only provide about 35,000 volts, some twenty-two times less ... C. G. Darwin's
calculations indicated that neutrons might be formed by capturing an electron even at low
energies.” Einstein was clearly aware of Darwin's work when he suggested to Sternglass that, “...
perhaps more than the energy produced by the applied potential might become available if more
than one electron were to give up its energy to a proton at the same time, something that is
conceivable according to quantum theory.” Unfortunately, Sternglass did not pursue Einstein's
astoundingly prescient suggestion and dropped the line of inquiry. What Einstein was referring to
is today called many-body collective quantum effects and is a crucial component of the Widom-
Larsen theory of LENRs in condensed matter. Unlike Sternglass, we followed Einstein's advice
and built upon C. G. Darwin's seminal work in 1920. In our “Primer” paper published in Pramana -
Journal of Physics (2010) we have a whole Section 4.1 pp. 629 - 631 titled, “Darwin
electrodynamics.” Sixty years later, we have implemented Einstein's bold vision in our work.


Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC                  All rights reserved                                Page 2
BEFORE THE BIG BANG
THE ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE


                   By Ernest]. Sternglass




         To see the world in a grain of sand,
         And heaven in a wild flower;
         Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
         And eternity in an hour.
                       -Auguries ofInnocence,
                            William Blake (1789)



        The following 16 pages are scanned and excerpted from this book




FOUR WALLS EIGHT WI           DOWS            EW YORK/LONDON
To Marilyn, who made everything possible

© 1997 Ernest J. Sternglass

Published in the United States by:
Four Walls Eight Windows
39 WeSI14th Street, room 503
New York, N.Y.,1001l

U.K. offices:
FourWalls Eight Windows/Turnaround
UnilJ. Olympia Trading Estate
Coburg Road, Wood Green
London N22 6TZ, England

First priming OclObcr 1997.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced. stored in a data base or other retrieval
system, or transmilted in any form, by any means,
including lllcchanical, electronic, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without 'he prior written
permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Sccrnglass. Ernest J.
Before the big bang: the urigins urthe universel by
Ernest J. Sternglass.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISDN 1-56858-087-8
t.   Matter-History. 2. Matter-Mathematical models.
:.. Cosmology. 4. Panicles {Nuclear physicsl-History.
5. Physicists-Correspondencc. I. Tille.
QC171.2.sB4 1997
523.1·2-DC21    97'26395CIf>


1098765432


Printed in the United States
Illustrations by Brian J. Loprcsti
Text design and composition by Ink, Inc., New York
7fi   BEfORf THE BIG BoIIlG

     This historical vlcwofthc cydical changes ofscientific ideas gave me
hope thai overthe courseoflhe years, a newcra ofunification ofour theo_
ries on the nature of mailer and the evolution of the universe would COme
about, and that it was mostlikcly to involve electromagnetic concepts, as
Lorentz had belicved to the end of his life. But this dcvclopmenl would
take a long time, during which I would have to be able to earn a living in a
·cobbler's job~ while working on the theoretical and conceptual problems
of physical theory on the sid~, as Einstein had urged me to do. I realized
that I would need an advanced degree. I had 10'00 living in scenic Imaca
with its deep gorges and waterfalls whilc pursuing my undergraduate
studies at Cornell, and so Idecided to return there while keeping my posi-
tion at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. coming back to Washinh'ton dur-
ing the summers and using my work on secondary electron emission for
my thesis subject.
Special note on C. G. Darwin's seminal work on collective effects with electrons back in 1920:
"Motions of charged particles," C. G. Darwin, Philosophical Magazine Series 6 (1901-1925)
pp. 537 - 551 (1920) Can be purchased online from Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/14786440508636066

                                           CHAPTER 6


                                      "BE STUBBORN"


               N EARLY 1949,   J returned to Cornell for graduate studies in the newly
           I fonned program of Engineering Physics. The university had attracted
           some of the world's most outstanding scientists to its faculty, many of
           whom bad been involved in the Manhattan Project that developed the
           atomic bomb. Among these was Richard Feynman, the brilliant, brash
           young theoretical physicist who had been instrumental in developing
           new methods of computing in Hans Hethe's theoretical division at Los
           Alamos. Bethe had been instrumental in bringing Feynman to Cornell
           shortly after the end of the war in 1945. Feynman shared an office with
           Philip Morrison, who had also worked on the atomic bomb at Los Alamos,
           and who agreed to serve as my principal adviser in theoretical physics
           on my thesis committee. Feynman sometimes joined my discussions
           with Morrison about the nature of the neutron and the mesons newly
           discovered in cosmic rays. This brief acquaitancc led me, a decade later,
           to work out the mathematical details of an electromagnetic model for
           the mesons that turned out to be the basis for the Lemaitre atom.
               I had originally hoped to do my thesis work on the theory of secondary
           electron emission under Hethe. Hethe was most widely known for his work
           on the nuclear reactions in stars that produced the heavier elements from
           hydrogen, accounting for the source of their energy along lines similar to
           those studied by Garnow. Bethe had also vvritten some definitive papers on
           energy loss offast particles passing through atoms, elaborating on the work
           ofe. G. Darwin and the pioneering studies of Niels Bohr. Secondary emis-
           sion works like a cue ball striking the racked balls on a pool table; fast "pri-
           mary electrons" strike the surface ofa solid and eject other secondary elec-
           trons from the atoms they hi!. Gradually, the primary or incident electrons


                                                                                        n
. h
                               WhE~n      I taJlla~Cl




               sec~onQaly   . . . .'"".. . I.I~U~ emissiio.n




n~'L",II."'"

                                                                     n emllSS10n
~BeStllbborn~   79

nomenon that I was able to work out in the foUowing two years formed
the subject of my doctoral thesis. My work on secondary emission in the
case of insulators such as potassium chloride, which I had begun to
study at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, later led to a job at theWesting'
house Research Laboratories. A new family of detectors in high energy
accelerators, used to study panicles similar to the mesons, eventually
resulted from the phenomena involving this simple salt. Years later, thin
foils carrying a layer of potassium chloride in powdered fonn were used
to store electrical charges, making possible a new type of television tube
to transmit ultraviolet images and spectra of Stars from the first orbiting
observatories in space. The same type of camera tubes-whlch I also
worked on, decades later--allowed us to witness the first steps ofa human
on the moon as this historic event was actually taking place.
    At Cornell. I worked under the guidance of Philip Morrison, a far-
sighted and open-minded Individual. Ten years or so younger than
Gamow, Morrison shared with him an enormous enthusiasm and ability
to make complex ideas vividly clear, both to his students and to the gen-
eral public. Morrison had a wide interest in science, te<:hnology and the
history of ideas reaching far beyond the field of theoretical physics, in
which he had received his doctorate under Roben Oppenheimer, who
directed the development of the atomic bomb. Morrison was willing to
listen patiently to the unconventional ideas of some of his students,
never discouraging them but always coming up with probing questions
that touched the heart of the problem.
    Morrison had been involved firsthand with the difficult and danger-
ous task of designing and assembling the plutonium cores of the first
two implosion·type nuclear bombs at LDs Alamos, and had also been
among the first Amcrican scientists to visit Hiroshima just aftcr the
Japanese surrender. He was deeply committed to warning the public
and politicians of the need to prevent another world war. As a result, he
became one of the foundcrs afthe federation ofAmerican SCientists, an
organi7..8tion dedicated to peace. MOrTison wrote numerous articles to
describe the horrors he had seen in Japan, not just those produced by
G

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             eov d 0                                h rh b
             tIl ppli d                                , bYJo'



         am
             ard
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d· trObuLion                   0'

     uggesi[e



         v            ar r truet re                    of mny up
l
rotated. I realized ha this model wa uppored by de Vaucouleurs
views. The univers appears to be a - 'ghly 0 dered hierarchical sys e -
composed of fO ati ,g systems of increa ing size,. as first envisioned by
Immanue Kant 0 hundred years ago, rat er than a random collection
ofgal axie .
   Ruhin eventually b came a wide y respected astronomer~ wo king a
th Carnegie In ti utian in Washington, .C. Using electronic image
intensifiers. rOed au by - er colleague Ken Ford as a way 0 improve
upon    e limi· ed s ~ nsitivity of photographic film, Rubin pioneered the
study of he rotation of galaxies. A decade after leaving Cornell,. I' ad an
opportunity to try out a ew type of electronic image intensifier wi h
Ford at the Lowell Observatory in lagstaff Arizona, based on the work
on seeD clary electron emission fro       insulating cry als that I had
begun a the avaJ Ordnance Laboratory; By e early 19705" the work of
R bin and Ford on the rotation of galaxies had provided the most con-
vincing observational evidencetha these gi,gan ic systems of stars were
. urrounded by an enormous halo of invisible 'dark matter" of an
unknown nature for which the electromagnetic theory of mass            had
mscu sed with Einstein in Pr· ceton and later with Morrison and Feyn-
man at Cor. e offered a po sible' ,explanation.
   As controversial as, the idea of rotating s perdus'e s or even a rotat-
. g universe were when Rubin and I at in Morrison's class on moder_
physics at Cornell, I learned of an even more controversial theory about
the nature of he universe through a lecture by the vi iting British
astronome homa Gold. Gold, who a. few years ater joined the
             !                                                      ver-
s"ty's Astronomy Department, to,gether with· ermann Bondi and Fred
  oyle at Cambridge University in Englan' did not like the idea of a Big
Bang a a singular occurre ce, as advanced by Lemar re and Gamow;
 nstead, in a series of pap s published a few years after World War II,
Go d, Bondi and Hoyle proposed the radical idea that the universe was
in a eady s ate of constant xpansion that had been go~ng on orever
and would continu expanding indefinitely. They based this concept on
what th y called the uPerfect Co· ological Principle'" aceD ding 0      I
,8            BEFOR 'I' EIU; . NIG

     hi h the Wl"V rse i no onl the smne                                                   in
our poc   I         bu, also th                                                             e




                                                                                           la-
nation ~or ,a pro e

                                                                      LO''''....'. . . .   or
en
p                                                                                d
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                                                                                  eory
                                                                            ofth,e


                                                                                 t thi
                                                                                  0'  d
                                                                                   tha,




                  p . -t-.ouetb.atdidno viomat, th_la so conserva   ~ollof

      and energy-o th ida ofn rna, ter continuousl appearing au, 0'
j   n .. h , . d out t b imporra. tome,. h s eady-tat· eoryts
id a th·                        go on fOIi ver " as ba do , L
                               '~                         .     itt jan'
  arnow's d            , in ,omb"' a ., n "   ubinJs " d      ule r· c n-    I
elusion that the system of galaxies to which the Milky Way belongs
seemed to be rotating.
     Th controversy at Cornell about Rubin's results was allowed by one I
caused in the physics department the next year.      eriment at began
in 1951 in pursuit ofan electromagn tic model for e neutro . s· owed that
neu ons could apparently b form d from proton an el ctro s at v
lowe ergie ,far below the energy prediete - by . e cxi ·ng thee .
     T ·e idea for thi xperiment 0 curred to me· (leading about _
search or the n utron by Ru -erford and Cha .ck d . g th decad
after: utherford had first premed its existence in·, . early 920S. I
found that Chadwick had a one time looked fOJ!'these e sive neutral
massive co stituents of the nuclei of all atoms in a drogen- 'ed - _c-
trical discharge tube. . ube was imilar 0          old ga -discharg typ
o -- ray tub syst m I had s n in a baseme laboratory of Lyman Par-
    ,0 e of th senior memb          of th p ysics de artm -nt a Cornell,
who ad also work d on the a ornie bomb project. Such a gas-discharge
 ,b op rate lik a modern fluore ce tamp, b ing nothing mu h
mor than a tube fill ~ d -wi . a gas t a low ressur to whkh vol age'
                                             I



applied at the ends where et w· es fus into the glass, conduc: ing
electric charges that aJ a a curent 0 pass through the gas. Bll . - s ead
ofapplying one or two hundred 'Volt or 0 as do pI sen -day fiuore c nt
lamp in the ' ady years of X-ray· dies such tubes were operated at
many ousand of vo 1S. Electron em ~ .-ed from the negatie e d,
called the ca hode, would be accelerated and strike th electrode at the
positive end or anode, thereby generating X-rays. It was exactly so tha
X-rays were accidentally discovered by Wilhel Conrad Rontgen t who
used this type of gas-discharge tube in his labora ory at the U 'versity of
Wilrzburg ._·Bavaria in 1895.
     Based on the theoretical work of C. G. Darwin, the mathema-·c·an
who worked with Rutherford when he discoveredthemassjvepro on in
the nucleu 0 atoms, I p culat d a· 0' rar oe a '.0' s an lemon
com.ing sufficie' tly close to a p oton might be captured to for a ne -
  ·0·. vidently; thi idea had occuri'd to ' uterfo d an Chadwi -k in
84        BE      r             H

                                                   utth                   no                                       r t1et:ect
'n                                                                    discclvelv                         u ron-in....."w,",,,",,u
                                                                                                                 '


                                                                             C ,ie, __      I,   daugh ,er                     e
    uri                                                                             ar'          iall- radioac,:


                                             ould be m                    to                                                   c
                                             eutron .



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          h                                                                                                               h d
a         d



fa                                                                              to a
                                                                       'ete~rre<1

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                                                                 , lin,




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               rand indi :



     , ac                                                                                                          rod""";",,",
In
                                    ["r">'... n ....,..   Ia   I .
                                                                                                 00.       ,U

o                                              e          on Q~ieci                                                      fth
                                                                           o                                                ga
                      ee.
                       to                                            f th n-utr                  nd'
proton. an electron and a neutrino as worked out by Fermi, there, ~ no
  ance that such all. ,experim, nt could po s' 1y suec ed. The neutron
was believed to ave a      ass so lar~e that it would t·e an ,electrol ace -
era d to abou 780, 0000 ts to produc i. But the power' u pi of Par-
rate X-ray tub wouidonIyprovid about3S, 000 vo " som ,twenty-two
                                                            I



ti e less., .everthe1ess. the neutrino had ot yet be,en direc yobserved
to ens , and i , was possible. eutrons did no       au.
                                                      a e exactly the same
,m,ass under all conditions. C. G. Darwins calculations indicated ilia n "
trons might be form,ed by capturing an electron even at low energies.
     The likelihood that I would be able to produce neutrons was very
small, and in retrospect it was amazing that I was allowed to carry oU'
the experim,ent at all. It was only the open-mindedness of Morrison and
Parratt that made it pass'b e. And so,wben after the very first few .xper' ~
men s with p          blocks piled a ou d silver and indi' m oils close- to
the- old bras X-ray tub howe . i, S of radioa.ctivity thirty to fif y per-
c llt abov' th normal background of the detecto many of my co -
leag .-es could not believe this was du to neutrons being fonned from
low energy ele ro· .and p ·oton .
   As I excitedly explained in a Ie- .ter that I 'wrote to Eins ein .at the end
ofAugust 1951; the results could no be explained by the acfon of cas'mic
rays forming: ne tro ; because none were detected when no voltage
was applied to the tube.. It co d al 0 not be e plaind by contami . anon
of the metal electrodes in the tube. . had replaced m,atedals          a could
give rise   0   n uno "wid.wly machin d parts. The po s" ility tha •. a.
 mall normal admixt re of deuted m, a. orm 0 heavy hydroge_ ~ was
  e sourc'e of neutrons was eliminated both theoretically and subse-
q uently 'Y deliberately adding known, amounts 0 till gas andm asur-
ing th . eutron produc ion rate. To ev,eryo . I con cr a i .n,. no one' i ~
 he phy·        d partme    was ab _ to sugg t a. known nuclear reaction
that might xplain tb ob rved ac        ivity~
    ] Inentioned in my lie er to Einstein that in ord . r to improve the ability
to detect neutrons,. two of the facul, Giuseppe Cocconi and Kenneth
  reisen, had offered '0 take' the indi.um foils with their' onger lived activity
86   BEfORf THf BIG BANG

of 54 minutes to a nearby salt mine, where they were carrying out cosmic
ray experiments and the background count rate was much less than I was
able to produce with six. inches of lead to shield my counters in Rockefeller
Hall. This was in fact done a few weeks later, although the first effort to
speed the process of gelling the foils to the counters two thousand feet
below the surface by dropping them between two pieces ofplywood ended
in minor disaster when the foil crumpled upon hitting the ground. Chas-
tened, we used the elevator to get the foils down to the counters in the mine
over the next few weeks, and the evidence for neutrons being formed in the
discharge lube continued to show up.
     Afew days after' sent my letter to Einstein, a reply arrived that did in
fact conlain a possible explanation of my anomalous result with rather
disheartening implications for my attempt to do without the neutrino.
After pointing out that an electron would have to acquire an energy of
780,000 volts to form a neutron, Einstein suggested that perhaps more
than the energy produced by the applied potential might become avail·
able if more than one electron were to give up its energy to a prOton at
the same time, something that is conceivable according 10 quantum
theory. He ended his letter by saying that since the results of the experi-
ments were dearly important, further pursuit of the method would be
necessary. He also raised the question whether it might not be advanta-
geous to use an electron beam of known energy, and let it fallon a solid
target such as paraffin that contained hydrogen so that the energy of the
electrons could be brought under bener control.
     I answered Einstein and explained why I thought that even at rela-
tively low energies neutrons might be formed if they had slightly differ-
ent masses, an idea that I fell had nO[ been completely ruled out. I did in
fact follow Einstein's suggeslions, further experimenting with the gas-
discharge tube at Cornell for a few more months. I presented my results
at a meeting of the Journal Club of the Physics Department later that fall.
The improved sensitivity by doing the measurements ofthe indium foils
in the salt mine continued to indicate the production of neutrons, but
no one could find any explanation othcr than t.hat suggeslcd by EinSlcin.
By the end of the fall semester, it became' clear that I had to give up my
efforts for the fme behg in order to finish my work on s:econdary emis-
s'on so as to get my doctoral degree.
    1vo y ars later th - experiment w:~ s independen y repea ed by
Edwar Thou so ~ at physicist and friend of mine at the Naval Ordn _. ce
 abomtory; !'li,th . • ar Ie u1 . But when om niney ars later at - e
Westinghouse Research Labor-a orie ,Jall bad an opportunity to
carry 0 t th exp' -rimen with a separate electron beam intera ting with
botb solid and gaseou targ- -, in th form suggested by Einstein. no
neutrons we- e produced.        Now, finally explained by W-L theory of LENRs
    To this day;, just exactly how neu 0 can be formed at much. ower
energie -an expected in the complex environmen .of a gas-discharge
tube remains a - ystery; Neutrinos were fin.ally detected in 1956 by -ed-
erick Reines and Clyde Cowan, Since then,. they have been observed in
high energy accelerators, coming from the Sun and more distan. stars.,
but there remains an unresolved puzzle a.bout their production de p in
the interior ofstars, n the coursle of thirty.. six years of experim,ents since
1960, despite increasingly sophisticated exp,ernnents, only half as many
neutrinos have been observed as would be expected on the basis of the-
ories for he Sun's energy production. Since: the condition in th - interior
of the Sun are somewhat analogous to those in a high voltage hydrogen
discharge such asl used at Cornell; there may be some surprises await-
ing us relating to the so~calledfusion processes tha', produce the ,energy
inst3Isinvolvingthe for,mafon ofheliwn from hydrogen, on the course
ofwhich both neutrons and neutrinos are produced.
     Although     phys~calmeehanism by which neutron were fo            d
in m' expe iment remained u e .a'" e· and my findings were .a
source of gr at controversy; I was not discouraged in my ffo _ to pur-
'u Ie tromagn tic mode ,for th n utron and th man· ne par'de
 l e. b ing dicovr. seI'es of large nuclear par-'de accelerators
went into 0 e, ation at various universities during the three years of my
g,raduate work a 0 n.elL And my studies in the history and philosopby
of de ce convinced me that a period ofgreat confusion, when many new
syIlthesis. lrnen CC:>WleC-tjon                                                            om n

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Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs ca 1950s-Sternglass Expts-Einstein & Bethe-Nov 25 2011

  • 1. November 25, 2011 Subject: were LENRs observed in the early 1950s? Einstein and Bethe got involved in this saga Dear Readers: You may really enjoy reading this amazing tale of a brilliant LENR-related experimental discovery back in 1951 --- followed by its descent into total obscurity. Simply lost and forgotten by mainstream physics. In the history of science, it seems that experimental results that don't somehow fit within some sort of contemporary conceptual paradigm often tend to get ignored. Sadly, in many cases such results are never reported anywhere in peer-reviewed journals for posterity. In that regard, this cover note is combined with scanned page images from Chapter 6 in Dr. Ernest Sternglass' little 1997 book, “Before the Big Bang - the Origin of the Universe.” The excerpted page scans from the above book chapter are those in which Dr. Sternglass describes some enigmatic experiments that he conducted in the Cornell University physics department back in the early 1950s.It recounts his work with an old hydrogen-filled X-ray tube, as well as a subsequent dialogue with Albert Einstein in attempting to understand the (then) utterly inexplicable experimental results. Seven years ago, Sternglass, then in his late 80s, told me over the telephone that (before he had communicated with Einstein about his strange results) the legendary Hans Bethe had looked over his experimental data and was totally baffled too. Nobody at Cornell understood what was happening in the experimental setup that could possibly produce the observed fluxes of neutrons (obviously, ultra low momentum neutrons were not produced in his experiments --- they were more akin to what happens in high-current exploding wires as opposed to what happens in typical P&F aqueous electrolytic cells). So, a baffled Bethe called Einstein on the telephone and asked him to help PhD candidate Sternglass evaluate his unexpected experimental results. The attached chapter taken from Sternglass' book relates that story. What is truly mind boggling about this tale is that Einstein simply looked at Sternglass' data and then immediately realized that the observed neutron production must involve some sort of many-body collective effects with electrons (which we utilize with great explanatory power in our theory of LENRs). Can you believe it --- what a mind Einstein had ---- even at that late stage in his life! At that point (1951), very few physicists really had any idea of what collective effects were about. Well, Einstein surely did. Unfortunately, Ernest's bizarre experimental discovery was simply not pursued any further. In the end, Sternglass didn't heed Einstein's (and Bethe's) strong advice to "be stubborn" and publish the deeply anomalous results. Sternglass' experiments were subsequently lost and largely forgotten by other physicists in the ensuing years, just like the work of chemists Wendt and Irion at the University of Chicago back in 1922 and other related transmutation work published in refereed journals circa 1900 - 1927. Einstein, the only contemporary scientist who had any real inkling of what might be happening in Sternglass' puzzling experiments, died just four years after his interaction with Sternglass on the unexplained neutron fluxes. The only surviving document wherein these intriguing experimental results were ever mentioned was Sternglass' little book published many years later in 1997. In 2006, I stumbled across a copy of it in the $2.99 discount section at Border's bookstore and, curious, just for kicks picked it up to read over the weekend. After reading an amazing chapter (see scanned pages), I immediately called my theoretical collaborators and said, "You guys won't believe what I just found." They were equally amazed. We plan to specifically discuss and explain the 1951 Sternglass/Bethe/Einstein saga in an upcoming paper; it appears that this experimental anomaly is just another aspect of LENRs. Perhaps now, after remaining in obscurity for 60 years, there can finally be some conceptual closure on Sternglass’ long-lost, unpublished experimental results. Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC All rights reserved Page 1
  • 2. November 25, 2011 Besides the 1950s-era Sternglass affair, we heard the following story from one of the former graduate students who was directly involved in some amazing experiments: specifically, in the mid-1960s, unexpected neutron production was observed in comparatively low temperature, RF-excited (dusty) deuterium plasma experiments jointly conducted at the University of Florida by the EE and nuclear engineering departments. The well-documented experimental results were so bizarre (significant unexplained neutron fluxes, "heat-after-death" after the electrical power was completely turned-off, etc.) that in the end, the graduate students and faculty involved in the work decided not to even try to publish their work in a refereed journal. It was deemed too controversial and potentially risky for all of their careers. Yes, this could potentially be yet another aspect of LENRs. Incredibly, from ~1905 - 1927 some of the most famous people in British science (Thomson, Ramsay, etc.) episodically reported experimental results that are, in hindsight, obviously the result of LENR nuclear transmutations. The anomalous effects (e.g., appearance of new elements) were observed spectroscopically in various electrical discharge experiments and published in premier refereed journals of that era (e.g., Nature, Proceedings of the Royal Society, etc.). Interestingly, Thomson published a paper in Nature in which he complained about having major problems with experimental reproducibility of such effects. Does this problem sound familiar --- a la the Pons & Fleischmann brouhaha in 1989? Back in the 1920s, nobody had a sensible explanation for anomalous transmutation effects that were being discovered experimentally; so by 1932 (when Chadwick experimentally confirmed the existence of the neutron predicted by Rutherford) the whole area of inquiry had been quietly dropped with little fanfare, many people apparently preferring to pursue 'hotter' contemporary topics such as quantum mechanics. Over the past 100+ years, who knows how many scientists have actually observed different aspects of LENR-related phenomena, could not explain or understand what they saw experimentally, and were then either unable or unwilling to publish such controversial results in well-recognized, peer-reviewed journals. One can only wonder at what may have been lost to science. Lewis Larsen President and CEO Lattice Energy LLC Chicago, IL USA 1-312-861-0115 Scanned note: in theSternglass’ 1997 bookSternglass is really talking about looking for the Special pages from highlighted sections, follow presence of neutrons he thought could potentially be produced in his hydrogen-filled X-ray tube experiments via the weak interaction, that is e + p --> n + neutrino. After actually observing the neutrons he had hypothesized might be created, the remaining theoretical puzzle became explaining how such neutrons could possibly be created under conditions present in his experiments. In Sternglass' words, “... there was no chance that such an experiment could possibly succeed. The neutron was believed to have a mass so large that it would take an electron accelerated to about 780,000 volts to produce it. But the power supply of Parratt's X-ray tube would only provide about 35,000 volts, some twenty-two times less ... C. G. Darwin's calculations indicated that neutrons might be formed by capturing an electron even at low energies.” Einstein was clearly aware of Darwin's work when he suggested to Sternglass that, “... perhaps more than the energy produced by the applied potential might become available if more than one electron were to give up its energy to a proton at the same time, something that is conceivable according to quantum theory.” Unfortunately, Sternglass did not pursue Einstein's astoundingly prescient suggestion and dropped the line of inquiry. What Einstein was referring to is today called many-body collective quantum effects and is a crucial component of the Widom- Larsen theory of LENRs in condensed matter. Unlike Sternglass, we followed Einstein's advice and built upon C. G. Darwin's seminal work in 1920. In our “Primer” paper published in Pramana - Journal of Physics (2010) we have a whole Section 4.1 pp. 629 - 631 titled, “Darwin electrodynamics.” Sixty years later, we have implemented Einstein's bold vision in our work. Copyright 2011 Lattice Energy LLC All rights reserved Page 2
  • 3. BEFORE THE BIG BANG THE ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE By Ernest]. Sternglass To see the world in a grain of sand, And heaven in a wild flower; Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, And eternity in an hour. -Auguries ofInnocence, William Blake (1789) The following 16 pages are scanned and excerpted from this book FOUR WALLS EIGHT WI DOWS EW YORK/LONDON
  • 4. To Marilyn, who made everything possible © 1997 Ernest J. Sternglass Published in the United States by: Four Walls Eight Windows 39 WeSI14th Street, room 503 New York, N.Y.,1001l U.K. offices: FourWalls Eight Windows/Turnaround UnilJ. Olympia Trading Estate Coburg Road, Wood Green London N22 6TZ, England First priming OclObcr 1997. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced. stored in a data base or other retrieval system, or transmilted in any form, by any means, including lllcchanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without 'he prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Sccrnglass. Ernest J. Before the big bang: the urigins urthe universel by Ernest J. Sternglass. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISDN 1-56858-087-8 t. Matter-History. 2. Matter-Mathematical models. :.. Cosmology. 4. Panicles {Nuclear physicsl-History. 5. Physicists-Correspondencc. I. Tille. QC171.2.sB4 1997 523.1·2-DC21 97'26395CIf> 1098765432 Printed in the United States Illustrations by Brian J. Loprcsti Text design and composition by Ink, Inc., New York
  • 5. 7fi BEfORf THE BIG BoIIlG This historical vlcwofthc cydical changes ofscientific ideas gave me hope thai overthe courseoflhe years, a newcra ofunification ofour theo_ ries on the nature of mailer and the evolution of the universe would COme about, and that it was mostlikcly to involve electromagnetic concepts, as Lorentz had belicved to the end of his life. But this dcvclopmenl would take a long time, during which I would have to be able to earn a living in a ·cobbler's job~ while working on the theoretical and conceptual problems of physical theory on the sid~, as Einstein had urged me to do. I realized that I would need an advanced degree. I had 10'00 living in scenic Imaca with its deep gorges and waterfalls whilc pursuing my undergraduate studies at Cornell, and so Idecided to return there while keeping my posi- tion at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. coming back to Washinh'ton dur- ing the summers and using my work on secondary electron emission for my thesis subject.
  • 6. Special note on C. G. Darwin's seminal work on collective effects with electrons back in 1920: "Motions of charged particles," C. G. Darwin, Philosophical Magazine Series 6 (1901-1925) pp. 537 - 551 (1920) Can be purchased online from Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/14786440508636066 CHAPTER 6 "BE STUBBORN" N EARLY 1949, J returned to Cornell for graduate studies in the newly I fonned program of Engineering Physics. The university had attracted some of the world's most outstanding scientists to its faculty, many of whom bad been involved in the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb. Among these was Richard Feynman, the brilliant, brash young theoretical physicist who had been instrumental in developing new methods of computing in Hans Hethe's theoretical division at Los Alamos. Bethe had been instrumental in bringing Feynman to Cornell shortly after the end of the war in 1945. Feynman shared an office with Philip Morrison, who had also worked on the atomic bomb at Los Alamos, and who agreed to serve as my principal adviser in theoretical physics on my thesis committee. Feynman sometimes joined my discussions with Morrison about the nature of the neutron and the mesons newly discovered in cosmic rays. This brief acquaitancc led me, a decade later, to work out the mathematical details of an electromagnetic model for the mesons that turned out to be the basis for the Lemaitre atom. I had originally hoped to do my thesis work on the theory of secondary electron emission under Hethe. Hethe was most widely known for his work on the nuclear reactions in stars that produced the heavier elements from hydrogen, accounting for the source of their energy along lines similar to those studied by Garnow. Bethe had also vvritten some definitive papers on energy loss offast particles passing through atoms, elaborating on the work ofe. G. Darwin and the pioneering studies of Niels Bohr. Secondary emis- sion works like a cue ball striking the racked balls on a pool table; fast "pri- mary electrons" strike the surface ofa solid and eject other secondary elec- trons from the atoms they hi!. Gradually, the primary or incident electrons n
  • 7. . h WhE~n I taJlla~Cl sec~onQaly . . . .'"".. . I.I~U~ emissiio.n n~'L",II."'" n emllSS10n
  • 8. ~BeStllbborn~ 79 nomenon that I was able to work out in the foUowing two years formed the subject of my doctoral thesis. My work on secondary emission in the case of insulators such as potassium chloride, which I had begun to study at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, later led to a job at theWesting' house Research Laboratories. A new family of detectors in high energy accelerators, used to study panicles similar to the mesons, eventually resulted from the phenomena involving this simple salt. Years later, thin foils carrying a layer of potassium chloride in powdered fonn were used to store electrical charges, making possible a new type of television tube to transmit ultraviolet images and spectra of Stars from the first orbiting observatories in space. The same type of camera tubes-whlch I also worked on, decades later--allowed us to witness the first steps ofa human on the moon as this historic event was actually taking place. At Cornell. I worked under the guidance of Philip Morrison, a far- sighted and open-minded Individual. Ten years or so younger than Gamow, Morrison shared with him an enormous enthusiasm and ability to make complex ideas vividly clear, both to his students and to the gen- eral public. Morrison had a wide interest in science, te<:hnology and the history of ideas reaching far beyond the field of theoretical physics, in which he had received his doctorate under Roben Oppenheimer, who directed the development of the atomic bomb. Morrison was willing to listen patiently to the unconventional ideas of some of his students, never discouraging them but always coming up with probing questions that touched the heart of the problem. Morrison had been involved firsthand with the difficult and danger- ous task of designing and assembling the plutonium cores of the first two implosion·type nuclear bombs at LDs Alamos, and had also been among the first Amcrican scientists to visit Hiroshima just aftcr the Japanese surrender. He was deeply committed to warning the public and politicians of the need to prevent another world war. As a result, he became one of the foundcrs afthe federation ofAmerican SCientists, an organi7..8tion dedicated to peace. MOrTison wrote numerous articles to describe the horrors he had seen in Japan, not just those produced by
  • 9. G . mic bsb._ a ' ndr' d an B-29 -aids. ; o -- p ·i on' " _a e ,o,v-r,,, "'ding in on roy a . 'h ,..H't'·n,...,.1 omical co...............·.,.,., -donedthi eov d 0 h rh b tIl ppli d , bYJo' am ard -5) n e d· trObuLion 0' uggesi[e v ar r truet re of mny up
  • 10. l rotated. I realized ha this model wa uppored by de Vaucouleurs views. The univers appears to be a - 'ghly 0 dered hierarchical sys e - composed of fO ati ,g systems of increa ing size,. as first envisioned by Immanue Kant 0 hundred years ago, rat er than a random collection ofgal axie . Ruhin eventually b came a wide y respected astronomer~ wo king a th Carnegie In ti utian in Washington, .C. Using electronic image intensifiers. rOed au by - er colleague Ken Ford as a way 0 improve upon e limi· ed s ~ nsitivity of photographic film, Rubin pioneered the study of he rotation of galaxies. A decade after leaving Cornell,. I' ad an opportunity to try out a ew type of electronic image intensifier wi h Ford at the Lowell Observatory in lagstaff Arizona, based on the work on seeD clary electron emission fro insulating cry als that I had begun a the avaJ Ordnance Laboratory; By e early 19705" the work of R bin and Ford on the rotation of galaxies had provided the most con- vincing observational evidencetha these gi,gan ic systems of stars were . urrounded by an enormous halo of invisible 'dark matter" of an unknown nature for which the electromagnetic theory of mass had mscu sed with Einstein in Pr· ceton and later with Morrison and Feyn- man at Cor. e offered a po sible' ,explanation. As controversial as, the idea of rotating s perdus'e s or even a rotat- . g universe were when Rubin and I at in Morrison's class on moder_ physics at Cornell, I learned of an even more controversial theory about the nature of he universe through a lecture by the vi iting British astronome homa Gold. Gold, who a. few years ater joined the ! ver- s"ty's Astronomy Department, to,gether with· ermann Bondi and Fred oyle at Cambridge University in Englan' did not like the idea of a Big Bang a a singular occurre ce, as advanced by Lemar re and Gamow; nstead, in a series of pap s published a few years after World War II, Go d, Bondi and Hoyle proposed the radical idea that the universe was in a eady s ate of constant xpansion that had been go~ng on orever and would continu expanding indefinitely. They based this concept on what th y called the uPerfect Co· ological Principle'" aceD ding 0 I
  • 11. ,8 BEFOR 'I' EIU; . NIG hi h the Wl"V rse i no onl the smne in our poc I bu, also th e la- nation ~or ,a pro e LO''''....'. . . . or en p d .1 no u ig nom r eory ofth,e t thi 0' d tha, p . -t-.ouetb.atdidno viomat, th_la so conserva ~ollof and energy-o th ida ofn rna, ter continuousl appearing au, 0' j n .. h , . d out t b imporra. tome,. h s eady-tat· eoryts id a th· go on fOIi ver " as ba do , L '~ . itt jan' arnow's d , in ,omb"' a ., n " ubinJs " d ule r· c n- I
  • 12. elusion that the system of galaxies to which the Milky Way belongs seemed to be rotating. Th controversy at Cornell about Rubin's results was allowed by one I caused in the physics department the next year. eriment at began in 1951 in pursuit ofan electromagn tic model for e neutro . s· owed that neu ons could apparently b form d from proton an el ctro s at v lowe ergie ,far below the energy prediete - by . e cxi ·ng thee . T ·e idea for thi xperiment 0 curred to me· (leading about _ search or the n utron by Ru -erford and Cha .ck d . g th decad after: utherford had first premed its existence in·, . early 920S. I found that Chadwick had a one time looked fOJ!'these e sive neutral massive co stituents of the nuclei of all atoms in a drogen- 'ed - _c- trical discharge tube. . ube was imilar 0 old ga -discharg typ o -- ray tub syst m I had s n in a baseme laboratory of Lyman Par- ,0 e of th senior memb of th p ysics de artm -nt a Cornell, who ad also work d on the a ornie bomb project. Such a gas-discharge ,b op rate lik a modern fluore ce tamp, b ing nothing mu h mor than a tube fill ~ d -wi . a gas t a low ressur to whkh vol age' I applied at the ends where et w· es fus into the glass, conduc: ing electric charges that aJ a a curent 0 pass through the gas. Bll . - s ead ofapplying one or two hundred 'Volt or 0 as do pI sen -day fiuore c nt lamp in the ' ady years of X-ray· dies such tubes were operated at many ousand of vo 1S. Electron em ~ .-ed from the negatie e d, called the ca hode, would be accelerated and strike th electrode at the positive end or anode, thereby generating X-rays. It was exactly so tha X-rays were accidentally discovered by Wilhel Conrad Rontgen t who used this type of gas-discharge tube in his labora ory at the U 'versity of Wilrzburg ._·Bavaria in 1895. Based on the theoretical work of C. G. Darwin, the mathema-·c·an who worked with Rutherford when he discoveredthemassjvepro on in the nucleu 0 atoms, I p culat d a· 0' rar oe a '.0' s an lemon com.ing sufficie' tly close to a p oton might be captured to for a ne - ·0·. vidently; thi idea had occuri'd to ' uterfo d an Chadwi -k in
  • 13. 84 BE r H utth no r t1et:ect 'n discclvelv u ron-in....."w,",,,",,u ' C ,ie, __ I, daugh ,er e uri ar' iall- radioac,: ould be m to c eutron . neu1:rOI1S extlect:ation h h d a d fa to a 'ete~rre<1 tomi vear-sla er ........ ,1".... "" , lin, o rand indi : , ac rod""";",,", In ["r">'... n ....,.. Ia I . 00. ,U o e on Q~ieci fth o ga ee. to f th n-utr nd'
  • 14. proton. an electron and a neutrino as worked out by Fermi, there, ~ no ance that such all. ,experim, nt could po s' 1y suec ed. The neutron was believed to ave a ass so lar~e that it would t·e an ,electrol ace - era d to abou 780, 0000 ts to produc i. But the power' u pi of Par- rate X-ray tub wouidonIyprovid about3S, 000 vo " som ,twenty-two I ti e less., .everthe1ess. the neutrino had ot yet be,en direc yobserved to ens , and i , was possible. eutrons did no au. a e exactly the same ,m,ass under all conditions. C. G. Darwins calculations indicated ilia n " trons might be form,ed by capturing an electron even at low energies. The likelihood that I would be able to produce neutrons was very small, and in retrospect it was amazing that I was allowed to carry oU' the experim,ent at all. It was only the open-mindedness of Morrison and Parratt that made it pass'b e. And so,wben after the very first few .xper' ~ men s with p blocks piled a ou d silver and indi' m oils close- to the- old bras X-ray tub howe . i, S of radioa.ctivity thirty to fif y per- c llt abov' th normal background of the detecto many of my co - leag .-es could not believe this was du to neutrons being fonned from low energy ele ro· .and p ·oton . As I excitedly explained in a Ie- .ter that I 'wrote to Eins ein .at the end ofAugust 1951; the results could no be explained by the acfon of cas'mic rays forming: ne tro ; because none were detected when no voltage was applied to the tube.. It co d al 0 not be e plaind by contami . anon of the metal electrodes in the tube. . had replaced m,atedals a could give rise 0 n uno "wid.wly machin d parts. The po s" ility tha •. a. mall normal admixt re of deuted m, a. orm 0 heavy hydroge_ ~ was e sourc'e of neutrons was eliminated both theoretically and subse- q uently 'Y deliberately adding known, amounts 0 till gas andm asur- ing th . eutron produc ion rate. To ev,eryo . I con cr a i .n,. no one' i ~ he phy· d partme was ab _ to sugg t a. known nuclear reaction that might xplain tb ob rved ac ivity~ ] Inentioned in my lie er to Einstein that in ord . r to improve the ability to detect neutrons,. two of the facul, Giuseppe Cocconi and Kenneth reisen, had offered '0 take' the indi.um foils with their' onger lived activity
  • 15. 86 BEfORf THf BIG BANG of 54 minutes to a nearby salt mine, where they were carrying out cosmic ray experiments and the background count rate was much less than I was able to produce with six. inches of lead to shield my counters in Rockefeller Hall. This was in fact done a few weeks later, although the first effort to speed the process of gelling the foils to the counters two thousand feet below the surface by dropping them between two pieces ofplywood ended in minor disaster when the foil crumpled upon hitting the ground. Chas- tened, we used the elevator to get the foils down to the counters in the mine over the next few weeks, and the evidence for neutrons being formed in the discharge lube continued to show up. Afew days after' sent my letter to Einstein, a reply arrived that did in fact conlain a possible explanation of my anomalous result with rather disheartening implications for my attempt to do without the neutrino. After pointing out that an electron would have to acquire an energy of 780,000 volts to form a neutron, Einstein suggested that perhaps more than the energy produced by the applied potential might become avail· able if more than one electron were to give up its energy to a prOton at the same time, something that is conceivable according 10 quantum theory. He ended his letter by saying that since the results of the experi- ments were dearly important, further pursuit of the method would be necessary. He also raised the question whether it might not be advanta- geous to use an electron beam of known energy, and let it fallon a solid target such as paraffin that contained hydrogen so that the energy of the electrons could be brought under bener control. I answered Einstein and explained why I thought that even at rela- tively low energies neutrons might be formed if they had slightly differ- ent masses, an idea that I fell had nO[ been completely ruled out. I did in fact follow Einstein's suggeslions, further experimenting with the gas- discharge tube at Cornell for a few more months. I presented my results at a meeting of the Journal Club of the Physics Department later that fall. The improved sensitivity by doing the measurements ofthe indium foils in the salt mine continued to indicate the production of neutrons, but no one could find any explanation othcr than t.hat suggeslcd by EinSlcin.
  • 16. By the end of the fall semester, it became' clear that I had to give up my efforts for the fme behg in order to finish my work on s:econdary emis- s'on so as to get my doctoral degree. 1vo y ars later th - experiment w:~ s independen y repea ed by Edwar Thou so ~ at physicist and friend of mine at the Naval Ordn _. ce abomtory; !'li,th . • ar Ie u1 . But when om niney ars later at - e Westinghouse Research Labor-a orie ,Jall bad an opportunity to carry 0 t th exp' -rimen with a separate electron beam intera ting with botb solid and gaseou targ- -, in th form suggested by Einstein. no neutrons we- e produced. Now, finally explained by W-L theory of LENRs To this day;, just exactly how neu 0 can be formed at much. ower energie -an expected in the complex environmen .of a gas-discharge tube remains a - ystery; Neutrinos were fin.ally detected in 1956 by -ed- erick Reines and Clyde Cowan, Since then,. they have been observed in high energy accelerators, coming from the Sun and more distan. stars., but there remains an unresolved puzzle a.bout their production de p in the interior ofstars, n the coursle of thirty.. six years of experim,ents since 1960, despite increasingly sophisticated exp,ernnents, only half as many neutrinos have been observed as would be expected on the basis of the- ories for he Sun's energy production. Since: the condition in th - interior of the Sun are somewhat analogous to those in a high voltage hydrogen discharge such asl used at Cornell; there may be some surprises await- ing us relating to the so~calledfusion processes tha', produce the ,energy inst3Isinvolvingthe for,mafon ofheliwn from hydrogen, on the course ofwhich both neutrons and neutrinos are produced. Although phys~calmeehanism by which neutron were fo d in m' expe iment remained u e .a'" e· and my findings were .a source of gr at controversy; I was not discouraged in my ffo _ to pur- 'u Ie tromagn tic mode ,for th n utron and th man· ne par'de l e. b ing dicovr. seI'es of large nuclear par-'de accelerators went into 0 e, ation at various universities during the three years of my g,raduate work a 0 n.elL And my studies in the history and philosopby of de ce convinced me that a period ofgreat confusion, when many new
  • 17. syIlthesis. lrnen CC:>WleC-tjon om n nsacCOlrtl ino 1r"'~lIrAHn lectr1omalgne1oc ·aet_ In fa ha d- a weaknu 1 in Weh neutr' at till 1 0 for . on or . tUn a unJllle - on ory --are er ......u. ..... th-ory a o m er to aj =- t, ical ' eory priva .oth o cad - m to I ear I gav- - a1k n my _'ork a e e- I tro ,a - m --ing . e P'. leal I e wa, ,P oa -0 '~:. are ,rebr work-
  • 18. "'Be tubbor. 11 8·· t'the m he . - wouldb-' if ,. tensi- e .oin - fluo .. ro· opic exaLIni va uum 1· .' esc: ana pI' in , lee on'h , mean ofth phot- beF cen ,'ere . lC,X- res ratory wa· o 'U _U a fi· j h 'writing' . the i tal 'e. - - b jng b . on I" -rofl 52. ID[lere:stlI:li re~sea:rch 0 pra- tical l"I.h"'lr1J.... ~1 th - d r 'ust g Of',