1. ENERGISING FIJI ISLANDS
Atul Raturi
The University of the South
Pacific
ADB Workshop
26-27th March 2009
The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of
the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of
the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors,
or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the
accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no
responsibility for any consequence of their use. Terminology
used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

2. Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
Population density
PNG - 8 persons/km2 Population
Tuvalu - 363 persons/ km2 PNG – 7 Million
Niue- 2150 (est)
FSM Marshall Islands
Palau Kiribati
Tuvalu Tokelau
PNG
S.I.
Samoa
Cook islands
Fiji
Vanuatu Niue
Tonga
Land Area
PNG – 462,243 km2
Nauru- 21 km2
No. of islands/country
PNG > 1,400
Kiribati: North to South distance : 800
SI~ 138 Kiribati
km and
Kiribati- 33 East to West: 3,218 km (3 time zones)

3. FIJI
No. of islands= 6 Main +
>300 smaller
Area= 18,333 km2
Population= 8,39000
(2008, Est.)
Viti Levu pop.= 77%
Urban population =
48.3% (2006 Est.)
Tourism driven economy

4. Access to Electricity (PICs)
From:Integrating Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands, Marie Marconnet, Victoria University of Wellington

5. PICs Electricity per capita
From:Integrating Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands, Marie Marconnet, Victoria University of Wellington

6. Fuel for Electricity Generation
Cook Islands All Diesel
FSM All Diesel
Kiribati All Diesel
Marshall Islands All Diesel
Niue All Diesel
Palau All Diesel
Tuvalu All Diesel
Tokelau All Diesel
Tonga All Diesel
Vanuatu 93% Diesel
PNG 35% Hydro,39% oil,25% Natural gas

7. Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA)
Electricity generation mix
In late 2008 ( drier season), Diesel contribution was almost 80%
FEA operates 14 power stations with 194 MW of installed
capacity (2003) , including over 80 MW of hydro.
FEA plans to generate 90 % of its requirements through
RE projects

8. Fiji Electricity Tariffs
FEA national tariff : 0.2059$F/kWh
Rural rates are being subsidized by urban
consumers
FEA actual costs (2001)
Location Actual cost
Viti Levu Urban 0.19 $F/kWh
Viti Levu Rural 0.51$F/kWh
Vanua Levu Urban 0.40$F/kWh
Vanua Levu Rural 1.22$F/kWh
Ovalau Urban 0.38$F/kWh
Ovalau Rural 1.88$F/kWh

9. Climate Change Issues
abc radio

10. CC and Fiji Islands
Fiji climate change could result in a 100
per cent increase in cyclone damage, an
increase in dengue fever cases of between
20 and 30 per cent and a decline in crop
yields of up to 15 per cent.
Not If But When : World Bank
Report(2006)
Coral Bleaching and a decrease in coral
cover
Reefs : 50% reduction
Maynard,GEO109

11. Climate Change
effects in PICs
Carteret Islands, PNG
By 2015: All 6 (7 now!!)
Islands will be
submerged. 2000
people displaced
The sea has dissected
the Huen Island into
two.
Similar stories in Kiribati, Tuvalu and others
Photo: Times

12. Climate Change
effects in PICs
Mount Jaya , New Guinea Island
Photo:www.rbgkew.org.uk
Temperature increase on the Island ~ 0.3 Degrees every
decade ; Among the fastest in the world
Glaciers have receded more then 300 meters in the last 30
years
Flora and fauna: waiting to be discovered ( if survive !!)

13. Pacific Year of Climate Change

14. Tackling the Double Whammy
Through
•Renewable Energy Development
•Energy Efficiency Measures

15. Renewable Energy
Lihir gold
SOPAC

16. Solar Home Systems (DOE)
Fiji times DOE
SHS Electricity production
50
40
30
MWh
20
10
0
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

17. Hydro Development: Nadarivatu
New project
FEA
2 X 22 MW Pelton Generators. 101 Million kWh annually
Expected completion: Mid 2011

18. Navutu (Fiji): Grid Connected
10 kW PV system
•Pilot project : BP
Australia & FEA
•Grid connected
•Installed in 1997
•50 kVA grid
interactive system
•144 panels

19. Fiji: Butoni Wind Farm
37 turbines:10 MW,
11.5 GWH/year
FEA
Commissioned October 2007
Ankita Raturi

20. Hybrid System: Nabouwalu
8 Wind Turbines
(6.7 kW)
720 kWh/day ,
60% expected from from RET
37.4 kW PV commissioned in 1998
Genset
Photo: PICHTER
Current situation: Running with Diesel , RE component ~0
Problems with control systems, manpower shortage, components
and maintenance issues

21. Biogas
P.Johnston
Kinoya Sewage Treatment Plant : 2003
Possibilities for 240 kW – 1 MW electricity generation

22. Biofuel
CNO, Ethanol and Biodiesel
CNO usage in PNG
Two Pilot projects in Fiji ( DOE) (2000-2001) : Dual fuel systems
•80 kVA generator in Vanuabalavu, Lau
•45 kVA generator in Welagi, Taveuni
Concept works
Supply chain and management issues
Interest in all PICs

23. Biomass based systems
Tropic Wood Fiji Sugar Corp.
D.Robins on
9.3 MW co-generation Plans for 25 MW
FEA Grid connected 3.5% of FEA supply in 2003
20 MW plant underway Bagasse +wood waste

24. Kerosene for Lighting :The
Numbers
• Money spent on kerosene globally ; ~ 48 Billion USD/annum
• Sub-Saharan Africa : ~17 Billion USD /annum
• % of household budget on kerosene: 15%
• People without electricity in PNG ; 4.5 Million
• Money spent on kerosene in PNG ; ~100 Million USD/annum
• Fiji: 37% kerosene/benzene lighting

25. The K-lamp: It is inefficient
•Produces 1 lux (1 lumen/m2) at 1 m
•Recommended light level for casual
reading/kitchen work ; 300- 500 lux
•Gives 0.1 lumen of light for 1 W of
power used : incandescent bulb - 17
lumens/W
•Cost of lighting ($/lumen hour): 325
times of a bulb and 1625 times that of a
CFL Photo: SOPAC
•Light produced in a year = light
produced by a bulb in 10 hours

26. The K-lamp: It is unhealthy
• Women and children in kerosene lamp lit
kitchens are exposed to dangerous levels of
Carbon mono oxide and particulate matters.
• Children vulnerable to influenza and
pneumonia.
• Eye strain

27. The K-lamp: Bad for Environment
• CO2 ( major Green House Gas) produced : 2.6 kg per
liter of kerosene used
• Fuel based lighting produces 244 Million MT of CO2
globally.

28. Solutions: simple and immediate
Solar based lighting:
Small systems incorporating CFL s and increasingly,
White Light Emitting Diodes (WLEDs)
Solar lanterns Solar Home Systems (SHS)

29. Monthly spending on lighting fuel &
batteries in unelectrified Fiji
households
Department of Energy (DOE) threshold for SHS
viability = FJ$ 20 per month (O&M costs)

30. LED based lighting: Cheap and
Efficient
Replace all K-lamps with PV based WLED lamps
Micro financing Institutes

31. Energy Efficiency Measures
SOPAC
Cagle Cartoons

32. CFL Promotion in Fiji :DSM for
Residential Sector
• FEA initiated and private sector supported
• Buy one and get one free scheme
• 80,000 units distributed
• FEA contributed F$1 per unit : payback period of one
month
• Evening peak reduction : 3.9 MW
• Supplier contribution:F$0.82 per CFL , Profit:
F$30,000
• Retailer’s contribution:F$1.05 per CFL, Profit:
F$47,500

33. 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0:
30
1:
30
2:
30
3:
30
4:
30
5:
30
6:
30
7:
30
8:
30
9:
30
10
:3
0
11
:3
0
12
:3
0
13
:3
0
weekday
14
:3
0
15
:3
0
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:3
0
17
:3
0
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:3
0
19
:3
0
20
:3
0
21
:3
0
22
:3
0
:FEA
23
:3
0
FEA CFL Promotion Outcomes
2005
2006

34. CFL promotion in Fiji

35. Barriers
• Affordability; CFL Cost: 6-8 times the cost of an
incandescent bulb
• Information
• Behavioural and preference
• Technical issues

36. DSM programme
Potential savings from DSM programme (1994-2013)
30
25
Energy
20
savings
(% of 15
MWh
10
generated)
5
0
Fiji PNG S.I. Palau Tonga Tuvalu

37. Standards and Labelling
Fiji government has approved the S & L regulations.
Proposed standards for Fiji S&L programme
• Energy labelling: All household refrigerating appliances
should be tested under standard conditions, and ranked on a 6-
star scale according to their energy consumption.
• Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS):: set a
legally enforceable level of energy efficiency
Expected Benefit /cost ratio 4.2
Electricity use reduction: 8 % below BAU
( source : DOE)

38. Projected Energy Savings
With Energy labelling and MEPS ( 1995 study)
Energy savings ( Refrigerators + AC)
30
25
20
% 15
10
5
0
Fiji SI Palau Sam oa Tonga Kiribati Tuvalu PNG
Source: SRCI

39. Labelling Awareness
Radio, TV and newspaper advertisements
FEA bills carry the message
Retailers distribute broachers
Photo: Ankita Raturi

40. Energy Efficiency initiatives in the PICs
• ADB funded REEP :Opportunities for RE investment
and EE project=institutional and capacity
development
• UNDESA supported SOPAC project on DSM
• Promotion of environmentally sustainable
transportation in the PICs: GEF funded SOPAC
project
• Pacific Power Association (PPA) :Supply side
Management for its member utilities.
• Australian Greenhouse Office and IIIE: MEPS &
labelling Photo: Ankita Raturi

41. Fiji:CDM Project
SEL
•Small Scale and bundled projects
•2 run-of-river hydro projects. Vaturu (3 MW) and Wainikasou (6.5 MW)-
displace diesel generation
•Developed by Pacific Hydro and FEA
•Combine output: 35 GWh/year
•CDM registration : October 2005
•24,928 tonnes of CO2 reduction per year

42. THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE