2. Imagine a future in which a device connected to
your computer can print a solid object.
3. Additive manufacturing or 3D
printing is a process of making
three-dimensional solid objects
from a digital model.
Additive processes - laying down
successive layers of material
creates an object.
3 D Printers
4. General Principle
Virtual designs from
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Animation modeling software
Scanning using special techniques
Creates successive layers until the model is complete
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) process
The primary advantage to additive fabrication - ability to create
almost any shape or geometric feature
5. Selective Laser Sintering Thermoplastics, metals
powders, ceramic powders
Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) Almost any alloy metal
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) Thermoplastics, eutectic metals
Stereo lithography (SLA) Photopolymer
Laminated object
manufacturing (LOM)
Paper, foil, plastic film
Electron beam melting (EBM) Titanium alloys
Powder bed and inkjet head 3d
printing
Plaster-based 3D printing (PP)
Plaster, Colored Plaster
Various Technologies
6. Uses melting or softening material to produce the layers
• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
• Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Lay liquid materials that are cured with different technologies
• Stereo Lithography (SLA)
Thin layers are cut to shape and joined together (i.e. paper, polymer,
metal)
• Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
Methods Used In These
Technologies
7. Criteria For Usage
The main considerations :-
Speed
Cost of the printed prototype
Cost of the 3D Printer
Choice and Cost of materials used
Color Capabilities
8. Molten Polymer Deposition
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was
developed in the late 1980s and
commercialized in 1990.
Controlled by a Computer-Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) software package.
Stepper motors or servo motors are
typically employed to move the extrusion
head.
The molten polymer used is often
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS),
Polycarbonate (PC), Polylactic acid (PLA),
PC/ABS, Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), Ultem
9085 etc.
9. Molten Polymer Deposition
WORKING MECHANISM:
A plastic filament or metal wire is
unwound from a coil & supplies material
to an extrusion nozzle which can turn
the flow on and off.
Nozzle is heated to melt the material.
The model or part is produced by
extruding small beads of thermoplastic
material to form layers as the material
hardens immediately after extrusion
from the nozzle.
10.
11.
12. Photo Polymerization
Used to produce a solid part from
a liquid in Stereo Lithography
(SLA).
The Objet PolyJet system uses an
inkjet printer to spray
photopolymer materials in ultra-
thin layers (16 micron) layer by
layer onto a build tray until the
part is completed.
13.
14. Granular Materials Binding
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), using
metals as well as polymers (i.e. PA,
PA-GF, Rigid GF, PEEK, PS, Alumide,
Carbonmide, elastomers),
Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS).
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is a
similar type of additive
manufacturing technology for metal
parts (i.e. titanium alloys).
15. Jewellery
Footwear
Industrial design
Architecture Engineering and
Construction (AEC)
Automotive
Aerospace
Dental and Medical Industries
Education
Geographic Information Systems
Civil Engineering
Application
The technology finds use in the fields of :-
and many others
16. Reconstructing fossils in paleontology
Replicating ancient and priceless artifacts in archaeology
Reconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology
To create chemical compounds, including new ones
Smartphone as 3D scanner using mobile app
Application
17. Industrial uses Rapid prototyping
Rapid manufacturing
Domestic and hobbyist uses
Application
As far as we can imagine and
design
18.
19. Printers for domestic
use
Airwolf 3D
Fabbster
MakerBot Industries Thing-O-Matic
Ultimaker
Solidoodle 2
Shapercube
Mosaic
Prusa
Huxley
Afinia 3D printers
Rapid development of Open Source 3D printers
These printers include:-
20.
21. Research Prospective
Space manufacturing
Architecture
Online product purchase
3D printing will soon allow digital object storage and
transportation,
as well as personal manufacturing and very high levels of product
customization.
22. Astronauts will use 3d printing machines that can make any
object that astronauts need – even metal machine parts
NASA is already testing 'additive manufacturing' machines - 3D
printers that create objects layer by layer - in low-gravity parabolic
flights on Earth
Space Manufacturing
23.
24. Industrial Revolution 2.0
• London Design in the Victoria and Albert Museum
• The installation was called
Industrial Revolution 2.0: How the Material World
will Newly Materialize
25. ADVANTAGES
Digital object storage
Digital object delivery
More local manufacturing
Reduced Materials wastage
Increased customization
26. Conclusion
Three-dimensional printing makes it as cheap to create single items as it
is to produce thousands and thus undermines economies of sale.
It may have as profound an impact on the world as the coming of the
factory did.
Nobody could have predicted the impact of the
Printing Press in 1450
Steam Engine in 1750
Transistor in 1950
The technology is coming, and it is likely to disrupt every field it touches.
Notas del editor
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital model.3D printing is achieved using additive processes, where laying down successive layers of material creates an object.The technology also finds use in the fields of jewellery, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction (AEC), automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education, geographic information systems, civil engineering, and many others.Three-dimensional printing from digital designs will transform manufacturing and allow more people to start making things.
General Principles The use of additive manufacturing takes virtual designs from computer aided design (CAD), animation modeling software or even scanning using special techniques, transforms them into thin, virtual, horizontal cross-sections and then creates successive layers until the model is complete. It is a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You get) process where the virtual model and the physical model are almost identical. The primary advantage to additive fabrication is its ability to create almost any shape or geometric feature.
There are several technologies differing mainly in the way layers are built to create parts. Some melt or soften material to produce layers (SLS, FDM), while others lay liquid materials thermosets that are cured with different technologies. Lamination systems cut thin layers to shape and join them together.
FDM works using a plastic filament or metal wire which is unwound from a coil and supplies material to an extrusion nozzle which can turn the flow on and off. The nozzle is heated to melt the material and can be moved in both horizontal and vertical directions by a numerically controlled mechanism, directly controlled by a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software package. The model or part is produced by extruding small beads of thermoplastic material to form layers as the material hardens immediately after extrusion from the nozzle. Stepper motors or servo motors are typically employed to move the extrusion head. The molten polymer used is often Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Polycarbonate (PC), Polylactic acid (PLA), PC/ABS, Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), Ultem 9085 etc.
FDM works using a plastic filament or metal wire which is unwound from a coil and supplies material to an extrusion nozzle which can turn the flow on and off. The nozzle is heated to melt the material and can be moved in both horizontal and vertical directions by a numerically controlled mechanism, directly controlled by a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software package. The model or part is produced by extruding small beads of thermoplastic material to form layers as the material hardens immediately after extrusion from the nozzle. Stepper motors or servo motors are typically employed to move the extrusion head. The molten polymer used is often Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Polycarbonate (PC), Polylactic acid (PLA), PC/ABS, Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), Ultem 9085 etc.
Ultra-small features may be made by the 3D microfabrication technique of multiphotonphotopolymerization. In this approach, the desired 3D object is traced out in a block of gel by a focused laser. The gel is cured to a solid only in the places where the laser was focused, because of the nonlinear nature of photoexcitation, and then the remaining gel is washed away. Feature sizes of under 100 nm are easily produced, as well as complex structures such as moving and interlocked parts.
IIT Delhi has it….
A proof-of-principle project at the University of Glasgow, UK, in 2012 has shown that it is possible to use 3D printing techniques to create chemical compounds, including new ones. Even a smartphone can be used as 3D scanner: at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show, Sculpteo unveiled a mobile app that allows a 3D file to be generated directly with a smartphone.
Institutions for reseach prototypes
This rapid development of open source 3D printers is gaining interest in both the developed as well as the developing world as it enables both hyper-customization and the use of designs in the public domain to fabricate open source appropriate technology through conduits such as Thingiverse.
3D printing will soon allow digital object storage and transportation, as well as personal manufacturing and very high levels of product customization.
During the 2011 London Design Festival, an installation, curated by Murray Moss and focused on 3D Printing, took place in the Victoria and Albert Museum (the V&A). The installation was called Industrial Revolution 2.0:
It may have as profound an impact on the world as the coming of the factory did....Just as nobody could have predicted the impact of the steam engine in 1750—or The Printing Press in 1450, or the transistor in 1950—it is impossible to foresee the long-term impact of 3D printing. But the technology is coming, and it is likely to disrupt every field it touches.