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Chapter 12 Volcanoes
1.
Chapter 12 Volcanoes
Section 1: Volcanoes and Earth’s Moving Plates
2.
Volcano: opening
in Earth that erupts gases, ash, and lava.
3.
Volcanoes can kill
people, destroy property, and disrupt the environment.
4.
Lava and pyroclastic
flows can bury cities and towns in their paths.
5.
Sulfurous gases from
volcanoes can create acid rain, which can kill organisms and pollute water. Acid Rain Destruction
6.
Volcanoes form when
magma flows out of a surface opening called a vent; a steep-walled depression around the vent is called a crater.
7.
Volcanoes often form
where plates are moving together or moving apart.
8.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
is a divergent plate boundary that forms rifts through which lava can flow.
9.
At convergent plate
boundaries, volcanoes tend to erupt more violently than they do in other areas.
10.
At the boundary
between Earth’s mantle and core, unusually hot areas form hot spots, such as at the Hawaiian Islands.
11.
Section 2:
Types of Volcanoes
12.
The amount of
water vapor and other gases present is one factor that determines whether a volcanic eruption will be quiet or explosive.
13.
Gases can be
trapped in magma by pressure of surrounding magma and rock; eventually they cause an explosive eruption.
14.
Magma at convergent
plate boundaries can contain a lot of water vapor that can cause explosive eruptions.
15.
The composition of
magma is a second factor affecting the nature of a volcano’s eruption.
16.
Low-silica magma, called
basaltic, is fluid and produces a quiet, nonexplosive eruption.
17.
Pahoehoe lava runs
down the side of a volcano.
18.
Aa lava is
a stiff, slow moving lava.
19.
High-silica magma called
granitic and intermediate silica magma called andesitic produce explosive eruptions.
20.
Three types of
volcanoes form from the three types of lava.
21.
As quiet eruptions
of basaltic lava spread out in flat layers, they form a broad volcano with gently sloping sides called a shield volcano.
22.
As tephra (bits
of rocks or solidified lava) falls to the ground, it forms a steep-sided, loosely packed cinder cone volcano.
23.
Cinder Cone
24.
A composite volcano
forms from alternating layers of quiet lava and more explosive tephra.
25.
Section 3:
Igneous Rock Features
26.
Many intrusive igneous
features form underground and are later exposed.
27.
Batholiths: rock
bodies formed when magma bodies that are being forced upward from inside Earth cool slowly and solidify before reaching the surface.
28.
Dike –magma that
hardens after being forced into a crack cutting across rock;
29.
Sill-magma that hardens
after being forced into a crack parallel to rock layers.
30.
Volcanic neck forms
when the cone is eroded away, leaving the solid igneous core.
31.
Caldera –large depression
formed when the top of a volcano collapses.
32.
Weathering and erosion
wear down surface rock and expose igneous rock features.
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