3. “Motivational interviewing is a style of patient-centred counselling developed to facilitate change in health-related behaviours. The core principle of the approach is negotiation rather than conflict. In this article I review the historical development of motivational interviewing and give some of the theoretical underpinnings of the approach. I summarise the available evidence on its usefulness and discuss practical details of its implementation, using vignettes to illustrate particular techniques” (Treasure, J. 2004).
4. when a person feels that there is nothing that can be done about a serious health threat their defense mechanisms become active and they go into a state of denial to reduce the associated emotional arousal caused by them being aware of this threat. Protection Motivation Theory
5.
6. Empathy – Understanding the clients situation from their point of view. Develop Discrepancy – Try to uncover inconsistencies in the information the client is giving to you. Support will require you to encourage the client to identify these discrepancies and clarify goal setting towards desired change. Fundamental principles
16. Motivational interviewing is a collaborative, person-centered,evidence-based, guiding method of communication for enhancing and strengtheningintrinsic motivation for change.
17.
18. First developed in early 1980’s to work with problematic alcohol use Based on the understanding that signification people in one’s life can form the basis of motivation to change Origins
20. Was there a change agent (teacher, supervisor, counsellor, relative) who had a major positive influence on your life? What were their characteristics? What are some characteristics you believe a counsellor should have? Consider...
21. creative and imaginative shows awareness by not imposing personal concerns on a client has common sense and social intelligence shows respect for the client action orientated. Jarvis, Tebbutt and Mattick (1995) The ideal counsellor is..
22. Protection Motivation' theory, for example, proposes that people change a health risk behaviour when: (1) they perceive a serious and probable risk to their welfare, and (2) they perceive an available and efficacious course of action by which their risk can be reduced A review of PMT
24. Gorden (1990) listed 12 responses which block or inhibit two way conversations. He has called these roadblocks Ordering, directing or commanding Response: You need to stop drinking now. Warning or threatening Response: If you don't stop using heroin you will be dead within six months. Giving advice, making suggestions, or providing solutions Response: The best thing you can do is tell your mother that... Effective listening
25. Persuading with logic, arguing or lecturing Response: You may think that but experts tell us differently. Moralising or preaching Response: You must realise that you can not be a good mother when you are drinking like this. Disagreeing, judging, criticisingResponse: No matter how strong the cravings are there is no excuse for stealing. Agreeing, approving or praising Response: It is very hard for you, your father had a drink problem so naturally you drink heavily. Roadblocks
26. Shaming, ridiculing or labelling Response: Your children are suffering as a result of your drinking. Why won't you stop Interpreting or analysing. Response: It seems to me that your wife is behaving like that to get a reaction from you. Reassuring, sympathising or consoling Response: Don't worry we will sort everything out Inappropriate questioning Response: This may be a question that is not relevant to the intervention and thereby limiting client willingness to respond. Roadblocks cnt
29. The client questions consistency between personal values and current behavior. The counselor uses affirmations of the client's strengths and focuses on constructive efforts to change. Carl Rogers “unconditional positive regard” Client in contemplation stage ready to start developing discrepancy...in pre-contemplation need to continue developing awareness Developing discrepancy
30. Good reflective statements incorporate meaning with elements of the change dilemma. E.g. when the client says, "I do not think I have a drinking problem, but my wife does," the counselor responds with something like, "I understand you are not concerned about your drinking, but your wife is and this concerns you." Reflective statements, therefore, are the mainstay of a positive therapeutic relationship, allowing resistance to be acknowledged and diffused. Reflection
31. Begin with an opening/welcoming statement. Focus on one aspect of ambivalence. Ask about the positive/benefits of the client's substance use - ask the client to be specific, individualise the importance. Ask about the less good things: be specific individualise using reflection and amplified reflection probe to find out how the client feels (just because something is less good does not mean the client sees it as a problem). Checklist for MI interview
32. Summarise the positives and less positive aspects of behaviour - let the client hear the dilemma again. Ask about life goals: how the client sees himself/herself in a year if things work out well how he/she sees the future if he/she maintains current behaviour.
33. Ask the client to describe his/her good qualities through the eyes of a partner of friend. Then ask how the client would describe himself/herself as a user.
34. Ask for a decision, but remember, people can be in contemplation for a long time. They may not be ready to change. They may want to discuss things further, or they may want to remain the same. If so, investigate harm reduction strategies. They may want to make changes but don't know where to start or they feel there are barriers they need to overcome. If so you would assist them with problem solving and goal setting.
35. MET is a development of the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMC) (Prochaska et al., 1992), designed to help client’s build commitment and reach behavioral change Lambie & Sias (n.d.) Motivational enhancement therapy
36. MET has been thoroughly researched in the field of substance abuse with some research specific to adolescent substance abuse clients. Clients with substance abuse issues and adolescents often share the stereotypical characteristics of being resistant, challenging, and narcissistic (Lambie, 2004). MET
37. What changes would you most like totalk about? What have you noticed about . . .? How importantis it for you to change . . .? How confident do you feel aboutchanging . .? How do you see the benefits of . . .? Howdo you see the drawback of . . .? What will make the most senseto you? How might things be different if you . . .? In whatway . . .? Where does this leave you now? Top 10 useful questions
