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Changing family patterns
By the end of the topic you will be able to:-

 Identify key trends in marriage, divorce and
  cohabitation
 Outline the reasons for changes in family
  patterns
 Write   down what ‘divorce’ means to you…

 Decree   Nisi

 Decree   Absolute

 Separation
1. What has happened to the marriage rates since 1961?
2. What has happened to the divorce rates?
One of the most significant changes in the
family in Britain has been the increased
changes in the number of marriages and
divorces. The number of divorces rose from
27,000 in 1961 to around 171,000 by 1999 and
by the 1970's it has almost doubled. Britain
has the highest divorce rates in the European
Union. About 40% of new marriages today are
likely to end in divorce, and if present rates
continue, more than 1 in 4 children will
experience a parental divorce by the time they
are 16.
 In your ‘buzz groups’ create a mind map
  poster to provide explanations on why you
  think divorce rates have risen and marriages
  have fallen.
 Changes  in Law
 Declining stigma and changing attitudes
 Secularisation
 Rising expectations of marriage
 Changes in the position of women
 Divorce used to be extremely difficult to
  obtain in 19th century Britain, especially for
  women
 Gradually changes in law have made divorce
  easier
3 changes:
1. Equalising the grounds of divorce between
   the sexes
2. Widening the grounds of divorce
3. Making divorce cheaper
 When   this happened in 1923 there was a
  sharp rise in the number of women
  petitioning for divorce
 Similarly widening the grounds to
  ‘irretrievable breakdown’ in 1971 saw a
  sharp rise in the number of petitions, this
  doubled the divorce rate almost overnight!
 Desertion


 Legal   Separation

 ‘Empty   Shelf’
 Divorcees   have been stigmatised in the past

 This
     stigma has declined and divorce is now
 more socially acceptable
 The   decline of religious influence in society

 43%of people with ‘no religion’ were
 cohabiting compared with 17% of muslims in
 2001 census
   Functionalists such as Fletcher (1966) argue that
    higher expectations are now placed on marriage

   ‘Romantic Love’

   Functionalists are still optimistic about marriage –
    most people do it! People are not rejecting it as an
    institution

   However…. Too rosy a view?

   What would feminists argue about marriage?

   Why did people get married pre industrialisation??
 Activity


 What changes have occurred which could
 explain high divorces rate which reflect
 the above?
More likely to be
                                          in
                                     Paid work
       At work women
       feel valued, at
       home they feel
                                                                 Girls performing
       frustrated that
                                                                 better at school
      men still don’t do
         housework
      Hochschild (1997)




More arguments
                                       Changes
between spouses
now that women
       are                                                             Narrower pay gap
  In paid work
   (feminism)




                  Spouses have their
                    own separate                      Welfare state
                        wages
Perspective


The New Right     Divorce is undesirable because it undermines
                  the traditional nuclear family. Creates an
                  underclass of welfare state dependent single
                  mothers.
Feminists         It’s desirable because women are ‘breaking
                  free’ from patriarchal control!
Postmodernists    Gives individuals freedom to choose to end a
                  relationship because it no longer meets their
                  needs.
Functionalists    Does not necessarily prove that the institution
                  of marriage is under threat. It is simply a
                  result of peoples higher expectations of
                  marriage.
Interactionists   Aim to understand what divorce means to the
                  individual.
 As we saw earlier few        Explain….
  people are getting
  married
 But there are more
  re-marriages in 2005
  4/10 marriages were
  remarriages
 People marry later
  now
 Less likely to marry in
  church
 With the decline in marriages and increase in
  divorce rate more couples are ‘cohabiting’
 Living together in a sexual relationship but
  not married
 One  person household
 Same sex couples
 Living with parents


 For
    each of the above explain why the
 numbers have increased.
 Read
     the statistics in your booklet and
 answer the questions
 Read
     through the section on childbearing and
 answer the questions.
 Complete  and peer assess a range of short
  answer exam questions in order to recap
  changing family patterns.
 Outline a range of skills needed in order to
  complete essay questions successfully!
 Explain what is meant by the term ‘serial
  monogamy.’ (2)
 Suggest 2 reasons why so few lone parent
  families are headed by fathers (4)
 Identify 2 reasons why for the trend toward
  getting married later in life (4)
 Suggest 3 reasons for the increase in the
  number of divorces (6)

 Now   peer assess….
 Expand  on a point
‘for example’ ‘In addition’ ‘furthermore’
‘moreover’ ‘this is illustrated by’
 To evaluate
‘However’ ‘this is limited because’ ‘although’
 To use a contrasting perspective to evaluate
‘On the other hand’ ‘In contrast to’
1.   Always read the question carefully, think about the verb.
     What is it actually asking you to do? In most cases for a
     24 marks essay the verb will be either assess or
     examine. Before you start think about what the focus of
     the essay will be, read and use the item!
2.   Start off by referring back to the question to show the
     examiner you are attempting to answer it. Try to this at
     the start of each new paragraph.
3.   Use connectives to show the examiner you about to
     evaluate – and what does evaluate get you?! AO2!!!!
4.   Try to give examples, you also gain marks for
     ‘interpretation’ that means how you see something!! Can
     you make a valid point about it? Can you give your own
     example?
5.   Use Sociological concepts rather than everyday
     language, this gains you higher marks, however
     remember to explain them! This gets you even higher
     marks!

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Changing family patterns

  • 2. By the end of the topic you will be able to:-  Identify key trends in marriage, divorce and cohabitation  Outline the reasons for changes in family patterns
  • 3.  Write down what ‘divorce’ means to you…  Decree Nisi  Decree Absolute  Separation
  • 4. 1. What has happened to the marriage rates since 1961? 2. What has happened to the divorce rates?
  • 5. One of the most significant changes in the family in Britain has been the increased changes in the number of marriages and divorces. The number of divorces rose from 27,000 in 1961 to around 171,000 by 1999 and by the 1970's it has almost doubled. Britain has the highest divorce rates in the European Union. About 40% of new marriages today are likely to end in divorce, and if present rates continue, more than 1 in 4 children will experience a parental divorce by the time they are 16.
  • 6.  In your ‘buzz groups’ create a mind map poster to provide explanations on why you think divorce rates have risen and marriages have fallen.
  • 7.  Changes in Law  Declining stigma and changing attitudes  Secularisation  Rising expectations of marriage  Changes in the position of women
  • 8.  Divorce used to be extremely difficult to obtain in 19th century Britain, especially for women  Gradually changes in law have made divorce easier 3 changes: 1. Equalising the grounds of divorce between the sexes 2. Widening the grounds of divorce 3. Making divorce cheaper
  • 9.  When this happened in 1923 there was a sharp rise in the number of women petitioning for divorce  Similarly widening the grounds to ‘irretrievable breakdown’ in 1971 saw a sharp rise in the number of petitions, this doubled the divorce rate almost overnight!
  • 10.  Desertion  Legal Separation  ‘Empty Shelf’
  • 11.  Divorcees have been stigmatised in the past  This stigma has declined and divorce is now more socially acceptable
  • 12.  The decline of religious influence in society  43%of people with ‘no religion’ were cohabiting compared with 17% of muslims in 2001 census
  • 13. Functionalists such as Fletcher (1966) argue that higher expectations are now placed on marriage  ‘Romantic Love’  Functionalists are still optimistic about marriage – most people do it! People are not rejecting it as an institution  However…. Too rosy a view?  What would feminists argue about marriage?  Why did people get married pre industrialisation??
  • 14.  Activity  What changes have occurred which could explain high divorces rate which reflect the above?
  • 15. More likely to be in Paid work At work women feel valued, at home they feel Girls performing frustrated that better at school men still don’t do housework Hochschild (1997) More arguments Changes between spouses now that women are Narrower pay gap In paid work (feminism) Spouses have their own separate Welfare state wages
  • 16. Perspective The New Right Divorce is undesirable because it undermines the traditional nuclear family. Creates an underclass of welfare state dependent single mothers. Feminists It’s desirable because women are ‘breaking free’ from patriarchal control! Postmodernists Gives individuals freedom to choose to end a relationship because it no longer meets their needs. Functionalists Does not necessarily prove that the institution of marriage is under threat. It is simply a result of peoples higher expectations of marriage. Interactionists Aim to understand what divorce means to the individual.
  • 17.  As we saw earlier few  Explain…. people are getting married  But there are more re-marriages in 2005 4/10 marriages were remarriages  People marry later now  Less likely to marry in church
  • 18.  With the decline in marriages and increase in divorce rate more couples are ‘cohabiting’  Living together in a sexual relationship but not married
  • 19.  One person household  Same sex couples  Living with parents  For each of the above explain why the numbers have increased.
  • 20.  Read the statistics in your booklet and answer the questions
  • 21.  Read through the section on childbearing and answer the questions.
  • 22.  Complete and peer assess a range of short answer exam questions in order to recap changing family patterns.  Outline a range of skills needed in order to complete essay questions successfully!
  • 23.  Explain what is meant by the term ‘serial monogamy.’ (2)  Suggest 2 reasons why so few lone parent families are headed by fathers (4)  Identify 2 reasons why for the trend toward getting married later in life (4)  Suggest 3 reasons for the increase in the number of divorces (6)  Now peer assess….
  • 24.  Expand on a point ‘for example’ ‘In addition’ ‘furthermore’ ‘moreover’ ‘this is illustrated by’  To evaluate ‘However’ ‘this is limited because’ ‘although’  To use a contrasting perspective to evaluate ‘On the other hand’ ‘In contrast to’
  • 25. 1. Always read the question carefully, think about the verb. What is it actually asking you to do? In most cases for a 24 marks essay the verb will be either assess or examine. Before you start think about what the focus of the essay will be, read and use the item! 2. Start off by referring back to the question to show the examiner you are attempting to answer it. Try to this at the start of each new paragraph. 3. Use connectives to show the examiner you about to evaluate – and what does evaluate get you?! AO2!!!! 4. Try to give examples, you also gain marks for ‘interpretation’ that means how you see something!! Can you make a valid point about it? Can you give your own example? 5. Use Sociological concepts rather than everyday language, this gains you higher marks, however remember to explain them! This gets you even higher marks!