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- 1. “Native” Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing
- 2. • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498
- 3. • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west
- 4. • Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas
- 5. • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible
- 6. • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrific e • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier
- 8. • Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing
- 9. • Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel
- 10. • England supplants Spain – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond
- 12. England Colonizes in a Big Way • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit
- 13. • Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, Eur opean traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • “The Starving Time”
- 14. • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage
- 15. • Spread of the vile weed • Society of servants and ex-servants – Scattered settlements • Sometimes sold – Constant encroaching • Extended– legally • Labor force – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Indentured – Women no marriage • Lack of labor – Freedom dues • Poor, willing – Headright • Cheap, abundant • Wealthy gentry class • 2x or 3x pay – More land, more • Most migrants to workers Chesapeake – New arrivals in 1619 • Many premature deaths • Africans & wives?
- 16. • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self- government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self- government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
- 17. • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
- 18. • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce
- 19. • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving
- 20. • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant • Contract for a mission – “City Upon a Hill” • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, colle ge – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts
- 21. The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God
- 22. Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
- 23. • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock
- 24. Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan s. – Ergot
- 25. The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James
- 26. • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • “in the souls there is no sex”
- 27. • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crop – Eliza Lucas – VA influence
- 28. • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah
- 29. Governing the Colonies • Navigation Acts – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated list – Make money/ competition – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole • Admiralty Courts
- 30. • Crown attacks colony’s charters – Mass Bay – Dominion of New England • Under direct crown control • Land titles invalidated • Edmund Andros • Glorious Revolution – Mass Bay restored
- 31. – Leisler’s Rebellion – John Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – European diseases – North Carolina • Tuscarora – Many enslaved – 6th Nation
- 32. • South Carolina – Yamassee • Abuse (slavery) • Lands • Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese • Africans practiced violence – European didn’t have too – Xtianized them instead
- 33. – Triangular Trade • Products & trade basis of economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono • No overturn, no winning fight for freedom • Colonial Experiences – The Great Awakening • First Shared
- 34. – Religious Indifference • Convert non-believer • Revive piety – Revivals • Jonathan Edwards – “Sinners… • Religious Diversity • Enlightenment – Life, liberty, property • John Locke – Right of rebellion • Peter Zenger
- 35. – Religion • Deism • God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin • Poor Richard’s • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi
- 36. – No suppression Indians – Like European goods • Kept Spanish away • Wars with France – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European • Frontier towns attacked – Still need English prot. – King George’s War • Louisbourg – Colonists furious » Boston widows
- 37. • French/Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin
- 38. » Win Indians » Colonists meet annually » Refused by colony & crown • Independence – not enough, too much – General Braddock • Duquesne • Colonists refused • British feel colony bear responsibility • Indians side with French– less land hungry
- 39. – William Pitt • Better commanders – Local recruitment • Finance thoroughly, but… – Boon to colonial economy • Focus on NA not WI – Attack Quebec – Cripple colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe/Montcalm » Iroquois ally GB
- 40. – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land • England east, Spain west – Colonial hangover • Colonists – Military confidence – Colonists treated poorly » No promotions » Discipline brutal » Amateurs • British concerns – Am. Trade w/ enemy – Am. Headed west
- 41. • Pontiac’s Rebellion – Refused to surrender lands – British raised prices – Several Br. Forts attacked – Many lives – Germ warfare • Proclamation of 1763 – Keep peace – Soldiers stationed here
- 42. • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act • Sugar Act – Molasses Act – Rewards for capture
- 43. • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George
- 44. – Stamp Act Congress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver » Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned
- 45. • Boycott worked • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly
- 46. – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds
- 47. • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed • Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose
- 49. • Boston Tea Party – British East India Tea Co. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • “Intolerable” Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England
- 50. – 4. New Quartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
- 51. • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » “we must hang together…” – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75 – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock
- 52. – Boston under siege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax
- 53. • Ethan Allen • Canadian Invasion – Benedict Arnold • Common Sense – Thomas Paine • Hessian’s (unpopularity) • Fawkes Day – Need European support
- 54. • Independence needed – Richard Henry Lee – “These colonies…” • Adams, Franklin, Jeff • SC & GA edit – All men… – Life, liberty & – Government purpose to allow – Government derives power – If government fails to allow
- 55. • All signers… treason • All states write their own • Battle of New York – No pursuit – Desertion – The Crisis • British ad/disad – Army – 3000 miles – Re-conquer judiciously
- 56. • New Jersey – Delaware – Trenton – Princeton
- 57. • Americans – Good officers as well as bad – Home game – Women • Nurses • Domestic • Shurtleff • Pitcher
- 58. • Britain cuts off New Eng – Howe – Philadelphia • Brandywine • No accomplishment – Burgoyne – Saratoga • One of the biggest • French – Repossess – Fear reconcile • Home-rule
- 59. • Valley Forge – Baron von Steuben • War in the West – Joseph Brandt • Iroquois Alliance – George Rogers Clark – Indians mostly neutral to leaning British • War on the Sea – John Paul Jones
- 60. • Bonhomme Richard – Privateers • War in the South – Charleston/ Savannah • Put Tories in charge • African- Americans • Nathaniel Greene – We fight… – Guerrilla » Marion » Sumter » Further inland
- 61. • Yorktown – De Grasse – Cut their losses • Treaty of Paris
- 62. • State Constitutions – Governors – Bi-cameral – Limit voting rights • South “at least you…” – VA had bill of rights • Republican government – Elect reps – Weak central gov’t
- 63. • Articles of Confederation • Foreign affairs • Maintain army • Borrow • Issue currency – Could not • Regulate trade • Draft • Tax • Laws 9/13, amend 13/13 • No exec, no judiciary
- 64. • One vote per • Ratification problems – Western lands – 3/1781 – Accomplishments • Won war • Foreign affairs • New states • Land policy – Ordinance of 1785 • 1st independent source of revenue
- 65. • 6x6 • Education • Auction • Speculators • 640 for $1 each • Ordinance of 1787 – Northwest Territory – 3 to 5 (equal) states • 60,000 – Bill of Rights – No slavery but…
- 66. • Problems with Money – Soldiers wages – March on PHL – Paper worthless – Dept of Finance • Robert Morris • 5% imports – Denied (gov’t too powerful?)
- 67. • Post war depression – Rice crop – Farms confiscated – WI closed – Britain flooded states • Shays’ Rebellion – Mass broke – Tax farmers – Confiscate land – Shays marches to courts/ arsenal – A of C not strong enough
- 68. • Slavery – Immediate to gradual freedom – VA manumission – “All men…” • Quok Walker • South… not human • NJ • Const. Convention – Annapolis Conf.
- 69. – Madison/Hamilton • Change A of C– too weak • 55 delegates– lawyers – VA Plan • Bi-cameral • Pop. proportioned • Exec chosen by legis. – NJ Plan • Uni-cameral • Plural execs
- 70. • Great Compromise – Roger Sherman – Bi-cameral • House, Senate • 3/5 clause • Slavery till 1808 • 9 of 13 ratify • Ratification – Federalists/anti- Federalist • Fear distance power • Bill of Rights
- 71. – Delaware – New Hampshire – VA • Bill to be added – NY • Federalist Papers – Failure of A of C • First Election – Washington • Adams
- 72. • Dept of Treasury – Hamilton • State – Jefferson • War • “Cabinet” – Advisers • Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Ct. – John Jay
- 73. • Bill of Rights – Madison – 12-10 – No mention of who can vote • Financial problems – Hamilton • Tariff • South no – Report on Public Credit
- 74. – Fed debt at par • Speculators (wealthy) – Assumption • States have stake • South not happy • Washington D.C. • National Bank – Vault, loans, currency – Strict – Loose • Necessary and… • Political parties
- 75. • Whiskey Rebellion – Hamilton’s programs • 25% • Bartering • Serious threat • Nationalize PA militia • Frontier problems – Indians look to Eng./Sp. – Anthony Wayne • Fallen Timbers • Greenville – Ohio
- 76. • European problems – Revolution • Neutrality • Citizen Genet • Jefferson resigns • British impress – Jay’s Treaty • Hamilton’s role • Northwest • Pay for ships • Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.
- 77. • Freed slaves? • Executive privilege – Pinckney’s Treaty • Spain • Right of Deposit • Mississippi • Washington’s Farewell – Precedent – Party system – Alliances
- 78. • Election of 1796 – Adams – Jefferson – 71-68 – 12th Amendment • Adam’s presidency – Problems w/ France – XYZ Affair • Shipping • Talleyrand
- 79. – Undeclared war • Dept of Navy – Alien & Sedition Acts • Aimed at Republicans – 14 year • Sedition Act – KY & VA resolutions • Compact • Nullification