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Skeletal Physiology
WHAT IS THE GAME?
 The game is where our host goes on the streets
  and ask question to see what the people know.
  Some people know almost everything to the
  question while other can’t even get the
  slightest bit right.
 This episode is over skeletal physiology there
  are many different questions over this topic.
  Now lets get started. Lets see how many people
  can get these right.
LIST THE FOUR TYPES OF BONES AND GIVE
                  EXAMPLES OF EACH.
 Game host: You Sir, yes you, do you want to take part in our game called, What
does the Street know?
Sir: While yes I’d love to take part in this game.
Host: Alright then, this topic is over Anatomy. Can you list the four types of bones
and give examples of each?
Sir: Well I can tell you that there are Long bones and Short but on the other two I
am completely clueless.
Host: You are correct on two of them but can you name examples for the long and
short bones?
Sir: Well for Long bone I know for sure would be the femur. As for the short bone the
knee?
Host: Very good on the long bone yes. But for the Short bone it would be the wrist or
ankle bones.
Sir: Oh darn, well do you mind telling me the other two times of bones and
examples?
Host: Of course, the other two types of bones are Flat bones and irregular bones.
Examples for each would be Shoulder blades for flat and for irregular would be the
facial bones.
Sir: Yeah there would have been no way I would have ever got that right.
Host: Well thank you Sir for joining us on What Does the Street Know?
Presentation1
IDENTIFY THE SIX MAJOR STRUCTURES OF A
                    TYPICAL LONG BONE
Game host: Hello ma’am thank you for joining the game What Does the Street Know? Today
we are going to test your anatomy.
Ma’am: Oh no, guess I got to go way back to high school to see if I remember any of this.
But bring it on!
Host: That’s the sprit okay here we go, what are the six major structures of a typical long
bone?
Ma’am: well I know that an example of the long bone would be the tibia. Oh one major
structure would be the medullary cavity, which is where the marrow is in the bone.
Host: Very good that is one of the structures.
Ma’am: Also the Articular cartilage, which is cartilage that covers the joints on the bone.
The Epiphyses is also one it is one the ends of the long bone space for joints. But that is all
I can tell I have no idea what the other three would be.
Host: well Ma’am you have done wonderful! The other three are, diaphysis; which is used to
support weight, periosteum; which is where cells are forming and blood vessels are. And
last but no least Endosperm a thin membrane that lines medullary cavity.
Ma’am: well dang I would have got the last one right if I really thought about it. But thank
you for including me your game.
Host: No thank you for joining me today on the game What Does the Street Know.
Presentation1
IDENTIFY EACH OF THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF BONE AS A
TISSUE AND DISCUSS HOW STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
CONTRIBUTES TO FUNCTION.
Host: Do you know what the bone matrix is compromised of?
American: Inorganic salts and organic matrix.
Host: Yes!! Inorganic salts are the minerals in the bone. The
hardness of the bone results from the deposition of calcium and
phosphate through a process called calcification. Other minerals
found in the bone are magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and fluoride.
The organic matrix is compromised of collagenous fibers and
amorphous mixture of protein and polysaccharides called ground
substance. It supports the bone and provides adhesion between
cellular metabolic functions for growth, repair, and remodeling.
Chondroitin sulfate is a compound called glycosaminoglycan.
Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine work together to repair and
maintain bone and cartilage. The components help with strength
and add some plastic-like resistance to stress.
COMPONENTS OF A HAVERSIAN SYSTEM.

Me: What is the Haversian System?
American: Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and the haversian canal.
Me: Yes!!
Lamellae- Concentric, cylinder shaped layers of calcified matrix
Lacunae- small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells lie
imprisoned between the hard layers of the lamellae
Canaliculi- ultra small canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae
and connecting them to each other and into a larger canal, the
Haversian Canal
Haversian Canal- extends lengthwise through the center of each
haversian system; contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves from the Haversian canal; nutrients and oxygen move through
the canal to the lacunae and their bone cells- a short distance of about
.1 mm or less
HAVERSIAN SYSTEM
JOINTS OF THE BODY

Me: What are the 5 joints of the body?
Person: Uhm....the elbow, the leg, your neck, your
wrist, and your hip?
Me: Nope, they are the: Hinge, Ball and Socket,
Pivot, Saddle, and Gliding joints.
PIVOT JOINT
Me: What kind of joint is
this?
Person: A circle joint?
Me: No, it’s the pivot joint.
Do you know where it is
located?
Person: Pivot means
turn, so I’m guessing in
your neck?
Me: Right!!
HINGE JOINT
Me: Can you name this
joint of the body?
Person: Ball and Socket?
Me: No, it is actually the
Hinge joint.
Person: Oh, so like the
ones in your elbows?
Me: Exactly! Who taught
you that?
Person: Coach Gatlin
BALL AND SOCKET
Me: Where is the Ball and
Socket joint found in the
body?
Person: The Hip?
Me: Correct!! What kind
of movement does it
provide?
Person: Rotational
movement?
Me: Exactly!!
GLIDING JOINT
Me: Give me 2
examples of gliding
joints in the body?
Person: I don’t even
know what that is.
Me: A gliding joint is
one that glides in any
direction, for example
your wrist and ankles
SADDLE JOINT
Me: Can you tell me
where the only saddle
joint is in the body?
Person: uhm…your knee?
Me: That’s a good guess,
but no because even
though it acts like one, it
isn’t directly attached to
your bones.
Person: So where is it?
Me: In your thumb
QUESTION: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
     A BONE FRACTURE, AND A BREAK?
Answer: While many people believe that a
fracture is a "hairline break," or a certain type of
  broken bone, this is not true. A fracture and a
        broken bone are the same thing!
Both of these words mean that the normal bone
architecture has been disrupted. This does not
imply a certain type of treatment, but in general,
bones heal best when immobilized. Therefore
treatment often involves casting of the broken
bone (or fracture) and may require surgery to fix
the bone into place
THE STEPS OF BONE REPAIR
The fracture occurs
They are described by the direction of the fracture
Transverse- perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
Diagonal- caused by a force in the same direction as the long
axis of the bone
Longitudinal- along the long axis of the bone
Spiral- a twisting or winding fracture
By the relationship of the fragments
Displacement
Angulation
Shortening
rotation
THE STEPS OF BONE REPAIR CONT.
By the number of fragments
By the communication with the atmosphere
The formation of fracture hematoma (mass of clotted blood) at
fracture site. Tissure aroud the fracture site swells, very painful,
obvious inflammation, bone cells begin to die.
Callus formation
Note that the fibrocartilaginous callus serves to splint the
fracture.
3. Bony callus begins forming after 3 to 4 weeks after injury and is
prominent 2 to 3 months following the injury. Continued migration
and multiplying of osteoblasts and osteocytes results in the
fibrocartilaginous callus turning into a bony callus.
4. Remoldeling. Any excess material of the bony callus is removed
and compact bone is laid down in order to reconstruct the shaft.
Remoldeling is the final stage.
Bone remodeling complete
QUESTION: ARE BABIES BORN WITH ALL OF
THEIR BONES NEEDED IN ADULTHOOD?
Answer: No, a baby has partial bones, and the
rest of their skeletal structure is cartilage and
           other connective tissues.
Bone marrow- is a soft spongy tissue found inside the bones. The bone marrow
in the hips, breast bone, spine, ribs, and skull contain cells that produce the
body's blood cells. The bone marrow is responsible for the development and
storage of most of the body's blood cells.

Bone marrow transplantation- is a special therapy for patients with certain
cancers. A bone marrow transplant involves taking cells that are normally found
in the bone marrow (stem cells), filtering those cells, and giving them back
either to the patient or to another person. The goal of BMT is to transfuse
healthy bone marrow cells into a person after their own unhealthy bone marrow
has been eliminated.

Osteoporosis- a disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous,
brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral
components, sometimes resulting in pain, decreased height, and skeletal
deformities: common in older persons, primarily postmenopausal women, but
also associated with long-term steroid therapy and certain endocrine disorders.
The epiphyseal plate is an area at the long end of the bone which
contains growing bone. As people develop, the bone grows longer as a
result of activity inside the epiphyseal plate, allowing them to grow taller.
These growth plates permit growth after birth, allowing the long bones of
the body to extend as someone reaches maturity. It’s because they are
still growing.

Skeletal framework- Beginning at around age 35 in both men and
women, calcium is lost and bones become less dense. This can result in
osteoporosis and a reduction of weight bearing capacity, leading to the
possibility of spontaneous fracture. Thinning of the vertebrae also
results in a reduction in height. In addition, the vertebrae calcify,
resulting in postural changes and increasing rigidity, making bending
difficult. The joints also undergo changes.

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Presentation1

  • 2. WHAT IS THE GAME?  The game is where our host goes on the streets and ask question to see what the people know. Some people know almost everything to the question while other can’t even get the slightest bit right.  This episode is over skeletal physiology there are many different questions over this topic. Now lets get started. Lets see how many people can get these right.
  • 3. LIST THE FOUR TYPES OF BONES AND GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH. Game host: You Sir, yes you, do you want to take part in our game called, What does the Street know? Sir: While yes I’d love to take part in this game. Host: Alright then, this topic is over Anatomy. Can you list the four types of bones and give examples of each? Sir: Well I can tell you that there are Long bones and Short but on the other two I am completely clueless. Host: You are correct on two of them but can you name examples for the long and short bones? Sir: Well for Long bone I know for sure would be the femur. As for the short bone the knee? Host: Very good on the long bone yes. But for the Short bone it would be the wrist or ankle bones. Sir: Oh darn, well do you mind telling me the other two times of bones and examples? Host: Of course, the other two types of bones are Flat bones and irregular bones. Examples for each would be Shoulder blades for flat and for irregular would be the facial bones. Sir: Yeah there would have been no way I would have ever got that right. Host: Well thank you Sir for joining us on What Does the Street Know?
  • 5. IDENTIFY THE SIX MAJOR STRUCTURES OF A TYPICAL LONG BONE Game host: Hello ma’am thank you for joining the game What Does the Street Know? Today we are going to test your anatomy. Ma’am: Oh no, guess I got to go way back to high school to see if I remember any of this. But bring it on! Host: That’s the sprit okay here we go, what are the six major structures of a typical long bone? Ma’am: well I know that an example of the long bone would be the tibia. Oh one major structure would be the medullary cavity, which is where the marrow is in the bone. Host: Very good that is one of the structures. Ma’am: Also the Articular cartilage, which is cartilage that covers the joints on the bone. The Epiphyses is also one it is one the ends of the long bone space for joints. But that is all I can tell I have no idea what the other three would be. Host: well Ma’am you have done wonderful! The other three are, diaphysis; which is used to support weight, periosteum; which is where cells are forming and blood vessels are. And last but no least Endosperm a thin membrane that lines medullary cavity. Ma’am: well dang I would have got the last one right if I really thought about it. But thank you for including me your game. Host: No thank you for joining me today on the game What Does the Street Know.
  • 7. IDENTIFY EACH OF THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF BONE AS A TISSUE AND DISCUSS HOW STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION CONTRIBUTES TO FUNCTION. Host: Do you know what the bone matrix is compromised of? American: Inorganic salts and organic matrix. Host: Yes!! Inorganic salts are the minerals in the bone. The hardness of the bone results from the deposition of calcium and phosphate through a process called calcification. Other minerals found in the bone are magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and fluoride. The organic matrix is compromised of collagenous fibers and amorphous mixture of protein and polysaccharides called ground substance. It supports the bone and provides adhesion between cellular metabolic functions for growth, repair, and remodeling. Chondroitin sulfate is a compound called glycosaminoglycan. Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine work together to repair and maintain bone and cartilage. The components help with strength and add some plastic-like resistance to stress.
  • 8. COMPONENTS OF A HAVERSIAN SYSTEM. Me: What is the Haversian System? American: Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and the haversian canal. Me: Yes!! Lamellae- Concentric, cylinder shaped layers of calcified matrix Lacunae- small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells lie imprisoned between the hard layers of the lamellae Canaliculi- ultra small canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and into a larger canal, the Haversian Canal Haversian Canal- extends lengthwise through the center of each haversian system; contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the Haversian canal; nutrients and oxygen move through the canal to the lacunae and their bone cells- a short distance of about .1 mm or less
  • 10. JOINTS OF THE BODY Me: What are the 5 joints of the body? Person: Uhm....the elbow, the leg, your neck, your wrist, and your hip? Me: Nope, they are the: Hinge, Ball and Socket, Pivot, Saddle, and Gliding joints.
  • 11. PIVOT JOINT Me: What kind of joint is this? Person: A circle joint? Me: No, it’s the pivot joint. Do you know where it is located? Person: Pivot means turn, so I’m guessing in your neck? Me: Right!!
  • 12. HINGE JOINT Me: Can you name this joint of the body? Person: Ball and Socket? Me: No, it is actually the Hinge joint. Person: Oh, so like the ones in your elbows? Me: Exactly! Who taught you that? Person: Coach Gatlin
  • 13. BALL AND SOCKET Me: Where is the Ball and Socket joint found in the body? Person: The Hip? Me: Correct!! What kind of movement does it provide? Person: Rotational movement? Me: Exactly!!
  • 14. GLIDING JOINT Me: Give me 2 examples of gliding joints in the body? Person: I don’t even know what that is. Me: A gliding joint is one that glides in any direction, for example your wrist and ankles
  • 15. SADDLE JOINT Me: Can you tell me where the only saddle joint is in the body? Person: uhm…your knee? Me: That’s a good guess, but no because even though it acts like one, it isn’t directly attached to your bones. Person: So where is it? Me: In your thumb
  • 16. QUESTION: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BONE FRACTURE, AND A BREAK?
  • 17. Answer: While many people believe that a fracture is a "hairline break," or a certain type of broken bone, this is not true. A fracture and a broken bone are the same thing!
  • 18. Both of these words mean that the normal bone architecture has been disrupted. This does not imply a certain type of treatment, but in general, bones heal best when immobilized. Therefore treatment often involves casting of the broken bone (or fracture) and may require surgery to fix the bone into place
  • 19. THE STEPS OF BONE REPAIR The fracture occurs They are described by the direction of the fracture Transverse- perpendicular to the long axis of the bone Diagonal- caused by a force in the same direction as the long axis of the bone Longitudinal- along the long axis of the bone Spiral- a twisting or winding fracture By the relationship of the fragments Displacement Angulation Shortening rotation
  • 20. THE STEPS OF BONE REPAIR CONT. By the number of fragments By the communication with the atmosphere The formation of fracture hematoma (mass of clotted blood) at fracture site. Tissure aroud the fracture site swells, very painful, obvious inflammation, bone cells begin to die. Callus formation Note that the fibrocartilaginous callus serves to splint the fracture. 3. Bony callus begins forming after 3 to 4 weeks after injury and is prominent 2 to 3 months following the injury. Continued migration and multiplying of osteoblasts and osteocytes results in the fibrocartilaginous callus turning into a bony callus. 4. Remoldeling. Any excess material of the bony callus is removed and compact bone is laid down in order to reconstruct the shaft. Remoldeling is the final stage. Bone remodeling complete
  • 21. QUESTION: ARE BABIES BORN WITH ALL OF THEIR BONES NEEDED IN ADULTHOOD?
  • 22. Answer: No, a baby has partial bones, and the rest of their skeletal structure is cartilage and other connective tissues.
  • 23. Bone marrow- is a soft spongy tissue found inside the bones. The bone marrow in the hips, breast bone, spine, ribs, and skull contain cells that produce the body's blood cells. The bone marrow is responsible for the development and storage of most of the body's blood cells. Bone marrow transplantation- is a special therapy for patients with certain cancers. A bone marrow transplant involves taking cells that are normally found in the bone marrow (stem cells), filtering those cells, and giving them back either to the patient or to another person. The goal of BMT is to transfuse healthy bone marrow cells into a person after their own unhealthy bone marrow has been eliminated. Osteoporosis- a disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components, sometimes resulting in pain, decreased height, and skeletal deformities: common in older persons, primarily postmenopausal women, but also associated with long-term steroid therapy and certain endocrine disorders.
  • 24. The epiphyseal plate is an area at the long end of the bone which contains growing bone. As people develop, the bone grows longer as a result of activity inside the epiphyseal plate, allowing them to grow taller. These growth plates permit growth after birth, allowing the long bones of the body to extend as someone reaches maturity. It’s because they are still growing. Skeletal framework- Beginning at around age 35 in both men and women, calcium is lost and bones become less dense. This can result in osteoporosis and a reduction of weight bearing capacity, leading to the possibility of spontaneous fracture. Thinning of the vertebrae also results in a reduction in height. In addition, the vertebrae calcify, resulting in postural changes and increasing rigidity, making bending difficult. The joints also undergo changes.