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Chapter 15 Lecture Outline Air, Weather, and Climate
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Atmosphere is a Complex System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mean atmospheric water vapor
The Zones of the Atmosphere ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Zones of the Atmosphere ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Atmosphere and Climate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Aurora Borealis : a natural light display in the sky particularly in the high latitude regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere.
 
The atmosphere is divided into five layers. It is thickest near the surface and thins out with height until it eventually merges with space.  1) The  troposphere  is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. Weather occurs in this layer.   2) Many jet aircrafts fly in the  stratosphere  because it is very stable. Also, the ozone layer absorbs harmful rays from the Sun.   3) Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the  mesosphere .   4) The  thermosphere  is a layer with auroras. It is also where the space shuttle orbits.   5) The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin  exosphere . This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.  http://www.theozonehole.com/atmosphere.htm
The Ozone Hole October 15,2011 NOAA Antarctic Ozone Hole Reaches Annual Maximum At 25 million square kilometers (about 9.7 million square miles), the ozone hole over the South Pole reached its maximum annual size on September 14, 2011. This year’s hole was the 5th largest on record, as documented by the SBUV/2 sensor on board the NOAA POES spacecrafts.
Absorbed Solar Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Absorbed vs. Reflected Solar Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Energy and the Greenhouse Effect ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Greenhouse Effect ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Convection and Atmospheric Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Convection Currents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Circulation Patterns
Weather Events Follow General Patterns ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Coriolis Effect Makes Winds Curve ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Coriolis Effect ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Jet Streams ,[object Object]
Ocean Currents Modify Weather ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Billions of People Rely on Seasonal Rains ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summer Monsoons in India
Frontal Systems Create Local Weather ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Cyclonic Storms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hurricane Wilma October 20, 2005
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Source Areas
Pattern of Movement
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Cyclonic Storms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cyclonic Storms Katrina August 28, 2005
Natural Climate Variability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Greenland Ice Core Project
Major Climatic Changes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Historical Climate Changes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Jaeger Snee-Hunters in the Snow 1563
Earth’s Movements Explain Some Cycles ,[object Object]
ENSO is an Ocean/Atmosphere Cycle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ENSO ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ENSO Affects North America ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multi-Decade Oscillations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Recent Changes are Unusually Rapid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CO 2  Measurements from Mauna Loa
The IPCC Provides Data to Policy Makers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Affects of Global Warming ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
2005 Heat Wave
Projected Sea Level Rises by 2100
How Do We Know it is Human Caused? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Climate Models vs. Observed Climate Change
CO 2  is the Most Important Green House Gas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Warming Ability of Various Green House Gases
Contributors to Global Warming
Climate Change Effects:  Why Should I Care? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Observations of Climate Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Observations of Climate Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
For the first time, data from ESA’s CryoSat mission have been used to map the height of the ice sheet that blankets Antarctica. The preliminary data used here are from February and March 2011. More data still need to be collected to study the ice sheet in detail. Nevertheless, CryoSat's ability to map the edges of the ice sheet is demonstrated by the detail that can be seen of the flow from east Antarctica onto the Ronne-Filchner ice shelf in the west. Orbiting closer to the poles than other Earth observation missions, CryoSat offers additional coverage. The outer white circle represents the limits of earlier missions and the inner circle shows that CryoSat is collecting data up 88° latitude. Credits: CPOM/UCL/ESA/Planetary Visions
Observations of Climate Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Observations of Climate Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Spike In Ocean Temperatures Causes Coral Bleaching off Indonesia
Global Warming will be Expensive ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4 Steps For Combating Climate Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flooding, Storms and Disease ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Envisioning Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2 Main Options for Controlling Emissions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cap and Trade ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Table of Stabilization Wedges
Alternative Practices Can Be Important ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Carbon Capture and Storage
Should We Focus on Methane Instead? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Regional Initiatives Are Emerging ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conservation and Renewable Energy  Offer the Best Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Ch 15 ed

  • 1. Chapter 15 Lecture Outline Air, Weather, and Climate
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  • 7. Aurora Borealis : a natural light display in the sky particularly in the high latitude regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere.
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  • 9. The atmosphere is divided into five layers. It is thickest near the surface and thins out with height until it eventually merges with space. 1) The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. Weather occurs in this layer.  2) Many jet aircrafts fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable. Also, the ozone layer absorbs harmful rays from the Sun.  3) Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere .  4) The thermosphere is a layer with auroras. It is also where the space shuttle orbits.  5) The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere . This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. http://www.theozonehole.com/atmosphere.htm
  • 10. The Ozone Hole October 15,2011 NOAA Antarctic Ozone Hole Reaches Annual Maximum At 25 million square kilometers (about 9.7 million square miles), the ozone hole over the South Pole reached its maximum annual size on September 14, 2011. This year’s hole was the 5th largest on record, as documented by the SBUV/2 sensor on board the NOAA POES spacecrafts.
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  • 37. Cyclonic Storms Katrina August 28, 2005
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  • 48. CO 2 Measurements from Mauna Loa
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  • 53. Projected Sea Level Rises by 2100
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  • 55. Climate Models vs. Observed Climate Change
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  • 57. Warming Ability of Various Green House Gases
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  • 62. For the first time, data from ESA’s CryoSat mission have been used to map the height of the ice sheet that blankets Antarctica. The preliminary data used here are from February and March 2011. More data still need to be collected to study the ice sheet in detail. Nevertheless, CryoSat's ability to map the edges of the ice sheet is demonstrated by the detail that can be seen of the flow from east Antarctica onto the Ronne-Filchner ice shelf in the west. Orbiting closer to the poles than other Earth observation missions, CryoSat offers additional coverage. The outer white circle represents the limits of earlier missions and the inner circle shows that CryoSat is collecting data up 88° latitude. Credits: CPOM/UCL/ESA/Planetary Visions
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