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Object 2
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                            ATC-IBARRA




                CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

We have 4 conditional cases:
      zero conditional
      First conditional
      Second conditional and
      Third conditional
      Zero conditional




2
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                      ATC-IBARRA




               GRAMMAR RULES WITH EXAMPLES
There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language.
Examples:
The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains.
The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late.
The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the
airport.
The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her.

     The zero conditional
The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the
same meaning as when or whenever.
Example:
If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the
same time.)
If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you
park illegally, you pay a fine.)

We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if
clauses.


     The first conditional


The first conditional sentences are used
to speculate about possible situations that
can really happen at present or in future.
We do not use will in an if clause to
describe future activities (compare it to time clauses).
Examples:
If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams.
 If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time.
 If you don't get the ticket, what will you do?


3
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                     ATC-IBARRA



We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will +
bare infinitive.


     The second conditional

In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will
probably never happen at present or in future.
Example:
If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't
help you).
If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it
is not realistic.)

We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would +
bare infinitive.

Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause.

If I were rich, I wouldn't work.
If he were younger, he would marry her.
(But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work.
If he was younger, he would marry her.)
But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual
than was.)


     Compare the first conditional with the
      second
The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is
about probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is
unrealistic.
Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning.
If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the
same school.)
If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.)
If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.)
If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your
help.)

Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional


4
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                    ATC-IBARRA

to make it clear that the situation is real or unreal.
If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation)
If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal
situation - I am not from your country.)

     Other forms

Apart from the basic structures (if+ the present simple + will and if + the past
simple + would), we can also make different combinations.
Examples - type 1:
If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill.
If you are feeling tired, take a rest:
If he is a good skier, he might make it.
If you want to be slim, you should eat less.
If you meet her, could you let me know?


Examples - type 2:
If I knew his address, I might go and see him.
If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now.
Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be
more interesting.




     The third conditional




The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about
situations that happened or did not happen in the past.
Examples:
If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't
win anything.)
If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.)
If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and
won.)
We make if clauses with if+ past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect
infinitive (have + past participle).
But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences.
We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have
bought the house.

5
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                      ATC-IBARRA

She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I
would have been sitting next to her
I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the
trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off the bike.


     The mixed conditionals


In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third
conditional.
If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately
and isn't here.)
If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't
study and I am a porter.)
If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would
get lost now. (We told him and he isn't lost.)




     The inverted conditionals

We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if
clause.
Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had
booked ... )
Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were ... )
This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing.

Note
If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are
also possible.
even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case
Examples
You will leave tonight even if you don't want to.
You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy.
We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash.
You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words.
Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... )


6
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                     ATC-IBARRA




                                           Exercise 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a
Conditional sentence - type I. Only use the will-future
in the main clauses.

Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting
film.

Answer: If I go to the cinema, I will watch an interesting film.




7
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                 ATC-IBARRA




1) If I            (to study), I               (to pass) the exams.
2) If the sun             (to shine), we               (to walk) to the town.
3) If he             (to have) a temperature, he                  (to see) the
doctor.
4) If my friends             (to come), I               (to be) very happy.
5) If she             (to earn) a lot of money, she                (to fly) to
New York.
6) If we             (to travel) to London, we                 (to visit) the
museums.
7) If you               (to wear) sandals in the mountains, you
(to slip) on the rocks.
8) If Rita             (to forget) her homework, the teacher
(to give) her a low mark.
9) If they             (to go) to the disco, they               (to listen) to
loud music.
10) If you             (to wait) a minute, I              (to ask) my
parents.




                            EXERCISE 2


Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a
Conditional sentence - type II.
Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an
interesting film.

Answer: If I went to the cinema, I would watch an interesting film.



8
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                                                 ATC-IBARRA

1) If I (to come) home earlier, I (to prepare) dinner.
...........................................................................................................
2) If we (to live) in Rome, Francesco (to visit) us.
...........................................................................................................
.
3) If Tim and Tom (to be) older, they (to play) in our hockey team.
...........................................................................................................
4) If he (to be) my friend, I (to invite) him to my birthday party.
..........................................................................................................
5) If Susan (to study) harder, she (to be) better at school.
..........................................................................................................
6) If they (to have) enough money, they (to buy) a new car.
..........................................................................................................
7) If you (to do) a paper round, you (to earn) a little extra money.
..........................................................................................................
8) If Michael (to get) more pocket money, he (to ask) Doris out for
 dinner.
.........................................................................................................
9) If we (to hurry), we (to catch) the bus.
..........................................................................................................
10) If it (to rain), Nina (to take) an umbrella with her.
...........................................................................................................




                                             EXERCISE 3
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a
Conditional sentence - type III.
Example: If I _______ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an
interesting film.

Answer: If I had gone to the cinema, I would have watched an interesting
film.

1) If the weather (to be) nice, they (to play) football.
..................................................................................................
2) If we (to go) to a good restaurant, we (to have) a better
dinner.

9
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                                                 ATC-IBARRA

.................................................................................................
3) If John (to learn) more words, he (to write) a good report.
..................................................................................................
4) If the boys (to take) the bus to school, they (to arrive) on
time.
.................................................................................................
5) If the teacher (to explain) the homework, I (to do) it.

..................................................................................................
6) If they (to wait) for another 10 minutes, they (to see) the
pop star.
..................................................................................................
7) If the police (to come) earlier, they (to arrest) the burglar.
..................................................................................................
8) If you (to buy) fresh green vegetable, your salad (to taste)
better.
..................................................................................................
9) If Alex (to ask) me, I (to email) the documents.
..................................................................................................
10) If he (to speak) more slowy, Peggy (to understand) him.
..................................................................................................




SUMMARY

Zero conditional               First conditional               Second conditional Third conditional
If clause Result               If clause Result                If clause Result               If clause Result
          clause                         clause                          clause                         clause
Simple          Simple         Simple          Will + V Past                  Would+          Past       Would +
Present         Present        present                  simple                verb            perfect    have+
                                                                                                         Vpp
If I don't water the           If I study hard , I             If I had time , I              If I had had money,
plants, they die.              will have good                  would do exercises             I would have
                               grades                                                         travelled around
                                                                                              the world.
If I take out the fish If I eat well. I will                   If I obveyed my                If I had studied, I
from the water .       have good health                        parents, I wouldn't            wouldn't have lost
They die.                                                      have problems.                 the year


10
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                        ATC-IBARRA


http://www.e-grammar.org/if-clauses/test1-exercise4/




C o n ditio n al s Q uiz


Fill in the blanks using the most
appropriate conditional type.
     1. If he (have)                        more time, he (finish)
                            decorating the baby's room before she was
     born.

     2. Both parents and teachers (feel)                                pleased if
     students studied harder and got higher grades.

     3. Even if I (do)                         well on the test tomorrow, I
     don't think I (pass)                           , for the teacher
     underevaluates my papers.

     4. If the United Nations (stop)                  the war
     between the two countries beforehand, today, so many children and
     the old (suffer)                             from hunger and cold.

     5. I overate last night, so I couldn't sleep well. If I (eat)
                                so much, I (have)
                                   a sweet sleep.

     6. (Be)                      I in your shoes now, I (choose)
                         to decline this offer.

     7. But for Kevin's assistance, we (complete)
                                  our term paper in time.

     8. No one can succeed anything unless s/he really (resolve)


11
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                     ATC-IBARRA


                            to do it.

     9. If you (forget)                           to take the compass, we
     (be)                        lost now.

     10. As long as your company (assure)                              our
     success in marketing, we (continue)                             doing
     business with you.

     11. I wouldn't be so upset if you (invite)                       me to
     your birthday party last Wednesday.

     12. You can use my dictionary on condition that you (promise)
                           to bring it back tonight.

     13. All this calamity (happen)                              if they (cut)
                              most of the trees in that area.

     14. I (take)                  some cash with me in case I
     exceeded my credit card limit.

     15. Only if George apologizes to Mary,
     forgive him.




12
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                                                                                                          ATC-IBARRA




Índice de contenido
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.....................................................................................2
GRAMMAR RULES WITH EXAMPLES....................................................................3
The zero conditional........................................................................................................3
 The first conditional.......................................................................................................3
 The second conditional..................................................................................................4
Compare the first conditional with the second ...............................................................4
Other forms.....................................................................................................................5
The third conditional.......................................................................................................5
The mixed conditionals...................................................................................................6
The inverted conditionals................................................................................................6
Note.................................................................................................................................6
Exercise 1........................................................................................................................7
EXERCISE 2...................................................................................................................8
EXERCISE 3..................................................................................................................9
SUMMARY..................................................................................................................10
Conditionals Quiz
.......................................................................................................................................11




13
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
                ATC-IBARRA




14

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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (RULES AND EXERCISES)

  • 2. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA CONDITIONAL SENTENCES We have 4 conditional cases: zero conditional First conditional Second conditional and Third conditional Zero conditional 2
  • 3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA GRAMMAR RULES WITH EXAMPLES There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language. Examples: The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains. The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late. The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the airport. The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her.  The zero conditional The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same meaning as when or whenever. Example: If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.) If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.) We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses.  The first conditional The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at present or in future. We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses). Examples: If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the ticket, what will you do? 3
  • 4. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive.  The second conditional In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present or in future. Example: If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you). If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.) We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive. Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause. If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her. (But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.) But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.)  Compare the first conditional with the second The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is about probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is unrealistic. Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning. If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the same school.) If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.) If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.) If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your help.) Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional 4
  • 5. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA to make it clear that the situation is real or unreal. If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation) If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I am not from your country.)  Other forms Apart from the basic structures (if+ the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make different combinations. Examples - type 1: If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill. If you are feeling tired, take a rest: If he is a good skier, he might make it. If you want to be slim, you should eat less. If you meet her, could you let me know? Examples - type 2: If I knew his address, I might go and see him. If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now. Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting.  The third conditional The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did not happen in the past. Examples: If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.) If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.) If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.) We make if clauses with if+ past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle). But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences. We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house. 5
  • 6. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next to her I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off the bike.  The mixed conditionals In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional. If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.) If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.) If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he isn't lost.)  The inverted conditionals We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if clause. Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had booked ... ) Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were ... ) This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing. Note If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible. even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case Examples You will leave tonight even if you don't want to. You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy. We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash. You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words. Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... ) 6
  • 7. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I. Only use the will-future in the main clauses. Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film. Answer: If I go to the cinema, I will watch an interesting film. 7
  • 8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA 1) If I (to study), I (to pass) the exams. 2) If the sun (to shine), we (to walk) to the town. 3) If he (to have) a temperature, he (to see) the doctor. 4) If my friends (to come), I (to be) very happy. 5) If she (to earn) a lot of money, she (to fly) to New York. 6) If we (to travel) to London, we (to visit) the museums. 7) If you (to wear) sandals in the mountains, you (to slip) on the rocks. 8) If Rita (to forget) her homework, the teacher (to give) her a low mark. 9) If they (to go) to the disco, they (to listen) to loud music. 10) If you (to wait) a minute, I (to ask) my parents. EXERCISE 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type II. Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film. Answer: If I went to the cinema, I would watch an interesting film. 8
  • 9. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA 1) If I (to come) home earlier, I (to prepare) dinner. ........................................................................................................... 2) If we (to live) in Rome, Francesco (to visit) us. ........................................................................................................... . 3) If Tim and Tom (to be) older, they (to play) in our hockey team. ........................................................................................................... 4) If he (to be) my friend, I (to invite) him to my birthday party. .......................................................................................................... 5) If Susan (to study) harder, she (to be) better at school. .......................................................................................................... 6) If they (to have) enough money, they (to buy) a new car. .......................................................................................................... 7) If you (to do) a paper round, you (to earn) a little extra money. .......................................................................................................... 8) If Michael (to get) more pocket money, he (to ask) Doris out for dinner. ......................................................................................................... 9) If we (to hurry), we (to catch) the bus. .......................................................................................................... 10) If it (to rain), Nina (to take) an umbrella with her. ........................................................................................................... EXERCISE 3 Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III. Example: If I _______ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film. Answer: If I had gone to the cinema, I would have watched an interesting film. 1) If the weather (to be) nice, they (to play) football. .................................................................................................. 2) If we (to go) to a good restaurant, we (to have) a better dinner. 9
  • 10. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA ................................................................................................. 3) If John (to learn) more words, he (to write) a good report. .................................................................................................. 4) If the boys (to take) the bus to school, they (to arrive) on time. ................................................................................................. 5) If the teacher (to explain) the homework, I (to do) it. .................................................................................................. 6) If they (to wait) for another 10 minutes, they (to see) the pop star. .................................................................................................. 7) If the police (to come) earlier, they (to arrest) the burglar. .................................................................................................. 8) If you (to buy) fresh green vegetable, your salad (to taste) better. .................................................................................................. 9) If Alex (to ask) me, I (to email) the documents. .................................................................................................. 10) If he (to speak) more slowy, Peggy (to understand) him. .................................................................................................. SUMMARY Zero conditional First conditional Second conditional Third conditional If clause Result If clause Result If clause Result If clause Result clause clause clause clause Simple Simple Simple Will + V Past Would+ Past Would + Present Present present simple verb perfect have+ Vpp If I don't water the If I study hard , I If I had time , I If I had had money, plants, they die. will have good would do exercises I would have grades travelled around the world. If I take out the fish If I eat well. I will If I obveyed my If I had studied, I from the water . have good health parents, I wouldn't wouldn't have lost They die. have problems. the year 10
  • 11. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA http://www.e-grammar.org/if-clauses/test1-exercise4/ C o n ditio n al s Q uiz Fill in the blanks using the most appropriate conditional type. 1. If he (have) more time, he (finish) decorating the baby's room before she was born. 2. Both parents and teachers (feel) pleased if students studied harder and got higher grades. 3. Even if I (do) well on the test tomorrow, I don't think I (pass) , for the teacher underevaluates my papers. 4. If the United Nations (stop) the war between the two countries beforehand, today, so many children and the old (suffer) from hunger and cold. 5. I overate last night, so I couldn't sleep well. If I (eat) so much, I (have) a sweet sleep. 6. (Be) I in your shoes now, I (choose) to decline this offer. 7. But for Kevin's assistance, we (complete) our term paper in time. 8. No one can succeed anything unless s/he really (resolve) 11
  • 12. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA to do it. 9. If you (forget) to take the compass, we (be) lost now. 10. As long as your company (assure) our success in marketing, we (continue) doing business with you. 11. I wouldn't be so upset if you (invite) me to your birthday party last Wednesday. 12. You can use my dictionary on condition that you (promise) to bring it back tonight. 13. All this calamity (happen) if they (cut) most of the trees in that area. 14. I (take) some cash with me in case I exceeded my credit card limit. 15. Only if George apologizes to Mary, forgive him. 12
  • 13. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA Índice de contenido CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.....................................................................................2 GRAMMAR RULES WITH EXAMPLES....................................................................3 The zero conditional........................................................................................................3 The first conditional.......................................................................................................3 The second conditional..................................................................................................4 Compare the first conditional with the second ...............................................................4 Other forms.....................................................................................................................5 The third conditional.......................................................................................................5 The mixed conditionals...................................................................................................6 The inverted conditionals................................................................................................6 Note.................................................................................................................................6 Exercise 1........................................................................................................................7 EXERCISE 2...................................................................................................................8 EXERCISE 3..................................................................................................................9 SUMMARY..................................................................................................................10 Conditionals Quiz .......................................................................................................................................11 13
  • 14. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ATC-IBARRA 14