1. Santa Ana de Coro, January 2010 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMETAL “ FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA” AREA CIENCIAS DE LA Educación PROGRAMA DE EDUCACION MENCION INGLES LCDO. JULIO REYES

2. Grammar Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

4. Grammar It´s the field of linguistics related to the rules governing the use of any given natural language. It includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. “ Internal linguistic knowledge which operates in the production and recognition of appropriately structured expressions in a language” Lcdo. Julio Reyes. “ the lucky boys” Well formed *boys the lucky * lucky boys the Ill formed

6. Different Approaches Noam Chomsky Transformational / Generative Grammar Prescriptive Approach M.A.K Halliday Systemic Functional Grammar Descriptive Approach The only relevant issues in the description of a language are syntactic ones, that is, prescribe rules and describe structures. The 'meaning component' is primary for analyzing the language. Vs. ? Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

8. THE DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH This approach is the basis of most modern attempts to characterize the structure of different languages. It attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as it is used , not according to some view of how it should be used. Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

10. The Prescriptive Approach This was an approach taken by some grammarians, mainly in eighteenth-century in England, who set out rules for the correct or 'proper' use of English. Structure of English sentences Structure of sentences in Latin. (1) You must not split an infinitive. (2) You must not end a sentence with a preposition. Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

14. Labeled Tree Diagrams Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

15. Phrase Structure Rules S -> NP VP N -> {boy, girl, dog] V -> {saw, followed, helped} PN -> (George, Mary] Prep -> {with, near} Art -> {a, the] Adv -> (yesterday, recently} Adj -> (small, crazy} Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

16. Transformational Rules I. George helped Mary yesterday. II. Yesterday George helped Mary. Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

18. Questions ? Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

20. An English professor wrote the sentence: “ A woman without her man is nothing” On the blackboard and then asked his students to punctuate it correctly. All of the male students in the class wrote: “ A woman, without her man, is nothing. All of the females in the classroom wrote: A woman: without her, man is nothing. Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

21. Lcdo. Julio Reyes.