Anne C. Beale, MD, MPH, the president of the Aetna Foundation speaks about disparities in child health care, the causes behind those disparities, and policies that can reduce them.

1. Hedge Funds 2/28/04 POLICIES TO REDUCE DISPARITIES IN CHILD HEALTH CARE Anne C. Beal, MD, MPH President Aetna Foundation, Inc .

4. Black Infants are Four Times More Likely to Die than White Infants in Westchester Deaths per 1,000 Live Births, 2004 Source: 2005 Annual Data Book. http://www.westchestergov.com/health/ADB/AnnualDataBook2005_2006.pdf

5. Black Children Are Three Times More Likely to Die Than White Children in Westchester Deaths per 1,000 Population, 2004 Source: 2005 Annual Data Book. http://www.westchestergov.com/health/ADB/AnnualDataBook2005_2006.pdf

6. Average Length of Stay for Pediatric Hospitalization By Race, 2004 Source: 2005 Annual Data Book. http://www.westchestergov.com/health/ADB/AnnualDataBook2005_2006.pdf

9. Source: Arah OA, Westert GP. Correlates of health and healthcare performance: applying the Canadian Health Indicators Framework at the provincial-territorial level. BMC Health Services Research. 5:76. What Causes Disparities? -0.783 Heavy Drinking +0.821 Income +0.872 Physicians +0.836 Unemployment -0.814 -0.727 Per Capita Health Expenditure +0.652 Life Stress Life Expectancy Diabetes Asthma

10. What Causes Disparities? Co-Morbid Conditions Access To Care/Coverage Quality of Healthcare Patient Adherence Genetic Predisposition Community Factors Environmental Factors Cultural Factors Economic Factors Physiologic Response to Meds Ease of Lifestyle Changes

11. WHAT CAUSES DISPARITIES? Genetic Predisposition Environmental Factors Economic Factors Cultural Factors Community Factors Access To Care/Coverage Quality of Healthcare Co-Morbid Conditions Patient Adherence Ease of Lifestyle Changes Physiologic Response to Meds Disparities

12. WHAT CAUSES DISPARITIES? Genetic Predisposition Environmental Factors Economic Factors Cultural Factors Community Factors Access To Care/Coverage Quality of Healthcare Co-Morbid Conditions Patient Adherence Ease of Lifestyle Changes Physiologic Response to Meds Disparities

14. Minority Children are More Likely to Lack Insurance Coverage 23 20 23 37 Percent of Children Ages 0-18 Uninsured All or Part Year, 2000 Source: Adapted from Doty, MM. Insurance, Access, and Quality of Care Among Hispanic Populations. 2003 Chartpack. The Commonwealth Fund and Columbia University analysis of MEPS 2000.

15. Racial Disparities in Clinical Quality Occur Among the Insured Source: Eric C. SchneiderM.D., Alan M. Zaslavsky, Arnold M. Epstein, M.D. “Racial Disparities in Quality of Care for Enrollees in Medicare Managed Care.” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 287, no. 10 Percent of Medicare managed care beneficiaries receiving service

20. Health Care Costs $6 Billion Over 5 Years $2.3 trillion in 2008

24. Quality Improvement Reduces Disparities Percent Medicare Enrollees With Adequate Hemodialysis Dose, 1993- 2000 Source: Adapted from Sehgal: JAMA, Volume 289(8). February 26, 2003. 996-1000. 46 36 87 84 Adequate Hemodialysis Dose, %

25. Quality Improvement Could Maintain Disparities Percent Medicare Enrollees With Adequate Hemodialysis Dose, 1993- 2000 46 36 87 77 Adequate Hemodialysis Dose, %

26. Quality Improvement Could Worsen Disparities Percent Medicare Enrollees With Adequate Hemodialysis Dose, 1993- 2000 46 36 87 57 Adequate Hemodialysis Dose, %

28. Percent of adults 18–64 LARGE PROPORTIONS OF MINORITY PATIENTS USE PRIVATE DOCTORS AS THEIR REGULAR SOURCE OF CARE * Compared with whites, differences remain statistically significant after adjusting for insurance or income. Source: Commonwealth Fund 2006 Health Care Quality Survey.

29. CARE FOR MINORITY PATIENTS IS CONCENTRATED AMONG A FEW PROVIDERS Half of All Minority Patients Are Treated by One-Third of Primary Care Physicians Source: J. D. Reschovsky and A. S. O'Malley, Do Primary Care Physicians Treating Minority Patients Report Problems Delivering High-Quality Care?, Health Affairs Web Exclusive, Apr. 22, 2008, w222-w230 Not an 80:20 rule, but a 80:50 rule

30. Source: David Barton Smith, Zhanlian Feng, Mary L. Fennell, Jacqueline S. Zinn, and Vincent Mor,Separate And Unequal: Racial Segregation And Disparities In Quality Across U.S. Nursing Homes, Health Affairs, Vol 26, Issue 5, 1448-1458 85% 20% CARE FOR MINORITY PATIENTS IS CONCENTRATED AMONG A FEW PROVIDERS

31. PRACTICES WITH MORE MINORITY PATIENTS REPORT MORE PROBLEMS WITH QUALITY Percent Quality Problems by Proportion of Minority Patients Source: J. D. Reschovsky and A. S. O'Malley, Do Primary Care Physicians Treating Minority Patients Report Problems Delivering High-Quality Care?, Health Affairs Web Exclusive, Apr. 22, 2008, w222-w230

32. <15% Black 15-35% Black >35% Black NE MW South West % Black Region NICU Volume >40 Infants <40 Infants Odds Ratio Source: Morales LS et al. Mortality among very low-birthweight infants in hospitals serving minority populations. American Journal of Public Health. Dec 2005. Vol 95, No. 12. Infant Mortality Is Higher in Hospitals with More Minority Patients

34. Source: Commonwealth Fund 2006 Health Care Quality Survey. Hispanics Are Least Likely to Report Their Providers Have Indicators of a Medical Home Among those with a regular doctor or source of care . . . 62 60 65 68 66 93 Doctors’ office visits are always or often well organized and running on time 26 15 34 28 27 47 All four indicators of medical home 66 60 69 65 65 92 Not difficult to get care or medical advice after hours 84 76 82 88 85 121 Not difficult to contact provider over telephone 84 57 79 85 80 142 Regular doctor or source of care Asian American Hispanic African American White Percent Estimated millions Indicator Percent by Race Total

35. Percent of adults 18--64 reporting always getting care when they need it *Compared to Whites, differences remain statistically significant after adjusting for income Source: 2006 Commonwealth Fund Health Care Quality Survey Hispanics And Asians Are Less Likely to Report Always Getting Medical Care When Needed

36. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Getting Needed Medical Care Are Eliminated When Adults Have Medical Homes Percent of adults 18–64 reporting always getting care they need when they need it Note: Medical Home includes having a regular provider or place of care, reporting no difficulty contacting provider by phone, or getting advice and medical care on weekends or evenings, and always or often finding office visits well organized and running time. Source: 2006 Commonwealth Fund Health Care Quality Survey

37. *Compared to Whites, differences remain statistically significant after adjusting for income or insurance Source: 2006 Commonwealth Fund Health Care Quality Survey Percent of adults 18—64 able to get an appointment same or next day Hispanics and Asians are Less Likely To Get Rapid Access to Medical Appointments

38. Minorities Who Have Medical Homes Have More Rapid Access to Medical Appointments Percent of adults 18–64 able to get an appointment same or next day * Note: Medical Home includes having a regular provider or place of care, reporting no difficulty contacting provider by phone, or getting advice and medical care on weekends or evenings, and always or often finding office visits well organized and running time. Source: 2006 Commonwealth Fund Health Care Quality Survey

40. Cultural Competency Improves Quality of Care Preventive medication underuse among children with persistent asthma Cultural Competency Score Source: Lieu TA et al., Cultural Competence Policies and other Predictors of Asthma Care Quality for Medicaid-Insured Children. Pediatrics 114, no. 1 (2003), e102-e110.

41. Promoting Cultural Competency in Healthcare Raise Awareness Develop Measures of Processes and Outcomes Set Standards for Practice Incorporate into QI

43. People of Color Are Underrepresented in College, Medical School and as Medical Faculty Percent of Students from Underrepresented Groups Source: Manhattan Institute and AAMC Data Warehouse. Previously reported in Beal AC, Abrams M, Saul J. Healthcare Workforce Diversity: Developing Physician Leaders. The Commonwealth Fund. October 2003.

47. CONTACT US E-mail the Aetna Foundation: [email_address] Aetna Foundation website: www.AetnaFoundation.org Call for Proposals Was Released March 15, 2010