4. 1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing concern for environmental issues, regulations
by Clean Air Act, the limitation for the landfill usage & Zero
Disposal, need of energy, and the consumer price index
(CPI) regarding the cost of disposal and energy is the
main purpose for this study.
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6. 2.2 Flow Chart
The system is mainly
consists from four
phases:-
• Waste preparation and
feeding system
• Plasma thermal
treatment system
• Synthesis gas cleaning
system
• Energy recovery system
Pierre Carabin et al 6
7. 3.1. PLASMA ARC
Qin Wang, et al
HTT Canada
Torch uses various types of gases - Air, Argon
(Ar), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), etc. and
electrodes from different metals such as
Copper (Cu), Hafnium (Hf), Tungsten (W), etc.
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8. 3.2. PLASMA GASIFICATION
• Gasification is to produces fuel gas to
produce steam and electricity.
• Partial Oxidation Process
C + H2O => CO + H2
C +½ O2 => CO
• Typical Range of Operation:
10,000º - 40,000º F (5,600º - 22,400º C)
near the arc operating pressure 8
9. 4. REACTORS
• Plasma Cold Hearth Furnace (PCH)
• Plasma Rotating Hearth Furnace PRH
(Electron Beam – EB)
• Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment (PACT)
R. Burkhard et al INEICHEN, Robert 9
10. 4.2 The PACT System
The wastes are fed into
a tub rotating at 10–
40 rpm and melted
by a plasma arc,
forming a molten
pool of metals and
oxides. The slag
cools to form a
glass-like, leach-
resistant slag, while
organics are
evaporated, treated,
cleaned up, and
released .
R.K. Womack 10
11. 4.3 Equation of State (EOS)
Any amount of substance contained in a
system, the temperature1, volume2,
pressure3, and (internal energy) 4 are not
independent quantities; they are connected
in a relationship.
11
12. 5. W-t-E AND HEAT VALUE
Heat Value is
generated from
burring of
organic
David H.F. Liu et al
materials
12
13. Where HHV = higher heating value in Btu/Lb
5.2 Estimating Combustion
Velzy and Hechlinger 1987
13
David H.F. Liu et al
14. 6.1. VETRIFICATION
Generates a durable, homogenous,
vitrified waste with safe confinement of
the hazardous feeds and high organic
removal efficiency.
J.P. Chu et al 14
16. 6.2 Phase Separation
Producing
• Glass
• Construction Materials
Qin Wang, et al
16
17. 7. MANAGEMENT & APPLICATIONS
Marie Lynn Miranda et al
A study done to calculate the estimated prices for
landfill versus WTE for several countries based on a
production for 578 kWh from 1 ton of waste in landfill
or in WTE.
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18. 7.1 Electricity Generation & Environment
Almost one ton of MSW gives 550 kilowatt of energy
which is approximately, the same amount produced
by 1 barrel of oil (138.8 kg / barrel of oil). Electricity
consumption per capita was recorded to be 16,753
KWh per Capita in Canada, 1,275 KWh per Capita in
Egypt, and 2,179 KWh per Capita in China.
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19. 7.2 Prevalence of WTE
Source: P. Stehlik / Journal of Cleaner
Production 17 (2009) 919–931
MSW management in EU is divided into
distribution between Landfill, Recycling, and
Incineration
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20. 8. CONCLUSION & SWOT
Strength : controlled temperature
Weakness : high operational cost
Opportunity : treat all types of wastes
Threat : competing technology
20
21. REFERENCES
• Startech Environmental Corp, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhNqL-1VrcE
• R.K. Womack, ” Using the Centrifugal Method for the Plasma-Arc Vitrification
of Waste “,JOM, 51 (10) (1999), pp. 14–16.,
• Burkhard, W. Hoffelner and R.C. Eschenbach, “Recycling of metals from
waste with thermal Plasma”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 10 (
1994 ) 11-16. Elsevier Science B.V
• US Department of Energy, “Waste Vitrification Systems”, March 1999
• Marie Lynn Miranda, Brack Hale, “Waste not, want not”, ELSEVIER, Energy
Policy, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 587-600, 1997
• Pierre Carabin, Gillian Holcraft, “Plasma Resource Recovery Technology”,
NAWTEC13-3155, ASME, May 23-25, 2005, Orlando, Florida USA.
• Petr Stehlik, “Contribution to advances in waste-to-energy technologies”,
Journal of Cleaner Production, Journal of Cleaner Production 17 (2009)
919–931
• David H.F. Liu, “Environmental Engineer’s Handbook”, CRC Press LLC, 1999
• Qin Wang, Jian-Hua Yan, Yong Chi, Xiao-Dong Li, Sheng-Yong Lu,
“Application of thermal plasma to vitrify fly ash from municipal solid waste
incinerators”, Elsevier, 2009
21
22. Cont.
• J. P. Chua, I. J. Hwanga, C. C. Tzengb, Y. Y. Kuob and Y. J. Yub,
“Characterization of vitrified slag from mixed medical waste surrogates
treated by a thermal plasma system”, Journal of Hazardous Materials
Volume 58, Issues 1-3, February 1998, Pages 179-194.
• Jonathan S. Bilmes, Susan F. Hemenway, “Applying Lessons Learned
from WtE Feasibility Study”,NAWTEC14-3183
• Jeremy K. O’Brien, “Comparison of Air Emission from W-t-E Facilities
to Fossil Fuel Power Plants”, NAWTEC14-3187
• PWR, Website http://www.plasma-wr.com/PWR_web_fullscreen.html
• P. Kavouras, Ph. Komninou*, K. Chrissafis, G. Kaimakamis, S. Kokkou,
K. Paraskevopoulos, Th. Karakostas, “Microstructural changes of
processed vitrified solid waste products”, Journal of the European
Ceramic Society 23 (2003) 1305–1311
• Enori Gemellia*, Nelson Heriberto Almeida Camargob, Janaína
Brescansinc, “Evaluation of Paper Industry Wastes in Construction
Material Applications”, ISSN 1516-1439, Mat. Res. vol.4 no.4 São
Carlos Oct. 2001
22
23. WE COVERED
Plasma Arc and Waste Disposal Conversion
1. Introduction
2. PGP Process
3. PGP & Plasma Arc
4. Reactors
5. W-t-E and HHR
6. Vetrification
7. Management
8. Conclusion and SWOT
9. Reference
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24. THANK YOU
Plasma arc gasification facility is a
recourse recovery process
Trash + Plasma = Electricity + Obsidian
QUESTIONS?
Mahmoud S. AHMED
M76Ahmed@ryerson.ca
www.linkedin.com/in/mahmouchaaban
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