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Earthquake Hazards and Safety,[object Object],An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers,[object Object]
The Earth,[object Object]
Know Your ZOne,[object Object]
Earthquake Zones in World Map,[object Object]
Interior Structure of Earth ,[object Object],CRUST (0-100 KM ),[object Object],The Earth's outermost surface is called the crust. The crust is relatively light and brittle.  Most earthquakes occur within the crust. Scientists believe that below the lithosphere is a relatively narrow, mobile zone in the mantle called the asthenosphere (from asthenes, Greek for weak).,[object Object],MANTLE (100-2900 KM ),[object Object],The region just below the crust and extending all the way down to the Earth's core is called the,[object Object],mantle. The mantle, a dense, hot layer of semisolid rock.,[object Object],Core (100-2900 KM ),[object Object],Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core. The Earth's core consists of a fluid outer core and a solid inner core.,[object Object],Inner Core (2900-5100 Km)    Outer Core (5100 -6378 Km),[object Object]
Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake,[object Object]
What Causes Earthquake? ,[object Object],The sudden slip at the fault causes the  earthquake…….a violent shaking of the Earth when large elastic strain energy released spreads out through seismic waves ,[object Object],that travel through the body and along the surface of the Earth.,[object Object]
Fault,[object Object],Earthquakes occur on faults. A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock between two blocks of rock, and can be any length, from  centimeters to thousands of kilometers. ,[object Object],When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips ,[object Object],with respect to the other. The fault surface can be vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction can also be at any angle. We classify these into two basic cases: strikeslip and dip-slip motion.,[object Object]
General Characteristics,[object Object],Earthquake Vibration,[object Object],Earthquake vibrations occur in a variety of frequencies and velocities. The actual rupture process may last from a few seconds to as long as one minute for a major earthquake. Seismic waves generated by the rupture can last from several seconds to a few minutes.,[object Object],Ground shaking is caused by body waves and surface waves,[object Object],Depth of Earhquake,[object Object],Measurement Scale,[object Object], Deep (300-700 Km),[object Object],Magnitude- Richter (Charles Richter) Measures the magnitude of the ,[object Object],Intensity  , degree of damage (Mercilli),[object Object],Intermediate (300-60 Km),[object Object],Shallow (60-0 Km),[object Object]
Determining the magnitude of an earthquake,[object Object],Magnitude-- measure of energy released during earthquake. ,[object Object],There are several different ways to measure magnitude. ,[object Object],Most common magnitude measure is Richter Magnitude, named for the renowned seismologist, Charles Richter. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Richter Magnitude,[object Object],[object Object]
Take into account distance between seismograph & epicenter.  ,[object Object],Richter Scale,[object Object],[object Object]
Increasing one whole unit on Richter Scale represents 10 times greater magnitude.
Going up one whole unit on Richter Scale represents about a 30 times greater release of energy.Intensity ,[object Object],[object Object]
Mercalli Scale is used to express damage,[object Object]
Family Readiness,[object Object],[object Object]
Know the safe spot in each room
Know the danger spots
Decide where your family will reunite if separated
Keep a list of emergency phone numbers
Develop a survival kit for work, car, and home,[object Object]
Home Preparedness,[object Object],[object Object]
Check chimneys, roofs, and wall foundations for stability
Secure heavy furnishings
Secure water heater and appliances

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Earth Quake