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Ocean dumpin(original)
OCEAN DUMPING Ocean dumping is the dumping or
placing of materials in the ocean, often on the continental
shelf. A wide range of materials is involved, including
garbage, construction and demolition debris, sewage
sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and nuclear
waste. Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are also
disposed but these are highly dangerous for aquatic life and
human life also.
1) Many businesses generate wastes that are
   considered hazardous or harmful to human
   health or the environment because they are
   flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic. Due to
   the harmful potential of hazardous materials,
   workers must remain aware of the safety
   hazards and proper handling and disposal
   procedures in order to protect the
   environment, themselves, and comply with
   state and federal regulations.
2) Workers that generate or handle hazardous waste require training on the
   hazards and safe, proper handling of these materials. Training should cover
   the procedures for collection, labeling, and storage of the hazardous waste
   before it is transported for final disposal or treatment. In addition, workers
   should be trained on emergency procedures and accidental spill response for
   the materials that they work with.

3) Hazardous materials should never be disposed of down the drain or in regular
   trash receptacles. They should be put into proper and compatible containers
   that can be securely sealed. Compatible container materials ensure that
   wastes will not react with or corrode them. The containers should not be
   completely full; a ―head space‖ allows for waste expansion. The sealed
   containers should be labeled with the name and hazard class of the waste
   along with the words ‗Hazardous Waste‘ and the date it was generated.

4) Waste containers should be stored in a secure manner and protected from
   extreme environments. They should be segregated and stored in compatible
   hazard classes (flammable, corrosive, oxidizers, etc.) to prevent hazardous
   reactions if the wastes combine. The containers should remain closed during
   storage, except when adding or removing waste.
5) Proper handling and storage of waste containers can prevent
   ruptures, overturns, or other failures. They should not be stacked or handled
   in a manner that could cause them to fail. Some flammable material
   containers may require grounding and containers should be seismically
   secured, if possible, to prevent spills in an earthquake. Waste storage time
   limits vary depending on the facility or material; workers should be familiar
   with the requirements for their worksite and wastes.

6) Storage areas for hazardous wastes should be inspected at least weekly.
   Secondary containment can prevent spills, but if a leak or spill
   occurs, workers should follow facility spill and emergency response
   procedures. Spill kits should be available for such emergencies; all cleanup
   materials should be handled as hazardous waste.

7) Proper waste documentation is important to track and maintain
   accountability for hazardous waste prior to shipment. Workers should be
   familiar with the documents required for their facility and waste types
   including EPA Identification numbers issued by the Environmental Protection
   Agency and Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifests. Workers must receive
   training before they can sign waste manifest documentation. Transportation
   of hazardous wastes should be done according to regulation requirements
   and by dedicated hazardous waste haulers.
9) Proper training and knowledge can help workers ensure that hazardous
   wastes are safely and properly handled from ―cradle to grave.‖
 The Ocean Dumping Act (ODA) regulates
 the dumping of materials into U.S. territorial ocean waters.
 the transportation of materials for the purpose of dumping.



 The purpose of the statute is to strictly limit ocean
   disposal of any material that would negatively affect
   human health.
 the marine environment.
 ecological systems.
 potential economic endeavors.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in
concert with the Secretary of the Army and the
Secretary of the Coast Guard, is entrusted with the
responsibility for setting specific guidelines for
dumping and enforcing those guidelines.
Anyone may dump certain types of wastes into the
ocean with a permit from EPA. However, if the material is
"dredged material", which is material excavated from U.S.
navigable waters, you must obtain a permit from the
Secretary of the Army (via USACE) to place the material in
the ocean
 (http://www.epa.gov/region04/water/oceans/Dredged_
   Material_Permit_Process.html).
As of December 31, 1991, ODA totally prohibits the
dumping of sewage sludge or industrial waste into
ocean waters for these types of wastes:
sewage sludge – solid, semisolid, or liquid waste from
a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
industrial wastes – solid, semisolid, or liquid wastes
generated by a manufacturing or processing plant.
The ODA also prohibits the dumping of
radiological, chemical, and biological warfare
agents, and high-level radioactive waste into the
ocean.
Penalties for violations, including dumping without a permit, and
dumping materials inconsistent with the specific limitations on your
permit, are punishable by up to a $65,000 fine for each first violation, and
$157,500 for each subsequent violation.
Penalties for someone who knowingly violates ODA include
imprisonment for up to five years;
forfeiting any property derived directly or indirectly from the violation;
forfeiting property intended to be used in the commission of the
violation.
Additionally, a related law, the Shore Protection Act, has made it a crime
to transport any commercial waste within coastal waters by a vessel
without a permit and number or other marking.
 In 1991, the government of Somalia – in the Horn of Africa –
  collapsed. Its nine million people have been teetering on
  starvation ever since – and many of the ugliest forces in the
  Western world have seen this as a great opportunity to steal the
  country’s food supply and dump our nuclear waste in their seas.
                   YES NUCLEAR WASTE
 As soon as the government was gone, mysterious European ships
  started appearing off the coast of Somalia, dumping vast barrels
  into the ocean. The coastal population began to sicken. At first
  they suffered strange rashes, nausea and malformed babies.
  Then, after the 2005 tsunami, hundreds of the dumped and
  leaking barrels washed up on shore. People began to suffer from
  radiation sickness, and more than 300 died.
• Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, the UN envoy to Somalia, tells me:
―Somebody is dumping nuclear material here. There is also lead, and
heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury – you name it.‖ Much of it
can be traced back to European hospitals and factories, who seem to be
passing it on to the Italian mafia to ―dispose‖ of cheaply. When I asked
Ould-Abdallah what European governments were doing about it, he said
with a sigh: ―Nothing. There has been no clean-up, no compensation, and
no prevention.‖
PLACES WHERE OCEAN DUMPING(HAZARDOUS) HAS
                 BEEN DONE

•SOMALIA,LOCA
TED ON EASTED
PART OF AFRICA
NEAR BY THE
GULF OF ADEN.

•GREEN LINE
INDICATES
WHERE
DUMPING HAS
TOOK PLACED.
ANOTHER EPISODE
•At present, ocean dumping is predominantly banned by international
law. The motivation for banning ocean dumping was sparked by the
shutdown of beaches due to contaminated wastes from sewage-
derived micro-organisms, the closing of shellfish beds due to metal
contamination, and infection of fish by lesion-causing parasites.
•Coastal oceans continually enriched by nutrients in waste products
that run off the land suffer from eutrophication resulting in an increase
in toxic algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels, both of which can
kill fish populations.
•With more than 80 percent of the ocean at depths of more than 3,000
m, the deep-sea floor may seem safe from the man-made disturbances
that threaten terrestrial and coastal ocean environments.
•And yet most environmental litter from both natural and artificial
waste—such as sewage sludge, mining tailings, fly ash from power
stations, dredged spoils from harbors and estuaries, dangerous man-
made organic compounds used for pesticides, weapons, and industrial
uses, as well as packaged goods—makes its way to the sea floor over
time.
The three-person submersible Alvin can dive to just under 15,000 feet, enabling it
to reach 86 percent of the world's ocean floor. The sub typically makes 150-200
dives each year.
•The vast and remote deep-sea floor could make it appear like an attractive
alternative for dumping. To determine the impact of waste disposal on bottom-
living animals, the National Undersea Research Program (NURP) has recently
supported numerous projects in the oceans and Great Lakes.
•Of particular concern to researchers are the effects of dumping on living
resources and deep-sea biodiversity, as well as the transmission of
contaminants back to the human population.
• In the most detailed study ever done related to the impacts of ocean
dumping, NURP-funded scientists documented the impact of 42 million tons
of wet sewage sludge dumped 2,500 m (8,000 ft) off the Mid-Atlantic coast
between 1986 and 1992. One of the most significant environmental impacts
detected at the "106-mile dumpsite," named for its location 106 nautical miles
southeast of New York Harbor, was the restructuring of a community of deep
sea organisms.
•Two momentous developments laid the foundation for observations made at
the 106-mile dumpsite. The first development was the invention of the box
corer, a stainless steel trap that takes relatively undisturbed bites out of the
seafloor, enabling biologists to count the number of species in each core and
compare them to cores collected elsewhere in the deep ocean. The second
development was an ecological survey conducted for the U.S.
Eel pout, about 0.5 m long, seen from ALVIN's starboard viewing port while collecting re-
suspended sediment at the 106 Mile Dump Site. This species of deep water fish was frequently
attracted to the lights and sampling activity on ALVIN dives in this area
•In a series of 233 cores taken for the survey along a 176-kilometer track off the
coast of New Jersey and Delaware during a two-year period, Grassle and
Maciolek found an incredible diversity of animals, most of which were unknown.
•They picked out 798 species, 171 families, and 14 phyla at around 2,100 m
(6,720 ft)—a sampling that revealed much richer life at those depths than earlier
samples had hinted. They reserved their count to the tremendous diversity of
tiny invertebrate mud dwellers too big to slip through their sieves.
•One aspect of the deep-sea biodiversity study was not apparent until sewage
sludge dumping began at the 106-mile dumpsite around the same time period. A
shallower site in the New York Bight Apex had shown unacceptably high
pathogen levels and signs of fish disease, which led to its closure.
•As an alternative, roughly eight million tons of sludge a year began to be
dumped at the 106-mile deepwater site on the continental rise adjacent to the
New York Bight starting in 1986.
•Researchers Grassle and Maciolek found themselves with a baseline of
information on deep-sea organisms right around the dumpsite, which other
scientists could use for comparison in determining whether damage might be
caused to deep-living communities.
•During the course of the next six years, NURP sponsored studies to determine
the fate and effects of the sewage sludge at the sea floor.
•All of the evidence indicated that the sludge material dumped by barges did
reach the ocean bottom slightly west of the area where it was discharged, and
that it had significant effects on the metabolism, diet, and composition of
organisms that lived there.
•There was a presence of sludge in sediments at the dumpsite, and the level of
silver was 20 times higher at the site relative to an unaffected reference area.
This was confirmed by chemist Michael Bothner of the U.S. Geological Survey.
•The submersible Alvin used by Bothner and his colleagues helped them collect
the silver samples in sediment cores to make the determination. They were also
able to observe how contaminants introduced to the sediments from dumping
penetrated to a depth of 5 cm below the sea floor as organisms living in the
sediments burrowed through them. However, during a 10-month period of
sampling, researchers observed seven occasions where the currents were
strong enough to resuspend the contaminated sediments.
•During the same period, chemist Hideshige Takada of Tokyo University and
Bothner reported elevated levels of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), widely used as
surfactants in synthetic detergents, and coprostanols, a fecal marker of animals,
at the dumpsite
•The Physicians for Social Responsibility said NO amount of radiation is safe in
food/water and now the world's ocean is being used as a dumping ground for
highly contaminated water. "The level of radioactive substances in the water is
up to 500 times the legal limit permitted for release in the environment.―

•"The dumping of tons of radioactive water from a waste treatment facility at the
crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility into the ocean has started, Tokyo
Electric Power Company officials said Monday. The additional dumping of water
from reactors Nos. 5 and 6 will begin within hours, they said.

•In all, about 11,500 tons of radioactive water that has collected at the nuclear
facility will be dumped into the Pacific Ocean, officials said Monday, as workers
also try to deal with a crack that has been a conduit for contamination.
•The radiation levels were highest in the water from reactor No. 6, the officials
said.

•Officials with Tokyo Electric, which runs the plant, proposed the release of
excess water that has pooled in and around the Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6 reactors into
the sea. But most of the dumped water -- 10,000 tons -- will come from the plant's
central waste treatment facility, which will then be used to store highly
radioactive water from the No. 2 unit, an official with the power company said."
•"If this situation continues for a long time and the amount of radioactive leakage
adds up, it will have a big impact on the ocean even if it spreads and dilutes,"
Edano said. "We need to stop this as soon as possible, so (the government)
instructed Tepco to take steps immediately.
•" NOTE -
The TOXIC water leaking from reactor number two has a radioactivity exceeding
1,000 millisieverts per hour. The water that is leaking directly into the ocean is
from reactor number two...
"Authorities know the water in the cracked concrete shaft is emitting at least that
much radiation -- which equates, at a minimum, to more than 330 times the dose
an average resident of an industrialized country naturally receives in a year."
•The Pacific Ocean's current's will eventually bring radioactive trash to the
United States making that phrase One Mans Trash Is Another Mans Treasure
doubtful.
•Update Radioactive Fish is no joke!! "Readings from samples taken Saturday in
the concrete pit outside the turbine building of the No. 2 reactor -- one of six at
the crisis-plagued plant -- had radiation 7.5 million times the legal limits, a TEPCO
official said. Newer findings, from Tuesday afternoon, showed a sizable drop to 5
million times the norm.
•Both the utility and Japan's nuclear safety agency say they don't know how
much water is leaking into the sea from reactor No. 2. But engineers have had to
pour nearly 200 tons of water a day into the No. 2 reactor vessel to keep it
cool, and regulators say they believe that is the water leaking out.
•About the same time as the Tokyo Electric news, Japanese Chief Cabinet
Secretary Yukio Edano said the presence of radioactive iodine "in one sample of
fresh fish" prompted authorities to regulate the radiation in seafood for the first
time." Tuesday, April 5, 6:30 p.m. ET, Tokyo.
•Fish contamination is now emerging. The Ibaraki fish association announced it
detected a high contamination level of iodine 131 (4,080 Bq per kilogram) and
cesium 137 (526 Bq per kilogram). The Ministry of Health and Welfare is now
assembling an advisory committee to establish safety standards for radioactive
contamination (only temporary standards exist now).
              There's No Such Thing as Safe Radiation
RADIOACTIVE TUNA(FISH)
•Marine life got
radio active during
the dumping of
radio active water
and waste in pacific
ocean.
•All the fishes on
which Japan eats
got radio active.
•Due to this
thousands of people
suffered.
HOW RADIATION IS TRANSMITTED
AREAS WHERE DUMPED CHEMICAL
  WEAPONS CAUSED ACCIDENTS
TEPCO RELEASING DUMPING VESSELS IN PACIFIC
                 OCEAN

•Tokyo Electric Power
Company
officials(TEPCO),
DUMPING WASTE IN
OCEANS.
•IN THE SAME MANNER
US,UK,RUSSIA AND
OTHER COUNTRIES
DUMPED THEIR WASTE
IN OCEANS.
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE WASTE DUMPED
•More than 47800
containers and 14500
cylinder were dumped
in west of SAN
Francisco, many of these
are in gulf of the
farallones National
Marine Sanctuary.
•This containers and
cylinders were found
when survey was done
with sonar.
Iron fertilization.
•   USE OF FERTILIZERS IN
    COASTAL AGRICULTURE
    CAN ALSO POLLUTE THE
    SEAS, AS IF IN SPREADS IN
    SEAS AND OCEANS CO2
    WILL NOT BE ABLE TO
    TRANSFER FROM
    ATMOSPHERE TO SEA.

•   AS IRON REACTS WITH
    SALT AND CO2.

•   IT’LL AFFECT MARINE LIFE
    DIRECTLY.
Large amount of steam hazardous
waste left of from power plant at
               JAPAN
EXPLOSION TOOK PLACED DUE TO NUKES
              DUMPED IN OCEAN

This explosion took
place on Bikini Atoll in
the Marshall islands, the
site of many American
nuclear tests and
dumping area.
DUMPING OF REMAINS OF WASTE
     DONE DURING WAR
SURVEY OF OCEAN DUMPING
DONE BY NEW INSTRUMENTS LIKE
           SONAR
RADIO ACTIVE WASTE DUMPED
•PLACE AT SANTO
DOMINGO IN
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC COUNTRY.

•DARK RED COLOUR
STAR REPRESENTS
LARGE AMOUNT OF
RADIO ACTIVE WASTE
DUMPING.

•STARS WITH CIRLE
REPRESENTS SMALL
SCALE OF DUMPING
AND OTHER SMALL
SYMBOLS
REPRESENTS LEAST
SCALE OF DUMPING.
THERMAL MAP OF OCEAN
ACCIDENTALLY OCEAN DUMPING
  TAKES PLACE BY ACCIDENTS
DEATH OF MARINE LIFE DUE TO OCEAN
                DUMPING
DUE TO MARINE
POLLUTION AND
DUMPING, THE
DIFFUSION OF
OXYGEN TAKES
PLACE AT VERY
LOWER RATE,SO
RESPIRATION
PROBLEMS
OCCURS WITH
POLLUTANT
CONTAINING
WATER.
VESSELS OF DUMPED WASTE IN OCEAN
      BED FOUNDED BY DIVERS.
REFERENCE TAKEN FROM:-
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.OAR.NOAA.GOV
WWW.HIGHBEAMRESEARCH.COM
WWW.EDIS.IFAS.UFL.EDU
WWW.STATEFUNDCA.COM
WWW.POLLUTIONISSUES.COM
BHARGAV ROHIT
 PARUL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(PIT)
    ELECTRICAL
       110870109040
        SHWETA ENGINEER AND P OOJA

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Ocean dumpin(original)

  • 2. OCEAN DUMPING Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing of materials in the ocean, often on the continental shelf. A wide range of materials is involved, including garbage, construction and demolition debris, sewage sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and nuclear waste. Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are also disposed but these are highly dangerous for aquatic life and human life also.
  • 3. 1) Many businesses generate wastes that are considered hazardous or harmful to human health or the environment because they are flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic. Due to the harmful potential of hazardous materials, workers must remain aware of the safety hazards and proper handling and disposal procedures in order to protect the environment, themselves, and comply with state and federal regulations.
  • 4. 2) Workers that generate or handle hazardous waste require training on the hazards and safe, proper handling of these materials. Training should cover the procedures for collection, labeling, and storage of the hazardous waste before it is transported for final disposal or treatment. In addition, workers should be trained on emergency procedures and accidental spill response for the materials that they work with. 3) Hazardous materials should never be disposed of down the drain or in regular trash receptacles. They should be put into proper and compatible containers that can be securely sealed. Compatible container materials ensure that wastes will not react with or corrode them. The containers should not be completely full; a ―head space‖ allows for waste expansion. The sealed containers should be labeled with the name and hazard class of the waste along with the words ‗Hazardous Waste‘ and the date it was generated. 4) Waste containers should be stored in a secure manner and protected from extreme environments. They should be segregated and stored in compatible hazard classes (flammable, corrosive, oxidizers, etc.) to prevent hazardous reactions if the wastes combine. The containers should remain closed during storage, except when adding or removing waste.
  • 5. 5) Proper handling and storage of waste containers can prevent ruptures, overturns, or other failures. They should not be stacked or handled in a manner that could cause them to fail. Some flammable material containers may require grounding and containers should be seismically secured, if possible, to prevent spills in an earthquake. Waste storage time limits vary depending on the facility or material; workers should be familiar with the requirements for their worksite and wastes. 6) Storage areas for hazardous wastes should be inspected at least weekly. Secondary containment can prevent spills, but if a leak or spill occurs, workers should follow facility spill and emergency response procedures. Spill kits should be available for such emergencies; all cleanup materials should be handled as hazardous waste. 7) Proper waste documentation is important to track and maintain accountability for hazardous waste prior to shipment. Workers should be familiar with the documents required for their facility and waste types including EPA Identification numbers issued by the Environmental Protection Agency and Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifests. Workers must receive training before they can sign waste manifest documentation. Transportation of hazardous wastes should be done according to regulation requirements and by dedicated hazardous waste haulers.
  • 6. 9) Proper training and knowledge can help workers ensure that hazardous wastes are safely and properly handled from ―cradle to grave.‖
  • 7.  The Ocean Dumping Act (ODA) regulates  the dumping of materials into U.S. territorial ocean waters.  the transportation of materials for the purpose of dumping.  The purpose of the statute is to strictly limit ocean disposal of any material that would negatively affect human health.  the marine environment.  ecological systems.  potential economic endeavors.
  • 8. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in concert with the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Coast Guard, is entrusted with the responsibility for setting specific guidelines for dumping and enforcing those guidelines.
  • 9. Anyone may dump certain types of wastes into the ocean with a permit from EPA. However, if the material is "dredged material", which is material excavated from U.S. navigable waters, you must obtain a permit from the Secretary of the Army (via USACE) to place the material in the ocean  (http://www.epa.gov/region04/water/oceans/Dredged_ Material_Permit_Process.html).
  • 10. As of December 31, 1991, ODA totally prohibits the dumping of sewage sludge or industrial waste into ocean waters for these types of wastes: sewage sludge – solid, semisolid, or liquid waste from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. industrial wastes – solid, semisolid, or liquid wastes generated by a manufacturing or processing plant. The ODA also prohibits the dumping of radiological, chemical, and biological warfare agents, and high-level radioactive waste into the ocean.
  • 11. Penalties for violations, including dumping without a permit, and dumping materials inconsistent with the specific limitations on your permit, are punishable by up to a $65,000 fine for each first violation, and $157,500 for each subsequent violation. Penalties for someone who knowingly violates ODA include imprisonment for up to five years; forfeiting any property derived directly or indirectly from the violation; forfeiting property intended to be used in the commission of the violation. Additionally, a related law, the Shore Protection Act, has made it a crime to transport any commercial waste within coastal waters by a vessel without a permit and number or other marking.
  • 12.  In 1991, the government of Somalia – in the Horn of Africa – collapsed. Its nine million people have been teetering on starvation ever since – and many of the ugliest forces in the Western world have seen this as a great opportunity to steal the country’s food supply and dump our nuclear waste in their seas.  YES NUCLEAR WASTE  As soon as the government was gone, mysterious European ships started appearing off the coast of Somalia, dumping vast barrels into the ocean. The coastal population began to sicken. At first they suffered strange rashes, nausea and malformed babies. Then, after the 2005 tsunami, hundreds of the dumped and leaking barrels washed up on shore. People began to suffer from radiation sickness, and more than 300 died.
  • 13. • Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, the UN envoy to Somalia, tells me: ―Somebody is dumping nuclear material here. There is also lead, and heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury – you name it.‖ Much of it can be traced back to European hospitals and factories, who seem to be passing it on to the Italian mafia to ―dispose‖ of cheaply. When I asked Ould-Abdallah what European governments were doing about it, he said with a sigh: ―Nothing. There has been no clean-up, no compensation, and no prevention.‖
  • 14. PLACES WHERE OCEAN DUMPING(HAZARDOUS) HAS BEEN DONE •SOMALIA,LOCA TED ON EASTED PART OF AFRICA NEAR BY THE GULF OF ADEN. •GREEN LINE INDICATES WHERE DUMPING HAS TOOK PLACED.
  • 15. ANOTHER EPISODE •At present, ocean dumping is predominantly banned by international law. The motivation for banning ocean dumping was sparked by the shutdown of beaches due to contaminated wastes from sewage- derived micro-organisms, the closing of shellfish beds due to metal contamination, and infection of fish by lesion-causing parasites. •Coastal oceans continually enriched by nutrients in waste products that run off the land suffer from eutrophication resulting in an increase in toxic algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels, both of which can kill fish populations. •With more than 80 percent of the ocean at depths of more than 3,000 m, the deep-sea floor may seem safe from the man-made disturbances that threaten terrestrial and coastal ocean environments. •And yet most environmental litter from both natural and artificial waste—such as sewage sludge, mining tailings, fly ash from power stations, dredged spoils from harbors and estuaries, dangerous man- made organic compounds used for pesticides, weapons, and industrial uses, as well as packaged goods—makes its way to the sea floor over time.
  • 16. The three-person submersible Alvin can dive to just under 15,000 feet, enabling it to reach 86 percent of the world's ocean floor. The sub typically makes 150-200 dives each year.
  • 17. •The vast and remote deep-sea floor could make it appear like an attractive alternative for dumping. To determine the impact of waste disposal on bottom- living animals, the National Undersea Research Program (NURP) has recently supported numerous projects in the oceans and Great Lakes. •Of particular concern to researchers are the effects of dumping on living resources and deep-sea biodiversity, as well as the transmission of contaminants back to the human population. • In the most detailed study ever done related to the impacts of ocean dumping, NURP-funded scientists documented the impact of 42 million tons of wet sewage sludge dumped 2,500 m (8,000 ft) off the Mid-Atlantic coast between 1986 and 1992. One of the most significant environmental impacts detected at the "106-mile dumpsite," named for its location 106 nautical miles southeast of New York Harbor, was the restructuring of a community of deep sea organisms. •Two momentous developments laid the foundation for observations made at the 106-mile dumpsite. The first development was the invention of the box corer, a stainless steel trap that takes relatively undisturbed bites out of the seafloor, enabling biologists to count the number of species in each core and compare them to cores collected elsewhere in the deep ocean. The second development was an ecological survey conducted for the U.S.
  • 18. Eel pout, about 0.5 m long, seen from ALVIN's starboard viewing port while collecting re- suspended sediment at the 106 Mile Dump Site. This species of deep water fish was frequently attracted to the lights and sampling activity on ALVIN dives in this area
  • 19. •In a series of 233 cores taken for the survey along a 176-kilometer track off the coast of New Jersey and Delaware during a two-year period, Grassle and Maciolek found an incredible diversity of animals, most of which were unknown. •They picked out 798 species, 171 families, and 14 phyla at around 2,100 m (6,720 ft)—a sampling that revealed much richer life at those depths than earlier samples had hinted. They reserved their count to the tremendous diversity of tiny invertebrate mud dwellers too big to slip through their sieves. •One aspect of the deep-sea biodiversity study was not apparent until sewage sludge dumping began at the 106-mile dumpsite around the same time period. A shallower site in the New York Bight Apex had shown unacceptably high pathogen levels and signs of fish disease, which led to its closure. •As an alternative, roughly eight million tons of sludge a year began to be dumped at the 106-mile deepwater site on the continental rise adjacent to the New York Bight starting in 1986. •Researchers Grassle and Maciolek found themselves with a baseline of information on deep-sea organisms right around the dumpsite, which other scientists could use for comparison in determining whether damage might be caused to deep-living communities.
  • 20. •During the course of the next six years, NURP sponsored studies to determine the fate and effects of the sewage sludge at the sea floor. •All of the evidence indicated that the sludge material dumped by barges did reach the ocean bottom slightly west of the area where it was discharged, and that it had significant effects on the metabolism, diet, and composition of organisms that lived there. •There was a presence of sludge in sediments at the dumpsite, and the level of silver was 20 times higher at the site relative to an unaffected reference area. This was confirmed by chemist Michael Bothner of the U.S. Geological Survey. •The submersible Alvin used by Bothner and his colleagues helped them collect the silver samples in sediment cores to make the determination. They were also able to observe how contaminants introduced to the sediments from dumping penetrated to a depth of 5 cm below the sea floor as organisms living in the sediments burrowed through them. However, during a 10-month period of sampling, researchers observed seven occasions where the currents were strong enough to resuspend the contaminated sediments. •During the same period, chemist Hideshige Takada of Tokyo University and Bothner reported elevated levels of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), widely used as surfactants in synthetic detergents, and coprostanols, a fecal marker of animals, at the dumpsite
  • 21. •The Physicians for Social Responsibility said NO amount of radiation is safe in food/water and now the world's ocean is being used as a dumping ground for highly contaminated water. "The level of radioactive substances in the water is up to 500 times the legal limit permitted for release in the environment.― •"The dumping of tons of radioactive water from a waste treatment facility at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility into the ocean has started, Tokyo Electric Power Company officials said Monday. The additional dumping of water from reactors Nos. 5 and 6 will begin within hours, they said. •In all, about 11,500 tons of radioactive water that has collected at the nuclear facility will be dumped into the Pacific Ocean, officials said Monday, as workers also try to deal with a crack that has been a conduit for contamination. •The radiation levels were highest in the water from reactor No. 6, the officials said. •Officials with Tokyo Electric, which runs the plant, proposed the release of excess water that has pooled in and around the Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6 reactors into the sea. But most of the dumped water -- 10,000 tons -- will come from the plant's central waste treatment facility, which will then be used to store highly radioactive water from the No. 2 unit, an official with the power company said."
  • 22. •"If this situation continues for a long time and the amount of radioactive leakage adds up, it will have a big impact on the ocean even if it spreads and dilutes," Edano said. "We need to stop this as soon as possible, so (the government) instructed Tepco to take steps immediately. •" NOTE - The TOXIC water leaking from reactor number two has a radioactivity exceeding 1,000 millisieverts per hour. The water that is leaking directly into the ocean is from reactor number two... "Authorities know the water in the cracked concrete shaft is emitting at least that much radiation -- which equates, at a minimum, to more than 330 times the dose an average resident of an industrialized country naturally receives in a year." •The Pacific Ocean's current's will eventually bring radioactive trash to the United States making that phrase One Mans Trash Is Another Mans Treasure doubtful. •Update Radioactive Fish is no joke!! "Readings from samples taken Saturday in the concrete pit outside the turbine building of the No. 2 reactor -- one of six at the crisis-plagued plant -- had radiation 7.5 million times the legal limits, a TEPCO official said. Newer findings, from Tuesday afternoon, showed a sizable drop to 5 million times the norm. •Both the utility and Japan's nuclear safety agency say they don't know how much water is leaking into the sea from reactor No. 2. But engineers have had to pour nearly 200 tons of water a day into the No. 2 reactor vessel to keep it cool, and regulators say they believe that is the water leaking out.
  • 23. •About the same time as the Tokyo Electric news, Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano said the presence of radioactive iodine "in one sample of fresh fish" prompted authorities to regulate the radiation in seafood for the first time." Tuesday, April 5, 6:30 p.m. ET, Tokyo. •Fish contamination is now emerging. The Ibaraki fish association announced it detected a high contamination level of iodine 131 (4,080 Bq per kilogram) and cesium 137 (526 Bq per kilogram). The Ministry of Health and Welfare is now assembling an advisory committee to establish safety standards for radioactive contamination (only temporary standards exist now). There's No Such Thing as Safe Radiation
  • 24. RADIOACTIVE TUNA(FISH) •Marine life got radio active during the dumping of radio active water and waste in pacific ocean. •All the fishes on which Japan eats got radio active. •Due to this thousands of people suffered.
  • 25. HOW RADIATION IS TRANSMITTED
  • 26. AREAS WHERE DUMPED CHEMICAL WEAPONS CAUSED ACCIDENTS
  • 27. TEPCO RELEASING DUMPING VESSELS IN PACIFIC OCEAN •Tokyo Electric Power Company officials(TEPCO), DUMPING WASTE IN OCEANS. •IN THE SAME MANNER US,UK,RUSSIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES DUMPED THEIR WASTE IN OCEANS.
  • 28. HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE WASTE DUMPED •More than 47800 containers and 14500 cylinder were dumped in west of SAN Francisco, many of these are in gulf of the farallones National Marine Sanctuary. •This containers and cylinders were found when survey was done with sonar.
  • 29. Iron fertilization. • USE OF FERTILIZERS IN COASTAL AGRICULTURE CAN ALSO POLLUTE THE SEAS, AS IF IN SPREADS IN SEAS AND OCEANS CO2 WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TRANSFER FROM ATMOSPHERE TO SEA. • AS IRON REACTS WITH SALT AND CO2. • IT’LL AFFECT MARINE LIFE DIRECTLY.
  • 30. Large amount of steam hazardous waste left of from power plant at JAPAN
  • 31. EXPLOSION TOOK PLACED DUE TO NUKES DUMPED IN OCEAN This explosion took place on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall islands, the site of many American nuclear tests and dumping area.
  • 32. DUMPING OF REMAINS OF WASTE DONE DURING WAR
  • 33. SURVEY OF OCEAN DUMPING DONE BY NEW INSTRUMENTS LIKE SONAR
  • 34. RADIO ACTIVE WASTE DUMPED •PLACE AT SANTO DOMINGO IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC COUNTRY. •DARK RED COLOUR STAR REPRESENTS LARGE AMOUNT OF RADIO ACTIVE WASTE DUMPING. •STARS WITH CIRLE REPRESENTS SMALL SCALE OF DUMPING AND OTHER SMALL SYMBOLS REPRESENTS LEAST SCALE OF DUMPING.
  • 35. THERMAL MAP OF OCEAN
  • 36. ACCIDENTALLY OCEAN DUMPING TAKES PLACE BY ACCIDENTS
  • 37. DEATH OF MARINE LIFE DUE TO OCEAN DUMPING DUE TO MARINE POLLUTION AND DUMPING, THE DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN TAKES PLACE AT VERY LOWER RATE,SO RESPIRATION PROBLEMS OCCURS WITH POLLUTANT CONTAINING WATER.
  • 38. VESSELS OF DUMPED WASTE IN OCEAN BED FOUNDED BY DIVERS.
  • 40. BHARGAV ROHIT PARUL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(PIT) ELECTRICAL 110870109040 SHWETA ENGINEER AND P OOJA