1. Topic 1 – part 2 The Accounting Areas and Professional Bodies Accounting Standards, Principles, Concepts and Conventions.

2. Two areas of accounting

4. Double-entry bookkeeping

6. Unlike financial accounting, not required by law

9. Income statement

11. implementing plans

12. controlling costs

14. Sole body where the accountants must register.

15. Conducts training and courses for members to ensure they remain with developments in the profession.

17. Sole professional accounting body in Malaysia.

18. Function :

19. Provides training and sets professional examinations.

20. To become a member :

21. must pass all the examinations set by the body.

22. has relevant working experiences.

24. Has passed the exam administered by the MICPA.

26. Not a government agency.What is a CPA?

28. Functions :

29. To issue accounting standards.

30. To issue statements of principles for financial reporting.

31. To review or to adopt existing accounting standards.

32. To issue technical pronouncements.

33. To develop conceptual framework.

34. To change the structure or contents of proposed accounting standards.

36. Purpose: 1. A guideline in preparing the financial statements. 2. To improve the quality of financial reporting 3. Define and explain the concept of reporting entity; which should be reported and which is not. 4. Identifying the common information needs of the various users of financial reports. 5. Determine a qualitative characteristics of financial information.

37. The Development of Accounting Standard and Bodies Involved Refer forward to MASB Standards figure 2 pg 10. (para 21 – 25): Identification and review of emerging issues -MASB initiates project Fact Finding – identification and discussion of By WG appointed by MASB. Discussion paper prepared if deemed necessary Consideration of draft Discussion Submission of draft MASB ED paper by MASB to FRF for review (14-days period) Refinement of draft Discussion Comments paper by MASB

38. Discussion paper issued General distribution & media released for comment Analysis of comments & development of Comments Draft statement of Principles (DSOP) by WG Consideration of DSOP by MSAB Submission of DSOP to FRF review (14 days period) Refinement of DSOP by MASB Comments DSOP issued for comment General distribution & media released Analysis of comments and development Comments ED by WG

39. Same due process for consideration of MASB Exposure Draft is followed MASB Standard approved for publication

41. OVERALL CONSIDERATION IN PREPARING FINANCIAL STATEMENT: 1. Fair presentation and compliance with MASB Standards. - Fair presentation – presentation fairly the financial position, performance and cash flows of an enterprise by application of appropriate MASB Standards. - Compliance with MASB – comply with all the MASB Standard and other technical pronouncements issued by MASB. - If departure from requirements to achieve fair presentation, an enterprise should disclose the four reasons outlined by MASB (refer MASB 1 page 7 para 14). a) that management has concluded that the FS fairly present the enterprise’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows;

42. b) that it has complied in all material respects with applicable MASB Standards except that it has departed from a Standard in order to achieve a fair presentation; c) the Standard from which the enterprise has departed, the nature of departure, including the treatment that the Standard would require, the reason why the treatment would misleading in the circumstances and the treatment adopted; and d) the financial impact of the departure on the enterprise’s net profit or loss, assets, liabilities, equity and cash flows for each period presented.

43. 2.Accounting Policies - Management should select and apply an enterprise’s accounting policies so that it’s comply with MASB Standards. - Definition: Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases, convention, rules and practices adopted by the enterprise in preparing financial statements.

44. If there is no specific requirement management should develop policies to ensure the financial statement is; a) Relevant b) Reliable – represent faithfully, neutral, free of bias, prudent and complete.

45. Conventions, concepts & principles Conventionsare derived from theories and accounting practices at some point in time. On the other hand, proceduresare practices to be followed in an accounting processing activity. Concepts are assumptions in accounting, which cover several situations in a wider scope. On the other hand, principles are more like rules that relate to a certain topic.

46. Concepts ….. Entity Concept a. Each and every economic entity stands apart from other organizations and individuals as a separate economic unit. b. Preparation of financial statements for each business entity must be made so as not to include those transactions that do not belong to the entity. Going Concern Concept a. Based upon the notion that businesses today are formed without deciding as to the particular time it will cease. b. The accounting records are prepared with the assumption that there are no signs or indication that the entity will cease operation in the foreseeable future. c. This concept gives priority to the use of historical cost in the preparation of financial statements.

47. The Stable-Monetary-Unit Concept a. Unit of measure commonly used and in Malaysia, the currency used is ringgit and sen. b. By using ringgit as a medium of exchange the users of financial statements are able to determine the performance and financial position of a company. c. Financial statements are still prepared based upon the concept that the value of ringgit is stable and any changes in the value of ringgit is assumed insignificant.

48. The Accounting Period Concept a. In accounting the assumption is that an entity has a life span that cannot be determined unless there are clear indications that the entity will not be operating in the foreseeable future. b. In the interest of producing accounting information, which is timely and in order to measure an entity’s performance it is thus necessary for the measurement to be done within fairly rigid specified periods of time, usually a year.

49. Principles…….. Disclosure principle This principle requires all material information to be disclosed or published. Materiality principle a. Placesimportance on that information which will affect one’s ability in making decisions. b. Information, which will affect one’s ability in making decision, is known as material information. c. The materiality level really depends on judgment and not on any fixed rules. d. The general guideline on materiality is that if an item is important enough in terms of decision-making then it is to be considered material.

50. Objectivity principle a. This principle places importance in disclosing objective information in the financial statements. Objective information means information, which is true and can be verified by another party. Cost principle a. According to this principle, assets, which are acquired by a business, must be recorded at the price paid in the transaction. Even though the market value or the economic value of the asset, which is in a business, fluctuates but the value that is recorded remains unchanged. b. The value reflected in the balance sheet is not current value.

51. Consistency principle a. This principle requires each entity to use the same accounting methods over consecutive time periods i.e. with no changes from year to year. Conservatism principle a. In valuing assets such as debts and inventory the lower cost must be opted for. b. Must not overstate profits or assets. Matching principle a. Expenses of a business must be recognized when the revenue related to the said expense is recognized.

52. Accrual Basis of Accounting transaction and events are recognized when they occurred (not based on cash received or paid) recorded in the accounting record and reported in financial statements of the period to which the transactions are related. Expenses are recognized on direct association basis between cost and income (matching).

53. Identify the accounting concepts /conventions/principles for each situation: a. Farhan owns a small business in Shah Alam. He prepared the accounts of the business showing profit of RM25,000. With this situation, he has no intention to sell off the business. b. Farhan only takes into account all the transaction that relate to his business, ignoring transaction made for himself. c. Farhan’s business made credit sales to Irfan Bhd amounted RM7,000 in July 1997. Irfan Bhd only paid RM3,000 in September that year; the balance will be paid early next year. Farhan still takes into account the RM4,000.