3. The Tehri Dam is the highest dam in India and one of
the tallest in the world. It is a multi-purpose rock and
earth-fill embankment dam on theBhagirathi
River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India. It is the primary
dam of the THDC India Ltd. and the
Tehri hydroelectric complex. Phase 1 was completed in
2006, the Tehri Dam withholds a reservoir
for irrigation, municipal water supply and the
generation of 1,000 MW of hydroelectricity. The dam's
1,000 MW pumped-storage scheme is currently under
construction. The Tehri Dam has been the object of
protests by environmental organizations and local
people of the region. In addition to the human rights
concerns, the project has spurred concerns about the
environmental consequences of locating a large dam
in the fragile ecosystem of the Himalayan foothills.
There are further concerns regarding the dam's
geological stability. The Tehri dam is located in the
Central Himalayan Seismic Gap, a major geologic
fault zone

4. The main reservoir will sink the old
Tehri town and 112 villages around
the town, thereby displacing more
than 100,000 people. This dam has
been the object of intense protests
from environmental groups and the
people of Tehri and surrounding
areas. There have been legal battles
over the relocation of more than 1
lakh people. Also, environmental
concerns have been raised, as the
dam is planned in the Central
Himalayan Seismic Gap, a major
geologic fault zone (this region was
the site of a major earthquake in
October 1991). Sunderlal
Bahuguna is one of the leaders
opposed to this project.

5. The Tehri Dam has been the object of protests by
environmental organizations and local people of
the region. In addition to the human rights
concerns, the project has spurred concerns about
the environmental consequences of locating a
large dam in the fragile ecosystem of
the Himalayan foothills. There are further
concerns regarding the dam's geological stability.
The Tehri dam is located in the Central Himalayan
Seismic Gap, a major geologic fault zone.
Resistance to this project has
primarily been due to :
●Large scale displacement of local
communities.
●Local people often had to give up their land
livelihood and their meagre access and
contol over resources for the greater good of
the nation.

6. With a view to provide maximum assurance of safety, the da
m has been designed
adopting most stringent design criteria, incorporating certain fea
tures which would ensure its
safety, in an unforeseen major seismic event.
i)A very conservative design slope, with U/S slope of 2.5:1 and D/
S slope of 2.0:1, as against
relatively steeper slopes in some recent dams built/proposed in
region of very high
seismicity.
ii)A very wide crest of 20m, which increases to 25m at its contact
with abutments, has been
provided.
(iii)A very liberal free board of 9.5m above FRL has been pro
vided to take care of any
settlement, slumping due to earthquake and wave action.
(iv)The D/S filter as designed is capable of preventing migration of
finest particles (clay flocks)
in the event of its cracking and would not permit any piping. A zon
e of fine (sand) filter has
been provided on the U/S face, which in the unlikely event of crac
king of core would get
washed into cracks and seal them.

7. Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to
manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water
environment and to meet current and future human demand. Population,
household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is
used. Factors such as climate change will increase pressures on natural
water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.
Developed countries aren’t immune to freshwater problems either.
Researchers found a six-fold increase in water use for only a two-fold
increase in population size in the United States since 1900.

8. Our ancient religious texts and epics give a good insight
into the water storage and conservation
systems that prevailed in those days. Over
the years rising populations, growing
industrialization, and expanding
agriculture have pushed up the demand
for water. Efforts have been made to collect
water by building dams and reservoirs
and digging wells ; some countries have also
tried to recycle and desalinate (remove salts)
water. Water conservation has become
the need of the day. The idea of ground
water recharging by harvesting rainwater
is gaining importance in many cities. At this point,
the company is involved in six major projects
affecting over 180 villages in Madhya Pradesh,
North Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
The projects are carried out in partnership with non-governmental
organisations (NGOs), local community, and government agencies
such as NABARD, or directly with state governments.

9. Watershed Management
Watershed management is the study of the
relevant characteristics of a watershed
aimed at the sustainable distribution of its
resources and the process of creating and
implementing plans, programs, and
projects to sustain and enhance watershed
functions that affect the plant, animal, and
human communities within a watershed
boundary. Features of a watershed that
agencies seek to manage include water
supply, water quality, drainage,
stormwater runoff, water rights, and the
overall planning and utilization of
watersheds. Landowners, land use
agencies, stormwater management
experts, environmental specialists, water
use surveyors and communities all play an
integral part in the management of a
watershed.

10. •
Rainwater harvesting is the
accumulation and deposition
of rainwater for reuse before
it reaches the aquifer. Uses
include water for garden,
water for livestock, water for
irrigation, and indoor
heating for houses etc.. In
many places the water
collected is just redirected to
a deep pit with percolation.
The harvested water can be
used as drinking water as
well as for storage and other
purpose like irrigation.

11. Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in
contrast with "soft water"). Hard drinking water is
generally not harmful to one's health, but can pose
serious problems in industrial settings, where water
hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns
in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that
handles water. In domestic settings, hard water is
often indicated by a lack of suds formation
when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation
of lime scale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever
water hardness is a concern, water softening is
commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects.

12. The water that lathers readily with
soaps are called soft water. It
describes type of water that contain
few or no minerals like calcium(Ca)
or magnesium(Mg) ions. The term is
usually relative to hard water,
which does contain significant
amounts of such ions. Soft Water
mostly comes from peat or igneous
rock sources, such as granite but
may also come from sandstone
sources, since such sedimentary
rocks are usually low in calcium
and magnesium.
However, soft water does have
negative side effects and can be bad
for the heart. Thus it should be
drunk in moderation if at all.

13. Water softeners break down salt (NaCl)
into sodium ions (Na+) and chloride (aka
ionic chlorine [ Cl -]) and then release the
polluted water into septic systems or
sewers. Sewers transport it to treatment
plants, which deal with the water and
discharge it into groundwater or surface
water.
Hard water can be softened (have its
minerals removed) by treating it with lime or
by passing it over an ion exchange resin. The
ion exchange resins are complex sodium salts.
Water flows over the resin surface, dissolving
the sodium. The calcium, magnesium, and other
cations precipitate onto the resin surface.
Sodium goes into the water, but the other
cations stay with the resin. Very hard water
will end up tasting saltier than water that had
fewer dissolved minerals.

14. •1. Hard water contains
minerals- Magnesium and
calcium.
•Hard water has health benefits
and preferred in taste.
•It does not form lather with
detergents.
•It Leaves deposit called “scale”.
•Soft water has minimum or no
mineral content.
•Soft water is preferred for
chores and washing related
tasks including bathing.
•It forms lather with detergents.
•Nothing is left.

15. Water resources are sources of water that
are useful or potentially useful. Uses of
water
include agricultural,industrial, household,
recreational and environmentalactivities.
The majority of human uses require fresh
water. 97 percent of the water on the Earth
is salt water and only three percent is fresh
water; slightly over two thirds of this is
frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.[1] The
remaining unfrozen freshwater is found
mainly as groundwater, with only a small
fraction present above ground or in the air.

16. Tidal power can be extracted
from Moon-gravity-powered tides by
locating a water turbine in a tidal
current, or by building impoundment
pond dams that admit-or-release water
through a turbine. The turbine can turn
an electrical generator, or a gas
compressor, that can then store energy
until needed. Coastal tides are a source of
clean, free, renewable, and sustainable
energy. Tidal stream generators (or
TSGs) make use of the kinetic energy of
moving water to power turbines, in a
similar way to wind turbines that use
wind to power turbines. Some tidal
generators can be built into the
structures of existing bridges, involving
virtually no aesthetic problems.

17. Hydropower is energy created from moving
water. Dammed water passes through a turbine
that rotates a generator to create electrical power.
This form of energy is relatively inexpensive and
has various ranges of environmental impact
depending on the facility size. Hydropower has
supplied 28 million homes in the U.S. with
electricity, equaling 500 million barrels of oil. In
2007, there were 248.3 billion kilowatt hours
(kwh) of electricity generated in the U.S. through
hydropower, although that’s down from a peak of
356.5 billion kwh in 1997.
Pennsylvania currently generates around one
percent of total electricity from hydroelectric
dams. The state has large potential to enhance
hydroelectric generation since it has the second
highest mileage of rivers and streams in the
nation.

18. Reclaimed water or recycled water, is
former wastewater (sewage) that is treated to
remove solids and certain impurities, and used
in sustainable landscaping irrigation or to
recharge groundwater aquifers. The purpose of
these processes is sustainability and water
conservation, rather than discharging the treated
water to surface waters such as rivers and
oceans. One example of this is along Calera Creek
in the City of Pacifica, CA. [2] The definition of
reclaimed water, as defined by Levine and
Asaneo, is "The end product of wastewater
reclamation that meets water quality
requirements for biodegradable materials,
suspended matter and pathogens. The definition
of reclaimed water, as defined by Levine and
Asaneo, is "The end product of wastewater
reclamation that meets water quality
requirements for biodegradable materials,
suspended matter and pathogens.

19. In water's recycling process, waste
water, which is full of
human, man-made and environmental pollutants, is strained
through large grill like screens to remove large debris from
the water (rocks, soda cans, among other items). The second
stage involves using biological agents to further cleanse the
water. The slightly cleaner water flows into an aeration
basin, an open "pond" that mixes the water with oxygen. The
introduction of tiny microscopic organisms eat up much of
the surface's organic contaminants before themselves
becoming unusable matter.
Then, the water flows into another chamber where
chemical agents (like chlorine) destroy any of the
micros. The chlorinated water is then mixed with sulfur
dioxide, as water high in chlorine or any chemical agent
could damage the natural environment. As a result,
some treatment plants are using UV radiation to rid the
water of the micros. The recycling process is ongoing
and flows seamlessly from one stage to another,
allowing some water treatment plants to clean more
than 50 million gallons of water every day.

20. Using reclaimed water for non-potable uses saves potable water
for drinking, since less potable water will be used for nonpotable uses. It sometimes contains higher levels of nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen which may somewhat
help fertilize garden and agricultural plants when used for
irrigation. The usage of water reclamation decreases the
pollution sent to sensitive environments. It can also
enhance wetlands, which benefits the wildlife depending on
that eco-system.
For instance, The San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control
Plant instituted a water recycling program to protect the San
Francisco Bay area's natural salt water marshes. The front
yard landscaping and common areas are watered through a
fully automatic spray/drip irrigation system and this is the only
application authorized for our property. This type of irrigation
system should be low maintenance and provide the greatest
conservation effort for our landscape.

21. Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth's surface in soil
pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. The pumpage of
fresh ground water in the United States in 1995 was estimated to be
approximately 77 billion gallons per day (Solley and others, 1998),
which is about 8 percent of the estimated 1 trillion gallons per day
of natural recharge to the Nation's ground-water systems (Nace,
1960). From an overall national perspective, the ground-water
resource appears ample. Locally, however, the availability of
ground water varies widely. Moreover, only a part of the ground
water stored in the subsurface can be recovered by wells in an
economic manner and without adverse consequences. Nearly onethird of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves.

22. As ageing large-scale surface
irrigation schemes have become
increasingly
inefficient,
and
farmers have begun growing a
wider range of crops requiring
water on demand, the number of
groundwater wells in India has
exploded. In 1960, there were
fewer than 100,000 such wells;
by 2006 the figure had risen to
nearly 12 million. In India, a
possible solution to over-use of
groundwater is emerging, known
as 'groundwater recharge'.

23. In a classic study in 1982, Bredehoeft
and colleagues modelled a situation
where groundwater extraction in an
intermontane basin withdrew the
entire annual recharge, leaving
‘nothing’ for the natural
groundwater-dependent vegetation
community. By year 500 this had
reduced to 0%, signalling complete
death of the groundwater-dependent
vegetation. In 1960, there were fewer
than 100,000 such wells; by 2006 the
figure had risen to nearly 12 million.
In India, a possible solution to overuse of groundwater is emerging,
known as 'groundwater recharge' In
the first half of the 20th century, the
city of San Jose, California, dropped
13 feet from land subsidence caused
by over pumping; this subsidence has
been halted with improved
groundwater management.

24. Water is essential to life on earth. We
need water to grow food, keep clean,
provide power, control fire, and last but
not least, we need it to stay alive!
If water is constantly being cleaned and
recycled through the earth’s water cycle,
why do we need to conserve it? The
answer is that people use up our planet’s
fresh water faster than it can naturally
be replenished.
To provide enough clean fresh water for
people, water is cleaned at drinking
water treatment plants before it is used.
And after water is used, it is cleaned
again at wastewater treatment plants or
by a septic system before being put back
into the environment.