1. ramos, andré luiz santa cruz direito empresarial
Anais parte i_revistaemerj_206
1. 206 - Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil”
Os Contratos de Transporte de Pessoa e de
Seguro no Novo Código Civil
66666(5*,2(5*,2(5*,2(5*,2(5*,2 &&&&&$9$/,(5,$9$/,(5,$9$/,(5,$9$/,(5,$9$/,(5, ))))),/+2,/+2,/+2,/+2,/+2
'HVHPEDUJDGRU 7- 5- 'LUHWRU *HUDO GD (0(5-
oD DV ORFRPRWLYDV D YDSRU TXH IRUDP RV
SULPHLURV PHLRV GH WUDQVSRUWH FROHWLYR
'L]HP TXH DV SULPHLUDV ORFRPRWLYDV GH
VHQYROYLDP D HVSDQWRVD YHORFLGDGH GH
NP K 'H NP K SDVVRX VH SDUD
NP K NP K NP K NP K DWp
FKHJDU DRV WUHQV EDOD TXH DLQGD QmR
FKHJDUDP DR %UDVLO DRV DYL}HV H DWp
PHVPR DRV VXSHUV{QLFRV
(QTXDQWR R 3URMHWR GH &OyYLV
%HYLOiTXD GRUPLWDYD QR &RQJUHVVR SRU
TXDVH WULQWD DQRV R WUDQVSRUWH FROHWLYR
QmR SDURX DR FRQWUiULR DV URGDV JLUD
YDP H FDGD YH] PDLV UDSLGDPHQWH 7DQ
WR p TXH IRL QHFHVViULR HGLWDU XPD OHL
HVSHFLDO SDUD GLVFLSOLQDU R WUDQVSRUWH FR
OHWLYR DQWHV PHVPR GH HQWUDU HP YLJRU
R &yGLJR &LYLO 5HILUR PH DR 'HFUHWR Qƒ
GH TXH VH WRUQRX FRQKHFL
GR FRPR D /HL GDV (VWUDGDV GH )HUUR
7HQKR SDUD PLP TXH R &yGLJR &LYLO QmR
IH] UHIHUrQFLD DR FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH
SRUTXH R OHJLVODGRU GHOH VH HVTXHFHX
SUHRFXSDGR FRP DV TXHVW}HV GR &RQJUHV
VR ROYLGDQGR VH TXH R PXQGR DTXL IRUD
QmR KDYLD SDUDGR DQWHV SHOR FRQWUiULR
DV URGDV HVWDYDP URGDQGR H FDGD YH]
PDLV UiSLGR e LVVR TXH RFRUUH TXDQGR
Ki XP GLVWDQFLDPHQWR HQWUH D OHL H R
IDWR RX PHOKRU GL]HQGR TXDQGR R OHJLV
ODGRU HVWi DOKHLR DR IDWR 3RGH WDPEpP
WHU RFRUULGR TXH R OHJLVODGRU LPDJLQRX
TXH D /HL GDV (VWUDGDV GH )HUUR Mi WHULD
VXILFLHQWHPHQWH GLVFLSOLQDGR D TXHVWmR
VHP SUHYHU TXH RXWURV PHLRV GH WUDQV
SRUWH KDYHULDP GH VXUJLU H SRU LVVR GHL
[RX R FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH DSHQDV FRP
D GLVFLSOLQD TXH UHFHEHUD GD /HL GDV (V
WUDGDV GH )HUUR
2 FHUWR p SRUpP TXH DV URGDV FRQ
WLQXDUDP URGDQGR H RXWURV PHLRV GH
WUDQVSRUWH IRUDP VXUJLQGR 3RU LVVR WRU
9DPRV KRMH WUDWDU GH GRLV FRQWUD
WRV GD PDLRU UHOHYkQFLD VRFLDO SROtWLFD H
HFRQ{PLFD 7DOYH] QmR H[LVWDP RXWURV
TXH SRVVDP FRPSHWLU FRP HOHV
4XDQWR j LPSRUWkQFLD GR FRQWUDWR
GH WUDQVSRUWH EDVWDULD OHPEUDU TXH QR
%UDVLO GLDULDPHQWH VmR WUDQVSRUWDGRV
FHUFD GH TXDUHQWD PLOK}HV GH SDVVDJHL
URV GH FDVD SDUD R WUDEDOKR H GR WUDED
OKR SDUD D FDVD DWUDYpV GH {QLEXV WUHQV
PHWU{V HWF ,VVR HYLGHQFLD TXH R WUDQV
SRUWH FROHWLYR p UHDOPHQWH XP LQVWUX
PHQWR IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD R (VWDGR PR
GHUQR FXPSULU VXDV PLVV}HV VRFLDLV H
HFRQ{PLFDV 8PD JUHYH QHVVH VHWRU OL
WHUDOPHQWH SDUDOLVDULD R SDtV /HPEUD
PRV TXH WHPSRV DWUiV XPD VLPSOHV JUH
YH GH FDPLQKRQHLURV FKHJRX D DEDODU
GH FHUWD PDQHLUD R JRYHUQR
4XDQWR DR WUDQVSRUWH DpUHR WRGRV
VDEHPRV TXH p XP JUDQGH DSUR[LPDGRU
GH SDtVHV GRV SRYRV GDV SHVVRDV GDV
FLGDGHV H XP H[WUDRUGLQiULR IRPHQWDGRU
GH QHJyFLRV FLUFXODGRU GH ULTXH]DV 6H
JXQGR DV HVWDWtVWLFDV QR DQR GH
FHUFD GH GRLV PLOK}HV H PHLR GH SHVVR
DV HQWUDUDP QR %UDVLO YLD DpUHD H RX
WUDV WDQWDV VDtUDP
1mR REVWDQWH HVVD UHOHYkQFLD HFR
Q{PLFD VRFLDO H MXUtGLFD R FRQWUDWR GH
WUDQVSRUWH QmR PHUHFHX VHTXHU XPD
UHIHUrQFLD QR &yGLJR GH 3RU TXH
LVVR" -i VH UHVVDOWRX TXH R 3URMHWR GR
&yGLJR GH IRL HODERUDGR SRU &OyYLV
%HYLOiTXD QD ~OWLPD GpFDGD GH HP
TXDQGR R WUDQVSRUWH FROHWLYR HUD
DLQGD LQFLSLHQWH VHTXHU H[LVWHQWH $
KLVWyULD GR WUDQVSRUWH FROHWLYR FRPHoRX
OLWHUDOPHQWH QR WHPSR GD 0DULD )XPD
3DOHVWUD SURIHULGD QR 6HPLQiULR UHDOL]DGR HP
2. Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil” - 207
QRX VH QHFHVViULR DSOLFDU SRU DQDORJLD
D /HL GDV (VWUDGDV GH )HUUR DRV GHPDLV
PHLRV GH WUDQVSRUWH j PHGLGD HP TXH
IRUDP VXUJLQGR ERQGH {QLEXV HWF 'HV
VD IRUPD HVVD OHL TXH UHSXWR XPD GDV
PDLV DQWLJDV DLQGD HP YLJRU FRQVHJXLX
VREUHYLYHU SRU TXDVH XP VpFXOR $ GRX
WULQD H D MXULVSUXGrQFLD IL]HUDP FRP D
/HL GDV (VWUDGDV GH )HUUR DTXLOR TXH
%RXUODQJHU GHQRPLQDYD GH ´SRGHU GH
UHMXYHQHFLPHQWR GD OHLµ SRGHU TXH FRQ
VLVWH HP ID]r ODV YLYHU VHJXQGR RX DWHQ
GHQGR jV H[LJrQFLDV GR WHPSR SUHVHQWH
1D UHDOLGDGH VH TXLVHUPRV WHU XPD LGpLD
GR SRGHU FULDWLYR GD GRXWULQD H GD MXULV
SUXGrQFLD EDVWD HVWXGDU R GHVHQYROYL
PHQWR GD LQWHUSUHWDomR H GD DSOLFDomR
TXH IRL GDGD j /HL GDV (VWUDGDV GH )HUUR
(QWUDQGR HP YLJRU R QRYR &yGLJR &L
YLO SHOR PHQRV GRLV HIHLWRV FXULRVRV LUi
SURGX]LU HP UHODomR DR FRQWUDWR GH WUDQV
SRUWH (P SULPHLUR OXJDU LUi UHYRJDU
XPD GDV PDLV DQWLJDV OHLV HP YLJRU TXH
p D OHL GDV (VWUDGDV GH )HUUR 7DO OHL
VREUHYLYHX j &RQVWLWXLomR GH H DR
SUySULR &yGLJR GH 'HIHVD GR &RQVXPL
GRU GDGR R DYDQoR GD GLVFLSOLQD TXH HOD
HVWDEHOHFHX (P VHJXQGR OXJDU R &yGL
JR LUi GLVFLSOLQDU H LQFOXLU QR VHX WH[WR
XP FRQWUDWR TXH QmR p QRYR DR FRQWUi
ULR p PDLV DQWLJR GR TXH R SUySULR &yGL
JR TXH LUi UHYRJDU 3RU LVVR QD UHDOLGD
GH QmR HQFRQWUDUHPRV LQRYDo}HV QD GLV
FLSOLQD GR QRYR &yGLJR FRP UHODomR DR
FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH 2 &yGLJR HVWi
WmR VRPHQWH SRVLWLYDQGR HVWDEHOHFHQ
GR QD OHL DTXLOR TXH IRL VHQGR FULDGR
GHVHQYROYLGR H FULVWDOL]DGR SHOD GRXWUL
QD H MXULVSUXGrQFLD DR ORQJR GH TXDVH
XP VpFXOR 2 QRYR &yGLJR HVWi HP SHU
IHLWD VLQWRQLD FRP D GRXWULQD H D MXULV
SUXGrQFLD TXH QHVVH SHUtRGR VH ILUPD
UDP
'HVWDFDULD LQLFLDOPHQWH R DUWLJR
GR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO TXH DR GLVFLSOL
QDU R FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH UHVVDOWRX
XP GRV VHXV HOHPHQWRV TXH VHULD DWp
GHVQHFHVViULR PDV TXH SDVVRX D WHU UH
OHYkQFLD SRU DTXLOR TXH YDPRV HQIDWL]DU
´3HOR FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH DOJXpP VH
REULJD PHGLDQWH UHWULEXLomR D WUDQVSRU
WDU GH XP OXJDU SDUD R RXWUR SHVVRDV RX
FRLVDVµ 7RGRV VDEHP TXH R FRQWUDWR GH
WUDQVSRUWH DOpP GH ELODWHUDO p RQHUR
VR RX VHMD H[LJH XPD FRQWUDSUHVWDomR
&RQWXGR VXUJLX DR ORQJR GHVVH SHUtRGR
D GLVFXVVmR DFHUFD GD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH
GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU QR FDVR GR FKDPDGR
FRQWUDWR JUDFLRVR RX WUDQVSRUWH JUDWXL
WR )RL XPD ORQJD GLVFXVVmR TXH DFDERX
JHUDQGR MXULVSUXGrQFLD GR 6XSHULRU 7UL
EXQDO GH -XVWLoD FRQVDJUDGD QD 6~PXOD
3RLV DJRUD R HQWHQGLPHQWR FULVWDOL
]DGR QD GRXWULQD H QD MXULVSUXGrQFLD
SDVVRX D VHU GLVSRVLomR H[SUHVVD GR DU
WLJR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR FRQWUDWR JUD
WXLWR ´1mR VH VXERUGLQD jV QRUPDV GR
FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH R IHLWR JUDWXLWD
PHQWH SRU DPL]DGH RX FRUWHVLDµ )RL QH
FHVViULR UHSHWLU LVVR DTXL SRUTXH KRXYH
XP WHPSR HP TXH VH TXHULD HQTXDGUDU
DTXHOH TXH WUDQVSRUWDYD JUDWXLWDPHQWH
QDV PHVPDV UHJUDV GH UHVSRQVDELOLGD
GH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU TXH WHP FRPR HOH
PHQWR GR FRQWUDWR R UHFHELPHQWR GD
FRQWUDSUHVWDomR
2 SDUiJUDIR ~QLFR GR DUWLJR
QDGD PDLV ID] GR TXH UHSHWLU D GLVWLQomR
TXH D GRXWULQD H D MXULVSUXGrQFLD Mi HV
WDEHOHFHUDP HQWUH R FRQWUDWR SXUDPHQ
WH JUDWXLWR H R DSDUHQWHPHQWH JUDWXLWR
2 SDUiJUDIR ~QLFR GLVS}H ´QmR VH FRQVL
GHUD JUDWXLWR R WUDQVSRUWH TXDQGR HP
ERUD IHLWR VHP UHPXQHUDomR R WUDQVSRU
WDGRU DXIHULU YDQWDJHP LQGLUHWDµ %DV
WDUi TXDOTXHU WLSR GH YDQWDJHP FRPR
SRU H[HPSOR QR FDVR GH R HPSUHJDGRU
TXH WUDQVSRUWD R HPSUHJDGR R LGRVR RX
R HVWXGDQWH TXH WrP SDVVH JUDWXLWR 1HV
VDV KLSyWHVHV DOJXpP HVWi SDJDQGR D
FRQWD QmR VHQGR HVVH FRQWUDWR HVVHQFL
DOPHQWH JUDWXLWR Vy SRGHQGR VHU DVVLP
FRQVLGHUDGR DTXHOH TXH VHJXQGR R &y
GLJR p IHLWR SRU DPL]DGH RX FRUWHVLD
8P SRQWR TXH PH SDUHFHX LPSRU
WDQWH p R DUWLJR GR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO
4XDQGR HQWURX HP YLJRU R &yGLJR GR &RQ
VXPLGRU VXUJLX XPD TXHVWmR EDVWDQWH
LQWHUHVVDQWH 2 &'& HVWDEHOHFH LQGH
QL]DomR LOLPLWDGD &RQWXGR R &yGLJR %UD
VLOHLUR GD $HURQiXWLFD H D &RQYHQomR GH
9DUVyYLD HVWDEHOHFHP LQGHQL]DomR
WDULIDGD OLPLWDGD SDUD R WUDQVSRUWH Dp
UHR $ TXHVWmR TXH VH FRORFRX IRL HVWD R
3. 208 - Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil”
WUDQVSRUWDGRU DpUHR VHP G~YLGD p XP
SUHVWDGRU GH VHUYLoRV H QR FDVR GH UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH HVWDULD HOH VXMHLWR D SD
JDU XPD LQGHQL]DomR LOLPLWDGD FRPR SUH
YLVWR QR &'& RX XPD LQGHQL]DomR OLPL
WDGD FRPR SUHYLVWR QD &RQYHQomR GH
9DUVyYLD H QR &yGLJR %UDVLOHLUR GD $HUR
QiXWLFD" 'HVGH R SULPHLUR PRPHQWR
VXVWHQWHL FRP EDVH QR HQWHQGLPHQWR GR
6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO TXH RV WUD
WDGRV H FRQYHQo}HV QR QRVVR SDtV QmR
VmR VXSUDOHLV QmR VmR OHLV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV
QmR HVWmR DFLPD GDV OHLV RUGLQiULDV PDV
QR PHVPR SODQR GHODV (VVD IRL XPD TXHV
WmR ORQJDPHQWH GHEDWLGD QR 67) TXH DFD
ERX HQWHQGHQGR GHVVD PDQHLUD KDYHQ
GR KRMH GLVSRVLomR H[SUHVVD QD &RQVWL
WXLomR DUW ,,, D 4XDQGR TXDOTXHU
GHFLVmR FRQWUDULDU WUDWDGR RX FRQYHQomR
LQWHUQDFLRQDO R UHFXUVR FDEtYHO QmR p R
H[WUDRUGLQiULR PDV VLP R HVSHFLDO 6H WUD
WDGR IRVVH OHL FRQVWLWXFLRQDO R UHFXUVR
GHYHULD VHU R H[WUDRUGLQiULR H QmR R HV
SHFLDO +RMH SRUWDQWR SRU H[SUHVVD GLVSR
VLomR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO QmR Ki G~YLGDV GH
TXH R WUDWDGR HVWi QR PHVPR SODQR GD OHL
RUGLQiULD 6HQGR DVVLP HYLGHQWHPHQWH
GHYHULD SUHYDOHFHU R &yGLJR GH 'HIHVD GR
&RQVXPLGRU SRU VHU D OHL PDLV QRYD (VVD
TXHVWmR IRL PXLWR GLVFXWLGD QR 6XSHULRU
7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD TXH LQLFLDOPHQWH VH
LQFOLQRX SHOD SUHYDOrQFLD GD &RQYHQomR
GH 9DUVyYLD H GR &yGLJR %UDVLOHLUR GD $H
URQiXWLFD (QWUHWDQWR R 67- PXGRX R VHX
HQWHQGLPHQWR H QDV XOWLPDV GHFLV}HV GH
DOJXQV DQRV SDUD Fi WHP GHFLGLGR TXH R
&yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU SUHYDOHFH HP UHOD
omR j &RQYHQomR GH 9DUVyYLD
(VVH HQWHQGLPHQWR HVWDUi FRQVD
JUDGR QR DUWLJR DUW GR QRYR &yGLJR
&LYLO ´$RV FRQWUDWRV GH WUDQVSRUWH HP
JHUDO VmR DSOLFiYHLV TXDQGR FRXEHU
GHVGH TXH QmR FRQWUDULHP DV GLVSRVLo}HV
GHVWH &yGLJR RV SUHFHLWRV FRQVWDQWHV GD
OHJLVODomR HVSHFLDO H GH WUDWDGRV H FRQ
YHQo}HV LQWHUQDFLRQDLVµ /HQGR HVVH GLV
SRVLWLYR QD RUGHP GLUHWD WHUtDPRV DRV
FRQWUDWRV GH WUDQVSRUWH HP JHUDO VmR
DSOLFiYHLV TXDQGR FRXEHUHP RV WUDWD
GRV H FRQYHQo}HV LQWHUQDFLRQDLV GHVGH
TXH QmR FRQWUDULHP HVVH &yGLJR (TXLYDOH
GL]HU TXH VH KRXYHU DOJXPD FRQWUDULH
GDGH HQWUH DV GLVSRVLo}HV GR &yGLJR H
TXDOTXHU GLVSRVLomR GH WUDWDGRV RX FRQ
YHQomR LQWHUQDFLRQDO GHYHUmR SUHYDOHFHU
DV GLVSRVLo}HV GR &yGLJR &LYLO R TXH PH
SDUHFH HVWDU HP SHUIHLWD KDUPRQLD FRP
D QRVVD &RQVWLWXLomR H FRP R HQWHQGL
PHQWR MXULVSUXGHQFLDO QmR Vy GR 67)
FRPR WDPEpP GR 67- 'H VRUWH TXH FRQ
IRUPH DV QRYDV GLVSRVLo}HV GR &yGLJR &L
YLO HVVD TXHVWmR HVWDUi QR PHX HQWHQ
GHU VXSHUDGD
2 DUWLJR GR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO
WUDWD GR WUDQVSRUWH FXPXODWLYR RX VHMD
DTXHOH HP TXH PDLV GH XP WUDQVSRUWD
GRU VH HQFDUUHJD GH ID]HU R WUDQVSRUWH
HP SHUFXUVRV GLIHUHQWHV 3RU H[HPSOR
XP WUDQVSRUWD DWp 3RUWXJDO H RXWUR SHOR
UHVWDQWH GD (XURSD 1HVVHV FRQWUDWRV
FXPXODWLYRV R &yGLJR HVWDEHOHFHX XPD
UHJUD HP UHODomR j UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH FL
YLO TXH QmR p D GD VROLGDULHGDGH 'L] TXH
´QRV FRQWUDWRV GH WUDQVSRUWH FXPXODWL
YR FDGD WUDQVSRUWDGRU VH REULJD D FXP
SULU R FRQWUDWR UHODWLYDPHQWH DR UHVSHF
WLYR SHUFXUVR UHVSRQGHQGR SHORV GDQRV
QHOH FDXVDGRV D SHVVRDV H FRLVDV &RQ
VHTHQWHPHQWH QmR KDYHUi UHVSRQVD
ELOLGDGH VROLGiULD 1R HQWDQWR H Dt QmR
HQWHQGL EHP R SRUTXr QR DUWLJR GR
QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO TXDQGR WUDWRX GR
WUDQVSRUWH FXPXODWLYR GH PHUFDGRULDV
R OHJLVODGRU HVWDEHOHFHX D UHVSRQVDELOL
GDGH VROLGiULD 1R FDVR GH WUDQVSRUWH FX
PXODWLYR WRGRV RV WUDQVSRUWDGRUHV UHV
SRQGHP VROLGDULDPHQWH $ GLIHUHQoD GH
GLVFLSOLQD WDOYH] WHQKD SRU FDXVD QmR VHU
SRVVtYHO GHWHUPLQDU VH FRP SUHFLVmR HP
TXH SHUFXUVR RFRUUHX R GDQR R TXH QmR
VH YHULILFD QR WUDQVSRUWH GH SHVVRDV
&HUWR p TXH R OHJLVODGRU IH] HVVD GLVWLQ
omR HQWUH R WUDQVSRUWH FXPXODWLYR GH
PHUFDGRULD H WUDQVSRUWH FXPXODWLYR GH
SHVVRDV DWULEXLQGR D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH
VROLGiULD jTXHOD PRGDOLGDGH H QmR D
DWULEXLQGR TXDQGR VH WUDWDU GH WUDQVSRUWH
FXPXODWLYR GH SHVVRDV
2 DUWLJR GR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO
GLVFLSOLQD D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH FLYLO GR
WUDQVSRUWDGRU (VVD PDWpULD SDVVRX SRU
YiULDV IDVHV $ /HL GDV (VWUDGDV GH )HU
UR HVWDEHOHFLD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH FLYLO RE
MHWLYD SDUD R WUDQVSRUWDGRU HP UHODomR
4. Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil” - 209
DR SDVVDJHLUR (P UHODomR DR SHGHVWUH
jTXHOH TXH QmR HUD SDVVDJHLUR D UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH HUD VXEMHWLYD DUW GR
&& &RP D &RQVWLWXLomR GH TXH
HVWDEHOHFHX UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH REMHWLYD
WDPEpP SDUD R SUHVWDGRU GH VHUYLoR S~
EOLFR R WUDQVSRUWDGRU SDVVRX D WHU UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH REMHWLYD WDPEpP HP UHOD
omR D WHUFHLUR 9HLR R &yGLJR GH 'HIHVD
GR &RQVXPLGRU H HVWDEHOHFHX UHVSRQVD
ELOLGDGH REMHWLYD SDUD R SUHVWDGRU GH VHU
YLoR TXHU FRP UHODomR DR FRQWUDWDGR
TXHU FRP UHODomR DR FRQVXPLGRU GLUHWR
FRPR HP UHODomR DR FRQVXPLGRU LQGLUH
WR 6y Dt SDVVDPRV D WHU XPD UHVSRQVD
ELOLGDGH XQLILFDGD GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU FRP
UHODomR QmR Vy DR SDVVDJHLUR FRPR WDP
EpP HP UHODomR DR WHUFHLUR
2 QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO QR VHX DUWLJR
SUDWLFDPHQWH FRQVROLGRX HVVH HQ
WHQGLPHQWR MXULVSUXGHQFLDO HVWDEHOH
FHQGR D VHJXLQWH UHJUD ´2 WUDQVSRUWD
GRU UHVSRQGH SHORV GDQRV FDXVDGRV jV
SHVVRDV WUDQVSRUWDGDV HYLGHQWHPHQWH
VRPHQWH HP UHODomR DR SDVVDJHLUR H
VXDV EDJDJHQV VDOYR PRWLYR GH IRUoD
PDLRU VHQGR QXOD TXDOTXHU FOiXVXOD
H[FOXGHQWH GD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHµ
1HVVH GLVSRVLWLYR WHPRV YiULDV
TXHVW}HV LPSRUWDQWHV (P SULPHLUR OX
JDU WUDWD VH LQTXHVWLRQDYHOPHQWH GH
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH REMHWLYD HP UHODomR DR
SDVVDJHLUR H DTXL HVWi D FOiXVXOD GH
LQFROXPLGDGH HQTXDGUDGD SHORV MXULVWDV
IUDQFHVHV TXDQGR SURFXUDUDP FRQVWUXLU
XPD QRYD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH SDUD R WUDQV
SRUWDGRU 1R PHX HQWHQGHU R TXH WH
PRV DTXL p D FOiXVXOD GH VHJXUDQoD H[
SUHVVD QR &yGLJR GH 'HIHVD GR &RQVX
PLGRU 4XHP VH GLVS}H D SUHVWDU VHUYL
oRV TXH FDXVDP ULVFRV DR SDVVDJHLUR RX
D WHUFHLURV ILFD REULJDGR D SUHVWi OR FRP
VHJXUDQoD WHQGR TXH JDUDQWLU D
LQFROXPLGDGH GH TXHP TXHU TXH VHMD 2
&yGLJR FRQVDJURX R TXH Mi HVWDYD HVWD
EHOHFLGR GHVGH D /HL GDV (VWUDGDV GH
)HUUR
'HVWDFDPRV HP VHJXQGR OXJDU TXH
R GLVSRVLWLYR HP H[DPH HVWDEHOHFH FOD
UDPHQWH D QXOLGDGH GH TXDOTXHU FOiX
VXOD H[FOXGHQWH GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH
,VVR IRL XPD FULDomR GD GRXWULQD GHSRLV
GD MXULVSUXGrQFLD H ILQDOPHQWH HVVD
YHGDomR HVWi H[SUHVVD QR &yGLJR GH 'H
IHVD GR &RQVXPLGRU 4XDOTXHU FOiXVXOD
TXH UHGX]D D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH p SOHQD
PHQWH QXOD (VVD GLVSRVLomR HVWDUi DJR
UD QR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO
7HPRV WDPEpP DTXL R SULQFtSLR GD
LQGHQL]DomR LOLPLWDGD TXH HPERUD QmR
HVFULWR QR FDSXW R GHSUHHQGHPRV GR SD
UiJUDIR ~QLFR TXH GL] ´e OtFLWR DR WUDQV
SRUWDGRU H[LJLU D GHFODUDomR GR YDORU GD
EDJDJHP D ILP GH IL[DU R OLPLWH GD LQGH
QL]DomRµ &RPR VH Yr R &yGLJR VRPHQWH
DGPLWLX IL[DU OLPLWH GD LQGHQL]DomR QR
TXH GL] UHVSHLWR j EDJDJHP $ FRQWUDULR
VHQVX QmR Ki OLPLWH LQGHQL]DWyULR HP
UHODomR DR SDVVDJHLUR &RPR QmR SRGH
ULD GHL[DU GH VHU KDYHUi KDUPRQLD HQ
WUH R QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO H R GR &RQVXPL
GRU 6HULD PXLWR UXLP VH R &yGLJR &LYLO
SHUPLWLVVH XPD OLPLWDomR WHQGR R &yGL
JR GR &RQVXPLGRU HVWDEHOHFLGR FRPR
SULQFtSLR FRPR GLUHLWR IXQGDPHQWDO GR
FRQVXPLGRU D SOHQD LQGHQL]DomR RX D
UHSRVLomR LOLPLWDGD 0HVPR HP VH WUD
WDQGR GH EDJDJHP D OLPLWDomR WHUi TXH
VHU IHLWD FRP EDVH QXPD GHFODUDomR GR
YDORU GD SUySULD EDJDJHP
2 DUWLJR DR SULPHLUR H[DPH
SHUPLWH FRQFOXLU TXH D UHVSRQVDELOLGD
GH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU VRPHQWH VHULD H[
FOXtGD SHOD IRUoD PDLRU $OJXQV GLDV
DWUiV FRQYHUVDQGR FRP XPD LOXVWUH
FLYLOLVWD HOD PH GLVVH TXH R &yGLJR &LYLO
HVWDULD j IUHQWH GR &yGLJR GH 'HIHVD GR
&RQVXPLGRU SRUTXH VRPHQWH H[FOXLULD D
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU QR
FDVR GH IRUoD PDLRU e R TXH HVWi GLV
SRVWR QR DUWLJR GR &yGLJR &LYLO 7R
GDYLD R &yGLJR GLVFLSOLQRX D UHVSRQVD
ELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU HP PDLV GH XP
DUWLJR H QmR DSHQDV HP XP ~QLFR GLVSR
VLWLYR
$ VHJXLU WHPRV R DUWLJR TXH WUD
WD GR IDWR GH WHUFHLUR ( DTXL R &yGLJR
QDGD PDLV IH] TXH SRVLWLYDU D
DQWLJXtVVLPD V~PXOD GR 67) ´$ UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH FRQWUDWXDO GR WUDQVSRUWD
GRU SHOR DFLGHQWH FRP SDVVDJHLUR QmR
p HOLGLGD SRU FXOSD GH WHUFHLUR FRQWUD R
TXDO WHP DomR UHJUHVVLYD µ ,VWR QmR p
QRYLGDGH UHSHWLPRV SRUTXH D 6~PXOD
5. 210 - Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil”
Mi GLVSXQKD DVVLP 7RGDYLD R FyGL
JR IDOD HP FXOSD GH WHUFHLURV )DWR
FXOSRVR GH WHUFHLUR QmR H[FOXL 0DV D
TXHVWmR p H R IDWR GRORVR GH WHUFHLUR"
1mR SRGHPRV HYLGHQWHPHQWH HTXLSDUDU
GROR H FXOSD 2 IDWR FXOSRVR GH WHUFHLUR
SRGH VHU SHUIHLWDPHQWH LQFOXtGR QDTXL
OR TXH PXLWRV DXWRUHV FKDPDP GH IRU
WXLWR LQWHUQR )D] SDUWH GR ULVFR GR QHJy
FLR GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU 0DV TXDQWR DR IDWR
GRORVR GH WHUFHLUR FRPR SRU H[HPSOR R
DVVDOWR H DJRUD YHUGDGHLURV DWDTXHV D
{QLEXV TXH VmR IHLWRV TXDQGR D SROtFLD
PDWD DOJXpP QR PRUUR H RV EDQGLGRV GHV
FHP SDUD TXHLPDU RV {QLEXV SRGH VH
LPSXWDU DR WUDQVSRUWDGRU R GHYHU GH LQ
GHQL]DU VH DOJXpP ILFDU IHULGR HP XPD
PDQLIHVWDomR GHVVD QDWXUH]D" (QWmR Dt
WHPRV R IDWR GRORVR GH WHUFHLUR 3DUHFH
PH TXH FRQWLQXDUHPRV FRP D PHVPD GRX
WULQD FRP D PHVPD MXULVSUXGrQFLD H FRP
D PHVPD FRQWURYpUVLD TXH DWp DTXL VH WUD
YRX +i DTXHOHV TXH HQWHQGHP FRPR HX
TXH R IDWR GRORVR GH WHUFHLUR H[FOXL D UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU SRUTXH HOH
QmR p TXHVWmR GH LPSUHYLVLELOLGDGH PDV
VLP GH LQHYLWDELOLGDGH ( Ki RXWURV TXH HQ
WHQGHP TXH QmR H[FOXLULD D UHVSRQVDELOL
GDGH 2 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD Mi
WHP GHFLGLGR GRV GRLV PRGRV HPERUD HV
WHMD VH LQFOLQDQGR QDV ~OWLPDV GHFLV}HV
SHOD QmR H[RQHUDomR GD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH
GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU QR FDVR GH IDWR GRORVR
GH WHUFHLUR FRPR R DVVDOWR D {QLEXV
7HPRV D VHJXLU D TXHVWmR GR IDWR
H[FOXVLYR GD YtWLPD RX GD FXOSD H[FOXVL
YD GD YtWLPD TXH p QRUPDOPHQWH RX
WUD FDXVD GH H[FOXVmR GH UHVSRQVDELOL
GDGH $ FXOSD H[FOXVLYD GD YtWLPD H[
FOXLULD D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRU
WDGRU" 2 FyGLJR WUDWRX GHVVD TXHVWmR QR
DUWLJR (VVH DUWLJR GLVS}H ´$ SHV
VRD WUDQVSRUWDGD GHYH VXMHLWDU VH jV
QRUPDV HVWDEHOHFLGDV SHOR WUDQVSRUWD
GRU FRQVWDQWHV QR ELOKHWH RX DIL[DGDV j
YLVWD GRV XVXiULRV µ (P RXWUDV SD
ODYUDV HVWi GL]HQGR TXH R SDVVDJHLUR
GHYD WHU XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR DGHTXDGR
GH DFRUGR FRP DV UHJUDV 'LVS}H R SDUi
JUDIR ~QLFR TXH QRV LQWHUHVVD ´6H R SUH
MXt]R VRIULGR SHOD SHVVRD WUDQVSRUWDGD IRU
DWULEXtYHO j WUDQVJUHVVmR GH QRUPDV H
LQVWUXo}HV UHJXODPHQWDUHV R MXL] UHGX
]LUi HTLWDWLYDPHQWH D LQGHQL]DomR QD
PHGLGD HP TXH D YtWLPD KRXYHU FRQFRU
ULGR SDUD D RFRUUrQFLD GR GDQR µ (LV DTXL
D FXOSD FRQFRUUHQWH ( Dt HQWmR D PLQKD
FRQFOXVmR 2UD VH R FyGLJR SHUPLWH UH
GX]LU D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWD
GRU HP UD]mR GD FXOSD FRQFRUUHQWH GR
SDVVDJHLUR SRU PDLV IRUWH UD]mR WHUHPRV
TXH DGPLWLU D H[FOXVmR GD UHVSRQVDELOL
GDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU VH R GDQR GHFRU
UHU GD H[FOXVLYD DWXDomR GD SUySULD YtWL
PD (QWmR PDLV XPD YH] RV VXUILVWDV
URGRYLiULRV QR PHX HQWHQGHU FRQWLQX
DUmR VHP D FREHUWXUD GD LQGHQL]DomR GR
WUDQVSRUWDGRU VH R GDQR GHFRUUHU GH IDWR
H[FOXVLYR GD SUySULD YtWLPD
2 DUWLJR WDPEpP p FRQVDJUD
omR GH HQWHQGLPHQWR GRXWULQiULR H
MXULVSUXGHQFLDO (OH WUDWD GR LQWHUURP
SLPHQWR GD YLDJHP 7RGRV QyV MXt]HV Mi
GHFLGLPRV KLSyWHVHV GH LQWHUUXSomR GH
YLDJHP FRPR RYHUERRNLQJ RX PHOKRU
DLQGD FDVRV HP TXH R DYLmR RX HQWmR
{QLEXV VRIUH DOJXPD SDQH H WHP TXH SD
UDU HP DOJXP OXJDU 1HVVH FDVR WHPRV
PDQGDGR SDJDU DV GHVSHVDV GH KRVSH
GDJHP DOLPHQWDomR HWF H DUUXPDU ORJR
XP PHLR GH WUDQVSRUWH SDUD OHYDU R SDV
VDJHLUR VmR H VDOYR DR VHX GHVWLQR e LVVR
TXH HVWi QR DUWLJR ´,QWHUURPSHQGR
VH D YLDJHP SRU TXDOTXHU PRWLYR DOKHLR j YRQ
WDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU DLQGD TXH HP FRQVH
TrQFLD GH HYHQWR LPSUHYLVtYHO HLV DTXL R
IRUWXLWR LQWHUQR TXH QmR H[FOXL D UHVSRQ
VDELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU ILFD HOH REUL
JDGR D FRQFOXLU R WUDQVSRUWH FRQWUDWDGR HP
RXWUR YHtFXOR GD PHVPD FDWHJRULD µ
( DLQGD WHPRV XP DUWLJR LPSRUWDQ
WH TXH QmR H[LVWLD HP QHQKXP GLVSRVL
WLYR OHJDO FRP UHODomR DR WUDQVSRUWH R
DUWLJR e R GLUHLWR GH UHWHQomR TXH
IRL DJRUD RXWRUJDGR OHJDOPHQWH DR WUDQV
SRUWDGRU ´2 WUDQVSRUWDGRU XPD YH] H[H
FXWDGR R WUDQVSRUWH WHP GLUHLWR GH UHWHQomR
VREUH D EDJDJHP GR SDVVDJHLUR H RXWURV RE
MHWRV SHVVRDLV GHVWH SDUD JDUDQWLU VH GR SD
JDPHQWR GR YDORU GD SDVVDJHP TXH QmR WLYHU
VLGR IHLWR QR LQtFLR RX GXUDQWH R SHUFXUVRµ
(VVH GLUHLWR GH UHWHQomR TXH Mi HVWDYD
SUHYLVWR QR &yGLJR GH SDUD RV FD
VRV GH GHSyVLWR H KRVSHGDJHP H DJRUD
6. Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil” - 211
HVWHQGLGR SHOR QRYR &yGLJR WDPEpP DR
WUDQVSRUWDGRU 0XLWRV HQWHQGHP TXH
HVVH GLUHLWR GH UHWHQomR VHULD DUELWUi
ULR DOJR FRQWUiULR j OLEHUGDGH HWF GH
VRUWH TXH D FRQWURYpUVLD SURVVHJXLUi
PRUPHQWH HP IDFH GR &yGLJR GR &RQVX
PLGRU
2EVHUYR XPD RPLVVmR QR FyGLJR QR
TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR WUDQVSRUWH GH SDVVD
JHLUR 2PLVVmR HVWD TXH SRGHULD WHU VLGR
VXSULGD SRUTXH R FyGLJR WHYH R FXLGDGR
GH QmR FRPHWHU HVVD RPLVVmR QR TXH GL]
UHVSHLWR DR WUDQVSRUWH GH FRLVDV +i XPD
TXHVWmR TXH PXLWDV YH]HV FKHJD DR 7UL
EXQDO H TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR PRPHQWR HP
TXH FRPHoD H HP TXH WHUPLQD D UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU (VVD p
XPD TXHVWmR LPSRUWDQWH SRUTXH XPD
FRLVD p D FHOHEUDomR GR FRQWUDWR H RXWUD
p D VXD H[HFXomR 1HP VHPSUH D UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU FRPHoD
QR PRPHQWR HP TXH VH FHOHEUD R FRQ
WUDWR &RPSUR XPD SDVVDJHP GH DYLmR
SRU H[HPSOR PDV Vy YRX YLDMDU GDTXL D
XP PrV 6H DOJXpP TXH YDL YLDMDU GH
DYLmR VRIUHU XP DFLGHQWH TXDQGR HVWi
VH GLULJLQGR SDUD R DHURSRUWR D FRPSD
QKLD DpUHD QmR WHP QDGD D YHU FRP LVVR
0HVPR TXH D SHVVRD DUJXPHQWH TXH Mi
KDYLD FRPSUDGR D SDVVDJHP TXH LD YLD
MDU H TXH R FRQWUDWR HVWDYD IHFKDGR QmR
LPSRUWD SRLV DLQGD QmR VH KDYLD LQLFLD
GR D H[HFXomR GR FRQWUDWR 8PD FRLVD p
R FRQWUDWR H RXWUD FRLVD p D VXD H[HFX
omR
6HQGR DVVLP VHULD PXLWR LPSRU
WDQWH TXH R FyGLJR HVWDEHOHFHVVH R PR
PHQWR GR LQtFLR GD H[HFXomR GR FRQWUD
WR GH WUDQVSRUWH H R PRPHQWR HP TXH
WHUPLQD HVVD REULJDomR $ MXULVSUXGrQ
FLD YHP ID]HQGR LVWR FRP EDVWDQWH FXL
GDGR 1R DUWLJR R FyGLJR WUDWRX GD
TXHVWmR FRP UHODomR DR WUDQVSRUWH GH
PHUFDGRULD PDV VH HVTXHFHX RX QmR
TXLV WUDWDU GLVVR QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR
WUDQVSRUWH GH SHVVRDV
2 DUWLJR GLVS}H ´$ UHVSRQVD
ELOLGDGH GR WUDQVSRUWDGRU H DTXL Mi HVWi
QD SDUWH TXH WUDWD GR WUDQVSRUWH GH FRL
VDV TXH FRPHoD QR DUWLJR OLPLWD
GD DR YDORU FRQVWDQWH GH FRQKHFLPHQWR FR
PHoD QR PRPHQWR HP TXH HOH RX VHXV
SUHSRVWRV UHFHEHP D FRLVD WHUPLQD TXDQ
GR p HQWUHJXH DR GHVWLQDWiULR RX GHSRVLWD
GD HP MXt]R VH DTXHOH QmR IRU HQFRQWUDGRµ
4XHU GL]HU HVWDEHOHFHX VH TXDQGR FR
PHoD H TXDQGR WHUPLQD R WUDQVSRUWH GH
FRLVDV PDV QDGD WUDWRX FRP UHODomR DR
WUDQVSRUWH GH SHVVRDV
+i RXWUDV TXHVW}HV UHOHYDQWHV FRP
UHODomR DR FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH PDV
FRPR SURPHWL QmR XOWUDSDVVDU R WHPSR
YDPRV WUDWDU GH &RQWUDWR GH 6HJXUR
(VVH FRQWUDWR p WDPEpP H[WUDRUGLQiULR
QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR j VXD UHOHYkQFLD MX
UtGLFD HFRQ{PLFD H SROtWLFD *UDQGHV
HPSUHHQGLPHQWRV VH WRUQDULDP LQYLiYHLV
VH QmR IRVVH D VHJXUDQoD GR VHJXUR ( p
SRU LVVR TXH R VHJXUR REWHYH XP GHVHQ
YROYLPHQWR IDQWiVWLFR QDV ~OWLPDV GpFD
GDV (OH FLUFXOD ELOK}HV GH GyODUHV DQX
DOPHQWH ,PDJLQHP R TXH VHULD GD
3HWUREUiV VH QmR IRVVH R VHJXUR TXDQ
GR XPD GH VXDV PDLRUHV SODWDIRUPDV SH
JRX IRJR H DIXQGRX 8P FXVWR GH ELOK}HV
GH GyODUHV R TXH DEDODULD D HFRQRPLD DWp
PHVPR GH XPD JUDQGH HPSUHVD ,PDJL
QHP R TXH VHULD VH QmR KRXYHVVH XPD UHGH
GH VHJXURV H UHVVHJXURV PXQGLDO 1R FDVR
GD GHVWUXLomR GDV GXDV WRUUHV JrPHDV HP
1RYD <RUN QmR IRVVH R VHJXUR HVVH IXQHV
WR DFRQWHFLPHQWR DEDODULD D HFRQRPLD DWp
GH PXLWRV SDtVHV e HVWD D LPSRUWkQFLD TXH
WHP R VHJXUR 1R %UDVLO GH DFRUGR FRP DV
HVWDWtVWLFDV VRPRV PDLV GH VHVVHQWD PL
OK}HV GH VHJXUDGRV QRV YiULRV VHJXURV
4XDOTXHU SHVVRD GH FODVVH PpGLD WHUi SHOR
PHQRV XP WLSR GH VHJXUR SRU H[HPSOR GH
DXWRPyYHO GH VD~GH HWF
(QWmR R TXH YHP D VHU VHJXUR" 3RU
TXH HOH WHP HVWD LPSRUWkQFLD HVWD HQRU
PH UHOHYkQFLD" &RVWXPR FRQWDU XP IDWR
UHDO TXH QRV DMXGDUi D FRPSUHHQGHU 1D
GpFDGD GH WULQWD TXDQGR HVWDYDP FRQV
WUXLQGR D JUDQGH SRQWH VREUH D %DtD GH
6mR )UDQFLVFR QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV RV
FRQVWUXWRUHV VH YLUDP HQYROYLGRV FRP XP
JUDYH SUREOHPD D VHJXUDQoD GRV WUDED
OKDGRUHV 4XHP DLQGD KRMH VREH DR FLPR
GH XPD GDV WRUUHV GDTXHOD SRQWH FRP
FHUFD GH GX]HQWRV H YLQWH PHWURV GH DO
WXUD H ROKD Oi GH FLPD DV iJXDV GD %DtD
D FHQWHQDV GH PHWURV DEDL[R QmR GHL[D
GH WHU XP DUUHSLR QD HVSLQKD &RPR VH
7. 212 - Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil”
ULD SRVVtYHO WUDEDOKDU QDTXHODV DOWXUDV
VHP R SDYRU GH VH SUHFLSLWDU QR DELVPR
D TXDOTXHU PRPHQWR" $ SRQWH HVWDYD RU
oDGD HP WULQWD H FLQFR PLOK}HV GH GyOD
UHV H RV RSHUiULRV VDELDP TXH SDUD FDGD
PLOKmR D VHU JDVWR KDYLD D SHUVSHFWLYD
GH TXH XP GHOHV SRGHULD SHUGHU D VXD
YLGD ,PSRUWDYD HQWmR HP GL]HU TXH DWp
D FRQFOXVmR GD SRQWH FHUFD GH WULQWD H
FLQFR WUDEDOKDGRUHV SRGHULDP PRUUHU (
LVWR D WRGD HYLGrQFLD JHURX SkQLFR 7R
GRV WUDEDOKDYDP FRP D LGpLD IL[D GH TXH
D TXDOTXHU PRPHQWR SRGHULD VH WUDQVIRU
PDU HP XPD GDTXHODV WULQWD H FLQFR YtWL
PDV 3RU LVVR D REUD FDPLQKDYD OHQWDPHQ
WH FDXVDQGR HQRUPHV SUHMXt]RV DWp TXH
DOJXpP WHYH D LGpLD GH HVWHQGHU VREUH
WRGD H[WHQVmR GD SRQWH XPD JLJDQWHVFD
UHGH GH FRUGDV 'H VRUWH TXH VH DOJXP
RSHUiULR FDtVVH KDYHULD GH VHU DSDQKDGR
SHOD UHGH $ UHGH FXVWRX RLWHQWD PLO GyOD
UHV PDV UHYHORX VH GHVGH ORJR XP H[
FHOHQWH LQYHVWLPHQWR 7mR ORJR HOD IRL HV
WHQGLGD RV RSHUiULRV UHDGTXLULUDP D FRQ
ILDQoD YROWDUDP D WUDEDOKDU QRYDPHQWH
D REUD UHDGTXLULX R DQGDPHQWR GHVHMDGR
D SRQWH IRL FRQFOXtGD QR SUD]R SUHYLVWR H
PHOKRU GR TXH WXGR VHP R VDFULItFLR GH
XPD YLGD VHTXHU e TXH DJRUD RV RSHUiUL
RV WLQKDP XPD UHVSRVWD WUDQTLOL]DGRUD
SDUD DTXHOD LQTXLHWDQWH LQGDJDomR H VH
HX FDLU GD SRQWH"
3DUHFH PH TXH HVVH IDWR UHYHOD TXH
VHJXUDQoD H SURWHomR VmR QHFHVVLGDGHV
EiVLFDV GR VHU KXPDQR SULQFLSDOPHQWH
D SDUWLU GH XPD GHWHUPLQDGD FODVVH VR
FLDO $ WRGR LQVWDQWH HVWDPRV QRV LQGD
JDQGR ´H VH HX FDLU GD SRQWH" H VH HX PRU
UHU" H VH HX ILFDU GRHQWH" H VH PLQKD FDVD
SHJDU IRJR" H VH URXEDUHP R PHX DXWRPy
YHO"µ ( p H[DWDPHQWH Dt TXH HQWUD D LGpLD
GR VHJXUR (P XPD OLQJXDJHP ILJXUDGD
SRGHUtDPRV GL]HU TXH R VHJXUR p XPD
HVSpFLH GH UHGH MXUtGLFR HFRQ{PLFD TXH
QRV SURWHJH FRQWUD RV ULVFRV DRV TXDLV
WRGRV QyV HVWDPRV H[SRVWRV QD YLGD HP
VRFLHGDGH 7RGRV QyV VDEHPRV TXH R VH
JXUR p IXQGDGR p DOLFHUoDGR HP WUrV HOH
PHQWRV HVVHQFLDLV R ULVFR D PXWXDOLGDGH
H D ERD Ip &RVWXPR GL]HU TXH HVVHV WUrV
HOHPHQWRV VmR R WULSp GR VHJXUR XPD
HVSpFLH GH VDQWtVVLPD WULQGDGH XPD
WULORJLD GR VHJXUR 1mR KDYHUi VHJXUR
RQGH QmR KRXYHU ULVFR RQGH QmR KRXYHU
PXWXDOLGDGH H RQGH QmR KRXYHU ERD Ip
2 ULVFR p R HOHPHQWR EiVLFR R HOH
PHQWR PDWHULDO GR VHJXUR $V SHVVRDV
Vy ID]HP VHJXUR SRUTXH HVWmR H[SRVWDV
D ULVFR 6H YRFr QmR VHQWLU ULVFR GH QDGD
QmR YDL ID]HU VHJXUR ( ULVFR p H[DWD
PHQWH SHULJR p SUREDELOLGDGH GH GDQR
1yV ID]HPRV VHJXUR TXDQGR VHQWLPRV
SUREDELOLGDGH GH GDQR TXDOTXHU TXH VHMD
D VXD QDWXUH]D
0XWXDOLGDGH p R HOHPHQWR HFRQ{
PLFR GR VHJXUR e XPD RSHUDomR FROHWL
YD GH SRXSDQoD TXH p IHLWD SRU WRGDV
DTXHODV SHVVRDV TXH LQWHJUDP XP PHV
PR JUXSR GH ULVFR 6DEHQGR TXH SRVVR
VRIUHU XP VLQLVWUR VRIUHU XP GDQR HP
UD]mR GR ULVFR D TXH HVWRX H[SRVWR SUR
FXUR PH SUHFDYHU HVWDEHOHFHQGR DOJR TXH
PH SRVVD UHSDUDU R GDQR VH HYHQWXDO
PHQWH HOH RFRUUHU ( DVVLP FRP PXLWDV
SHVVRDV IRUPD VH XP IXQGR FDSD] GH
EDQFDU RV GDQRV GHFRUUHQWHV GRV ULVFRV
D TXH SHVVRDV HVWmR H[SRVWDV ( D WRGD
HYLGrQFLD WHUi TXH KDYHU Dt HVWi XP
SRQWR LPSRUWDQWH R HTXLOtEULR HQWUH ULV
FR H SUrPLR 3UrPLR QmR p DTXLOR TXH
UHFHER GH LQGHQL]DomR PDV DTXLOR TXH
SDJR FRPR VHJXUDGR 7HUi TXH KDYHU XP
HTXLOtEULR XPD QHFHVViULD SURSRUFLRQD
OLGDGH HQWUH R SUrPLR SDJR H RV ULVFRV D
TXH HVWRX H[SRVWR SDUD IRUPDU R SDWUL
P{QLR DGHTXDGR H QHFHVViULR SDUD EDQ
FDU HVVHV ULVFRV ( LVWR p FDOFXODGR DWUD
YpV GH GDGRV HVWDWtVWLFRV FiOFXORV DWX
DULDLV D OHL GRV JUDQGHV Q~PHURV H FRP
EDVWDQWH SUHFLVmR e GHVVD PDQHLUD TXH
R VHJXUR VH HVWUXWXUD
8PD ERD GHILQLomR GH VHJXUR FDOFD
GD QR SULQFtSLR GD PXWXDOLGDGH IRL DTXH
OD TXH QRV GHL[RX D 5DLQKD (OL]DEHWK , GD
,QJODWHUUD Ki PDLV GH WUrV VpFXORV ´FRP
R VHJXUR R GDQR p XP IDUGR TXH SHVD OH
YHPHQWH VREUH XP JUDQGH Q~PHUR GH SHV
VRDV HP YH] GH LQVXSRUWDYHOPHQWH VREUH
XP SHTXHQR Q~PHURµ 0XWXDOLGDGH p LVVR
p GLYLVmR GRV ULVFRV GH WDO PDQHLUD TXH
VH WRUQH VXSRUWiYHO SRU PXLWRV DTXLOR TXH
VHULD LQVXSRUWiYHO SRU SRXFRV
$JRUD YHP R WHUFHLUR HOHPHQWR D
ERD Ip $ ERD Ip p R HOHPHQWR MXUtGLFR GR
8. Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil” - 213
VHJXUR %RD Ip p R HOHPHQWR TXH OLJD
PXWXDOLGDGH H ULVFR 0XWXDOLGDGH H ULV
FR MDPDLV DQGDUmR MXQWRV VH QmR KRXYHU
ERD Ip e D ERD Ip TXH SHUPLWH HQWUH R
VHJXUDGR H R VHJXUDGRU XPD FRQYLYrQ
FLD WDO TXH XP FRQWULEXD SDUD IRUPDU
XP IXQGR H R RXWUR SRU VXD YH] WHQKD
FRQGLo}HV GH UHSDUDU R GDQR R SUHMXt]R
VH HYHQWXDOPHQWH R ULVFR D TXH HVWi
H[SRVWR R VHJXUDGR YLHU D VH PDWHULDOL
]DU QR VLQLVWUR e SRU LVVR TXH RV DXWR
UHV FRVWXPDP GL]HU TXH D ERD Ip p D
DOPD p D UD]mR GH VHU GR VHJXUR 2QGH
QmR KRXYHU D ERD Ip KDYHUi IUDXGH Pi
Ip 3RU HVVD UD]mR VH FRVWXPD GL]HU TXH
D IUDXGH p D PDLRU LQLPLJD GR VHJXUR
SRUTXH HOD GHVHVWUXWXUD R HTXLOtEULR TXH
WHP TXH KDYHU HQWUH PXWXDOLGDGH H R
SUrPLR TXH GHYH VHU SDJR
2 &yGLJR DQWHULRU SUDWLFDPHQWH Vy
IDODYD QD ERD Ip QR VHJXUR &RVWXPDYD
VH GL]HU TXH D ERD Ip HUD XP HOHPHQWR
GR VHJXUR SRUTXH Vy QR FRQWUDWR GH VH
JXUR HOD HUD H[SUHVVDPHQWH PHQFLRQD
GD $TXL QR VHJXUR QmR Vy WHPRV D ERD
Ip VXEMHWLYD D ERD LQWHQomR GDV SDUWHV
PDV WDPEpP D ERD Ip REMHWLYD SRUTXH
PDLV GR TXH HP TXDOTXHU RXWUR FRQWUD
WR HVWD p LQGLVSHQViYHO QR VHJXUR TXH
p VHPSUH XP FRQWUDWR GH WUDWR VXFHVVL
YR )D]HPRV VHJXUR SRU XP SHUtRGR XP
DQR SRU H[HPSOR (QWmR R FRQWUDWR YDL
VH SURORQJDU H HPERUD DV SDUWHV SRV
VDP WHU ERDV LQWHQo}HV QR PRPHQWR GD
FHOHEUDomR GR FRQWUDWR GH VHJXUR VH QR
FXUVR GR FRQWUDWR XPD GHODV SDVVDU D
WHU Pi Ip SURFXUDU DXPHQWDU RV ULVFRV
SRU H[HPSOR RX SURFXUDU FULDU REVWiFX
ORV SDUD D H[HFXomR GR VHJXUR HOH VH
WRUQD LQYLiYHO (QWmR WXGR DTXLOR TXH
IRL GLWR FRP UHODomR j ERD Ip H TXH KRMH
HVWi VHQGR FDQWDGD H GHFDQWDGD SRLV
SDVVDUi D VHU XP SULQFtSLR JHUDO GR QRYR
&yGLJR Mi HUD XP GRV HOHPHQWRV GR FRQ
WUDWR HP JHUDO
)HLWDV HVVDV REVHUYDo}HV GLULD
DSHQDV TXH R QRYR &yGLJR YDL GDU DR FRQ
WUDWR GH VHJXUR XPD GLVFLSOLQD PDLV
HQ[XWD PDLV UDFLRQDO +i QR &yGLJR GH
PXLWDV GLVSRVLo}HV UHSHWLWLYDV H
TXH FRP R GHFRUUHU GR WHPSR VH PRVWUD
UDP LQyFXDV GHVQHFHVViULDV 2 QRYR &y
GLJR IH] XPD OLPSH]D GHL[DQGR DSHQDV DV
FOiXVXODV H UHJUDV TXH VmR UHDOPHQWH UH
OHYDQWHV H LPSRUWDQWHV ( FRPR QmR SR
GHULD GHL[DU GH VHU RV WUrV HOHPHQWRV
ULVFR PXWXDOLGDGH H ERD Ip QmR Vy SHUVLV
WHP PDV IRUDP DLQGD PDLV SUHVWLJLDGRV
H GHVWDFDGRV SRUTXH VH HVVHV HOHPHQWRV
QmR IRUHP SUHVWLJLDGRV R VHJXUR SDVVDUi
D VHU DEVROXWDPHQWH LQYLiYHO
(QWUHWDQWR R TXH PH SDUHFH PH
UHFHU GHVWDTXH p R QRYR FRQFHLWR TXH R
&yGLJR GHX DR VHJXUR 2 FRQFHLWR DQWH
ULRU HQVHMDYD FDGD GHILQLomR TXH GDWD
YHQLD HUD GH FKRUDU &RVWXPDYD VH GL
]HU TXH R VHJXUR WUDQVIHUH R ULVFR GR VH
JXUDGR SDUD R VHJXUDGRU ,VVR p XP DE
VXUGR GR SRQWR GH YLVWD MXUtGLFR H IiWLFR
&RP RX VHP VHJXUR TXHP FRQWLQXD HP
ULVFR p R DVVHJXUDGR p R VHX FDUUR p R
RSHUiULR TXH HVWi SHQGXUDGR HP DOJXP
OXJDU 2 VHJXUR QmR WUDQVIHUH R ULVFR
7DPEpP QmR p DEVROXWDPHQWH FRUUHWR
GL]HU TXH R FDUUR IRL VHJXUDGR TXH D SHV
VRD IRL VHJXUDGD p XPD PDQHLUD GH VH
GL]HU PDV QmR p LVWR TXH IRL VHJXUDGR
(QWmR TXDO p UHDOPHQWH R REMHWR GR VH
JXUR" 2 TXH p R VHJXUDGRU"
7HPRV QR QRYR &yGLJR XPD GHIL
QLomR TXH PH SDUHFH PXLWR EHP FRORFD
GD HVWi QR DUWLJR TXH GLVS}H ´3HOR
FRQWUDWR GH VHJXUR R VHJXUDGRU VH REULJD
PHGLDQWH R SDJDPHQWR GR SUrPLR D JDUDQWLU
LQWHUHVVH OHJtWLPR GR VHJXUDGR UHODWLYR D
SHVVRD RX D FRLVD FRQWUD ULVFRV SUHGHWHUPL
QDGRVµ $TXL ILFR UHDOPHQWH HP G~YLGD
SRLV TXHP LUi SDJDU R SUrPLR" 4XHP
SDJD R SUrPLR p R VHJXUDGR SRU LVVR HX
FRORFDULD ´PHGLDQWH R UHFHELPHQWR GR SUr
PLRµ PDV FRPR DVVLP HVWi GLVSRVWR
YDPRV HQWHQGHU TXH RQGH VH GL] SDJD
PHQWR OHLD VH UHFHELPHQWR TXHP SDJD p
R VHJXUDGR H TXHP UHFHEH p R VHJXUD
GRU 'HSRLV GL] ´JDUDQWLU LQWHUHVVH OHJtWL
PR GR VHJXUDGR UHODWLYR D SHVVRD FRQ
WUD ULVFRV SUHGHWHUPLQDGRVµ 3ULPHLUR
SRQWR TXH R FRQFHLWR GHVWDFD p R VHJX
UDGRU p XP JDUDQWH SRU LVVR GLJR TXH
HOH p XP SUHVWDGRU GH VHUYLoR
2V VHQKRUHV YHMDP TXH VDELDPHQ
WH R &yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU VDEHQGR TXH
KDYHULD PXLWD UHDomR FRORFRX H[SUHV
VDPHQWH QR FRQFHLWR GH VHUYLoR D DWLYL
9. 214 - Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil”
GDGH EDQFiULD VHFXULWiULD HWF ,QLFLDO
PHQWH RV VHJXUDGRUHV TXLVHUDP VXV
WHQWDU TXH QmR HUDP SUHVWDGRUHV GH VHU
YLoR SRUTXH DILQDO GH FRQWDV QmR SUHVWD
YDP VHUYLoR DOJXP 0DV QD UHDOLGDGH
HOHV SUHVWDP VHUYLoR HOHV VmR JDUDQWHV
0DV R VHJXUDGRU JDUDQWH R TXr" (OH QmR
JDUDQWH D YLGD GR VHJXUDGR SRLV FRP RX
VHP VHJXUR R VHJXUDGR SRGH IDOHFHU HOH
QmR JDUDQWH TXH R FDUUR HVWDUi VHPSUH
FRP R VHJXUDGR 2 TXH HOH JDUDQWH p R
LQWHUHVVH OHJtWLPR TXH R VHJXUDGR WHP HP
UHODomR D FRLVDV H HP UHODomR D SHVVRDV
1RUPDOPHQWH VHUi XP LQWHUHVVH
SDWULPRQLDO 2 TXH HX TXHUR TXDQGR IDoR
XP VHJXUR" 4XHUR VH R PHX FDUUR IRU
URXEDGR WHU R SDWULP{QLR QHFHVViULR SDUD
FRPSUDU RXWUR SDUD UHSRU R PHX SUHMXt]R
e XP LQWHUHVVH HFRQ{PLFR $ PHVPD FRL
VD RFRUUH FRP R VHJXUR GH YLGD 2 TXH VH
TXHU TXDQGR VH FHOHEUD XP VHJXUR GH
YLGD" $ SHVVRD QmR TXHU PRUUHU HOD TXHU
YLYHU R Pi[LPR SRVVtYHO PDV FRP D JD
UDQWLD D FHUWH]D GH TXH VH PRUUHU DTXH
OHV TXH GHSHQGHP GHOD QmR ILFDUmR DR
DEDQGRQR p XP LQWHUHVVH HFRQ{PLFR
4XDQGR D SHVVRD ID] XP VHJXUR GH VD~
GH QmR SUHWHQGH SDVVDU GLDV LQWHUQDGR
QD 87, QLQJXpP TXHU LVVR QLQJXpP HVWi
LQWHUHVVDGR HP REWHU D LQGHQL]DomR GR
VHJXUR SHOR FRQWUiULR R TXH VH TXHU p
JDUDQWLD VHJXUDQoD WUDQTLOLGDGH e LVVR
TXH GHYHPRV HQWHQGHU SRU LQWHUHVVH OH
JtWLPR
$JRUD HQWmR R &yGLJR HVWDEHOHFH
TXH R TXH p VHJXUDGR R TXH p JDUDQWLGR
p R LQWHUHVVH PDV Ki TXH VHU XP LQWH
UHVVH OHJtWLPR /RJR TXDOTXHU LQWHUHV
VH LOtFLWR LOHJtWLPR DLQGD TXH FHOHEUD
GR FRP R VHJXUR FRQWUDULD R SULQFtSLR
GD ERD Ip FRQWUDULD D SUySULD UD]mR GH
VHU GR VHJXUR (VVH FRQFHLWR HVWi SHU
IHLWR QR PHX HQWHQGHU ( PDLV DLQGD
GHVWDFD DTXL TXH R LQWHUHVVH OHJtWLPR p
JDUDQWLGR FRQWUD RV ULVFRV SUHGHWHUPL
QDGRV +i XPD WHQGrQFLD QRVVD LQFOX
VLYH GRV PDJLVWUDGRV GH ID]HU GR VHJX
UR R VHJXUDGRU XQLYHUVDO ² ´+i VHJXUR
HQWmR SDJD WXGR FREUH WXGRµ ,VVR YLROD
R SULQFtSLR GD PXWXDOLGDGH 2 FRQWUDWR
IRL FHOHEUDGR WHQGR HP YLVWD GHWHUPLQD
GRV ULVFRV R SUrPLR FDOFXODGR p VREUH
HVVHV ULVFRV HVSHFtILFRV $TXL HVWi R
HTXLOtEULR $ SDUWLU GR PRPHQWR HP TXH
VH FRPHoD D LQFOXLU QR RXWUR ODGR ULV
FRV TXH QmR IRUDP OHYDGRV HP FRQVLGH
UDomR QR PRPHQWR GD FHOHEUDomR GR FRQ
WUDWR VH HVWi TXHEUDQGR R SULQFtSLR GD
PXWXDOLGDGH 3RLV DJRUD R &yGLJR DSH
VDU GH Mi R ID]HU R DQWHULRU GL] TXH RV
ULVFRV GHYHP VHU SUHGHWHUPLQDGRV TXH VmR
DTXHOHV TXH IRUDP SUHYLVWRV QR FRQWUD
WR QD DSyOLFH (VVD PHVPD UHJUD p
HQIDWL]DGD QR DUWLJR TXH GLVS}H ´$
DSyOLFH RX R ELOKHWH GH VHJXUR VHUmR
QRPLQDWLYRV j RUGHP RX DR SRUWDGRU H
PHQFLRQDUmR RV ULVFRV DVVXPLGRV R LQtFLR
H R ILP GH VXD YDOLGDGH R OLPLWH GD JD
UDQWLD H R SUrPLR GHYLGR H TXDQGR IRU R
FDVR R QRPH GR VHJXUDGR H R GR
EHQHILFLiULRµ 0HQFLRQDU RV ULVFRV DVVX
PLGRV p YLWDO SDUD VH PDQWHU D
PXWXDOLGDGH R HTXLOtEULR 4XDQWR DR LQt
FLR H R ILP GH VXD YDOLGDGH Ki XPD GLV
FXVVmR PXLWR JUDQGH HP FHUWRV VHJX
URV VREUH HP TXH PRPHQWR FRPHoD RX
QmR D REULJDomR GR VHJXUDGRU VH p QR
PRPHQWR HP TXH FHOHEURX D DSyOLFH VH
p QR PRPHQWR HP TXH VH IH] R SULPHLUR
SDJDPHQWR RX VH p GHSRLV (VVD p XPD
TXHVWmR EDVWDQWH FRQWURYHUWLGD H TXH QRV
WUD] PXLWD GLILFXOGDGH QD YLGD SUiWLFD
TXDVH VHPSUH QRV LQFOLQDPRV HP IDYRU
GR VHJXUDGR VHJXQGR XPD WHQGrQFLD QD
WXUDO
2 QRYR &yGLJR GL] H[SUHVVDPHQWH
TXH YDL YDOHU DTXLOR TXH HVWi HVFULWR QD
DSyOLFH e FODUR TXH VH DTXLOR TXH HVWi
HVFULWR YLRODU R SULQFtSLR GD ERD Ip VH
IRU XPD FOiXVXOD DEXVLYD YDPRV HQWHQ
GHU TXH LVVR QmR YDOH QDGD p FRPR VH
QmR H[LVWLVVH 0DV VH IRU XPD FOiXVXOD
UD]RiYHO FRPR SRU H[HPSOR TXH R VH
JXUR YDL YDOHU D SDUWLU GH KRUDV RX
DSyV R SULPHLUR SDJDPHQWR FRLVDV GHV
VH WLSR QyV MXt]HV H SURILVVLRQDLV GH GL
UHLWR GHYHPRV UHVSHLWDU SRUTXH p LVVR
TXH HVWi HVFULWR DTXL QD OHL 6H QmR KRX
YHU FROLGrQFLD FRP XP SULQFtSLR PDLRU
FRPR D ERD Ip GHYH SUHYDOHFHU DTXLOR TXH
IRL HVWDEHOHFLGR QD DSyOLFH SDUD R LQtFLR
H ILP GD YDOLGDGH GR FRQWUDWR
7HPRV QR DUWLJR XPD FOiXVX
OD TXH FROLGH GH IUHQWH FRP D MXULVSUX
10. Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil” - 215
GrQFLD GR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD
$LQGD QmR p XPD MXULVSUXGrQFLD SDFtIL
FD PDV SHOR PHQRV XP DFyUGmR Mi YL
TXH PH GHL[RX DWp EDVWDQWH SUHRFXSD
GR 2 FDVR GL]LD UHVSHLWR D XP VHJXUDGR
TXH HVWDYD HP PRUD DWp LQDGLPSOHQWH
SRUTXH HVWDYD VHP SDJDU R SUrPLR Ki
YiULRV PHVHV H SUHFLVRX GR VHJXUR 2
VHJXUDGRU QHJRX VH D SDJDU D LQGHQL]D
omR OHYDQGR R VHJXUDGR D LQJUHVVDU QD
-XVWLoD QD TXDO WHYH JDQKR GH FDXVD 2
6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD HQWHQGHX
TXH PHVPR HVWDQGR R VHJXUDGR DWUDVD
GR VH SDJRX R SUrPLR WHUi GLUHLWR j LQ
GHQL]DomR e LVVR TXH SUHRFXSD SRLV
RQGH ILFD D ERD Ip" (QWmR IDoR XP VH
JXUR GH DXWRPyYHO H HVSHUR VH URXED
UHP R PHX DXWRPyYHO YRX Oi H SDJR R
TXH GHYR DSHVDU GH Mi WHU RFRUULGR R VL
QLVWUR" ,VVR YLROD R SULQFtSLR GD ERD Ip
LVVR p Pi Ip SXUD 1mR YHMR QHQKXP EUL
OKDQWLVPR QHVVH HQWHQGLPHQWR FRQWUD
ULD D HVWUXWXUD GR VHJXUR
2 DUWLJR DJRUD KDEHPXV OHJLV
H[SUHVVD GLVS}H R VHJXLQWH ´1mR WHUi
GLUHLWR D LQGHQL]DomR R VHJXUDGR TXH
HVWLYHU HP PRUD QR SDJDPHQWR GR SUr
PLR VH RFRUUHU R VLQLVWUR DQWHV GH VXD
SXUJDomRµ 6H HVVD QRUPD QmR YLROD XP
SULQFtSLR GH ERD Ip XP SULQFtSLR PDLRU
FUHLR TXH HOD GHYHUi VHU UHVSHLWDGD H
QR PHX HQWHQGHU p XPD QRUPD DWp
PRUDOL]DGRUD SRUTXH LPSHGLUi HP PXL
WRV FDVRV H[DWDPHQWH HVWD SRVLomR GR
LQGLYtGXR DJXDUGDU VH H TXDQGR RFRUUHU
R VLQLVWUR SDUD Vy HQWmR ID]HU R SDJD
PHQWR GR SUrPLR $t HOH QmR TXHU HYL
GHQWHPHQWH XP VHJXUR SRLV R FRQWUDWR
GH VHJXUR p DOHDWyULR HOH TXHU XPD LQ
GHQL]DomR PHGLDQWH XP SDJDPHQWR LQ
VLJQLILFDQWH SRUTXH D LQGHQL]DomR p PXL
WR PDLRU GR TXH DTXLOR TXH HOH SDJRX
2 DUWLJR p D UHSHWLomR GDTXLOR
TXH HVWi QR &yGLJR DWXDO ´2 VHJXUDGR H R
VHJXUDGRU VmR REULJDGRV D JXDUGDU QD
FRQFOXVmR H QD H[HFXomR GR FRQWUDWR D
PDLV HVWULWD ERD Ip H YHUDFLGDGH WDQWR D
UHVSHLWR GR REMHWR FRPR GDV FLUFXQVWkQFL
DV H GHFODUDo}HV D HOH FRQFHUQHQWHVµ -i
QRV UHIHULPRV D LVVR TXDQGR GLVVHPRV TXH
D ERD Ip p DOPD GR VHJXUR R VHX HOHPHQ
WR MXUtGLFR PDV p WDPEpP XPD YLD GH
PmR GXSOD SRUTXH WDQWR WHP TXH KDYHU
ERD Ip GR VHJXUDGRU FRPR GR VHJXUDGR
2 SDUiJUDIR ~QLFR GR DUWLJR p
TXH PH SUHRFXSD SRUTXH D MXULVSUXGrQ
FLD p WUDQTLOD QR VHQWLGR GH TXH R VH
JXUDGR Vy SHUGHUi R GLUHLWR j LQGHQL]D
omR VH GH Pi Ip LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH IL
]HU DILUPDo}HV TXH QmR FRUUHVSRQGHP j
UHDOLGDGH RPLWLU LQIRUPDo}HV TXH GHYH
ULDP VHU SUHVWDGDV LQIRUPDo}HV TXH WH
ULDP UHOHYkQFLD QD IRUPDomR GR FRQWUD
WR 9DPRV DR H[HPSOR GR VHJXUR GH VD~
GH IDoR XP VHJXUR GH YLGD RX GH VD~GH
H QmR LQIRUPR TXH VRIUR GH XPD GHWHU
PLQDGD GRHQoD RX VHMD XPD GRHQoD
SUHH[LVWHQWH (QWmR WHP VH HQWHQGLGR
TXH LVVR p XPD DILUPDomR IDOVD IUDXGX
OHQWD H FRQVHTHQWHPHQWH YLRODULD R
SULQFtSLR GD ERD Ip 0DV VH HX QmR VRX
EHU TXH WHQKR XPD GRHQoD VH HX QmR
VRXEHU TXH WHQKR XP SUREOHPD DQWH
ULRU" $t QHVVH FDVR QmR HVWDULD GH Pi
Ip H SRU LVVR D MXULVSUXGrQFLD FRQVD
JURX R HQWHQGLPHQWR GH TXH D DILUPD
omR TXH QmR FRUUHVSRQGH j YHUGDGH Vy
WLUD R GLUHLWR j LQGHQL]DomR VH HOD IRU
IHLWD GH Pi Ip RX VHMD VH R VHJXUDGR
FRQKHFHQGR R SUREOHPD GH VD~GH FRQKH
FHQGR D GRHQoD QmR D LQIRUPD (QWmR D
ERD Ip p SUHVXPLGD H FDEHUi j VHJXUD
GRUD SURYDU D Pi Ip GR VHJXUDGR SDUD Vy
DVVLP QmR SDJDU LQGHQL]DomR $JRUD R SD
UiJUDIR ~QLFR GR DUWLJR GLVS}H ´6H D
LQH[DWLGmR RX RPLVVmR QDV GHFODUDo}HV
QmR UHVXOWDU GH Pi Ip GR VHJXUDGR SRLV
VH UHVXOWDU GH Pi Ip HOH QmR WHUi GLUHL
WR D QDGD R VHJXUDGRU WHUi R GLUHLWR GH
UHVROYHU R FRQWUDWR RX D FREUDU PHVPR
DSyV R VLQLVWUR D GLIHUHQoD GR SUrPLRµ
$TXL HP RXWUD SDODYUDV HVWi GL]HQGR
TXH VH R VHJXUDGR HVWDYD GH Pi Ip SHU
GHUi WXGR VH HVWLYHU GH ERD Ip PDV IL
]HU XPD DILUPDomR SRU H[HPSOR TXH
HVWDYD VDGLR H GHSRLV FRQVWDWRX VH TXH
HOH WLQKD XPD GRHQoD R VHJXUDGRU SRGH
GL]HU TXH QmR TXHU PDLV R FRQWUDWR TXH
HVWH HVWi URPSLGR TXH QmR SDJDUi D LQGH
QL]DomR H DLQGD LUi FREUDU GR VHJXUDGR R
SUrPLR TXH HVWH GHYLD 4XHU GL]HU WUDWD
VH GH XPD FOiXVXOD IHUR] YLROHQWD FRQWUD
R VHJXUDGR -i GHYHPRV LU SHQVDQGR QD
LQWHUSUHWDomR TXH OKH YDPRV GDU
11. 216 - Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil”
$TXL PH SDUHFH KRXYH XP UHWUR
FHVVR PDV D GRXWULQD H D MXULVSUXGrQ
FLD VDEHUmR GDU R WUDWR DGHTXDGR j TXHV
WmR D ILP GH TXH QmR KDMD PDLRUHV SUH
MXt]RV HP PDWpULD GH WDO LPSRUWkQFLD
2 &yGLJR GLVFLSOLQRX PHOKRU D TXHVWmR
GR DJUDYDPHQWR GR ULVFR (VVH p RXWUR
SRQWR LPSRUWDQWH VH TXDQGR FHOHEUD
PRV R FRQWUDWR GH VHJXUR HVWDEHOHFH
PRV XP HTXLOtEULR HQWUH ULVFR H SUrPLR
LVVR p PXWXDOLGDGH H HVWH FRQWUDWR GH
WUDWR VXFHVVLYR LUi SHUGXUDU VHUi QH
FHVViULR TXH DV SDUWHV QD PHGLGD GR
SRVVtYHO PDQWHQKDP R VWDWXV TXR 2
VHJXUDGR QmR GHYH DJUDYDU RV VHXV ULV
FRV QmR GHYH DXPHQWi ORV VRE SHQD GH
HYHQWXDOPHQWH FDXVDU XP GHVHTXLOtEULR
QR FRQWUDWR 2 &yGLJR GH IDOD QR
DJUDYDPHQWR GR ULVFR H D GRXWULQD H MX
ULVSUXGrQFLD FRQVDJUDUDP R HQWHQGL
PHQWR GH TXH HVVH DJUDYDPHQWR Vy H[
FOXL D LQGHQL]DomR GR VHJXUDGR VH IRU
GH Pi Ip LQWHQFLRQDO 3RU H[HPSOR PRUR
HP XPD FLGDGH SDFDWD GR LQWHULRU H
WHQKD R PHX FDUUR VHJXUDGR Oi 'H UH
SHQWH PXGHL PH SDUD R 5LR GH -DQHLUR
RQGH R URXER H IXUWR GH DXWRPyYHLV VmR
PXLWR JUDQGHV $XPHQWHL R ULVFR PDV
SRU TXDOTXHU UD]mR HVTXHFL PH H QmR
FRPXQLTXHL j 6HJXUDGRUD H GH UHSHQ
WH R PHX FDUUR p URXEDGR $ 6HJXUDGR
UD YDL DOHJDU TXH VH PH PXGHL SDUD R
5LR GH -DQHLUR H QmR FRPXQLTXHL HVWH
IDWR SHUGL R GLUHLWR SRU WHU DJUDYDGR R
ULVFR +i HQWHQGLPHQWR MXULVSUXGHQFLDO
QR VHQWLGR GH Vy DGPLWLU D SHUGD GD LQ
GHQL]DomR TXDQGR R DJUDYDPHQWR GR ULV
FR IRU LQWHQFLRQDO 2 FHUWR VHUi LPHGLD
WDPHQWH FRPXQLFDU R DJUDYDPHQWR GR
ULVFR PDV HVWH Vy H[FOXLUi D LQGHQL]D
omR VH KRXYHU LQWHQFLRQDOLGDGH
$JRUD R DUWLJR p FODUR ´2
VHJXUDGR SHUGHUi R GLUHLWR j JDUDQWLD VH
DJUDYDU LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH R ULVFR REMHWR
GR FRQWUDWRµ 1mR KDYHQGR DJUDYDPHQ
WR LQWHQFLRQDO HYLGHQWHPHQWH QmR KD
YHUi TXH VH IDODU HP SHUGD GD LQGH
QL]DomR
8PD RXWUD QRUPD LPSRUWDQWH H
TXH GH FHUWD PDQHLUD EDWH GH IUHQWH
FRP D MXULVSUXGrQFLD GR 6XSHULRU 7UL
EXQDO GH -XVWLoD p D GR DUWLJR 2V
VHQKRUHV VH OHPEUDP GD TXHVWmR FRQ
WURYHUWLGD FRP UHODomR D VHJXUR GH DXWR
PyYHO VH D LQGHQL]DomR GHYHULD VHU SHOR
SUHoR GH PHUFDGR RX VH SHOR YDORU GD DSy
OLFH (VVD TXHVWmR IRL PXLWR GLVFXWLGD H
Ki UD]}HV SDUD RV GRLV ODGRV $ DOHJDomR
SULQFLSDO p HVWD D LQGHQL]DomR QmR SRGH
VHU PDLRU GR TXH R YDORU GD FRLVD 4XDQ
GR IRL IHLWR R VHJXUR GR DXWRPyYHO R VHX
YDORU HUD FLQTHQWD PLO ² HVVH p R YDORU
GD DSyOLFH ² PDV TXDQGR RFRUUHX R VLQLV
WUR Vy YDOLD TXDUHQWD PLO 4XDO GHYH VHU
R YDORU GD LQGHQL]DomR" &LQTHQWD RX
TXDUHQWD PLO" 3DUD D VHJXUDGRUD TXDUHQ
WD SRUTXH HVWH p R YDORU DWXDO GR EHP
0DV R VHJXUDGR SDJRX R SUrPLR VREUH FLQ
THQWD ,VVR FKHJRX DR 6XSHULRU 7ULEX
QDO GH -XVWLoD TXH LQLFLDOPHQWH HQWHQ
GHX TXH HUD R YDORU GR PHUFDGR H GHSRLV
GHX XPD JXLQDGD HP HPEDUJRV GH GLYHU
JrQFLD HP XP DFyUGmR HP TXH KDYLD HV
WDEHOHFLGR R YDORU GR PHUFDGR 2 UHODWRU
IRL R QRVVR HVWLPDGR 0LQLVWUR :DOGHPDU
=YHLWHU $ SDUWLU GHVVH PRPHQWR R 6XSH
ULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD SDVVRX D HQWHQ
GHU TXH GHYHUi VHU R YDORU GD DSyOLFH
$JRUD WHPRV DTXL R DUWLJR TXH
PH SDUHFH VHU XP REVWiFXOR D HVVH HQ
WHQGLPHQWR 2 DUWLJR GLVS}H ´$ LQGH
QL]DomR QmR SRGH XOWUDSDVVDU R YDORU GR LQWH
UHVVH VHJXUDGR QR PRPHQWR GR VLQLVWUR H
HP KLSyWHVH DOJXPD R OLPLWH Pi[LPR GD JD
UDQWLD IL[DGR QD DSyOLFH VDOYR HP FDVR GH
PRUD GR VHJXUDGRUµ (P FDVR GH PRUD GR
VHJXUDGRU PDQGD VH SDJDU MXURV H FRU
UHomR PRQHWiULD $R TXH WXGR LQGLFD D
GLVFXVVmR VHUi UHLQLFLDGD QR VHQWLGR GH
VDEHU VH HVVD SRVLomR GR 6XSHULRU D SDU
WLU GR &yGLJR QRYR HVWi HP YLJRU RX QmR
7HPRV RXWUD QRUPD LPSRUWDQWH QR
DUWLJR H TXH WDPEpP FRQVDJURX R
HQWHQGLPHQWR SUHGRPLQDQWH $ WHP R VHX
DXWRPyYHO VHJXUDGR YHQGH R SDUD %
WUDQVIHULQGR OKH R VHJXUR 'HSRLV TXH R
DXWRPyYHO Mi HVWi HP SRGHU GH % p URX
EDGR RX IXUWDGR $t R % YHP SHGLU R VHJX
UR PDV D VHJXUDGRUD DOHJD TXH WLQKD VH
JXUR FRP $ H TXH HVWH DR WUDQVIHULU R
DXWRPyYHO VHP QDGD DYLVDU DJUDYRX R ULV
FR UD]mR SHOD TXDO QmR SDJDUi D LQGHQL
]DomR +i QR &yGLJR GH XPD FHUWD
G~YLGD VH HUD RX QmR SRVVtYHO HVVD WUDQV
IHUrQFLD GR VHJXUR +RMH R DUWLJR FRQ
VDJUD R HQWHQGLPHQWR TXH SUHYDOHFHX QD
12. Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil” - 217
GRXWULQD H MXULVSUXGrQFLD ´VDOYR GLVSRVL
omR HP FRQWUiULR DGPLWH VH D WUDQVIHUrQ
FLD GR FRQWUDWR D WHUFHLUR FRP D DOLHQD
omR RX FHVVmR GR LQWHUHVVH VHJXUDGRµ
2XWUD TXHVWmR TXH IRL FRQVWUXomR
GD GRXWULQD H GD MXULVSUXGrQFLD HVWi
FRQVDJUDGD QR DUWLJR D VXE URJD
omR 4XDQGR LQJUHVVHL QD PDJLVWUDWX
UD XPD GDV TXHVW}HV WRUPHQWRVDV HUD
VH R VHJXUDGRU WLQKD RX QmR R GLUHLWR GH
VXE URJDU VH QRV GLUHLWRV GR VHJXUDGR
GHSRLV GH SDJDU D LQGHQL]DomR +DYLD
WHVHV SDUD WRGRV RV ODGRV )LQDOPHQWH D
MXULVSUXGrQFLD GR 67) FULVWDOL]DGD QD
6~PXOD Qž FRQVDJURX R HQWHQGLPHQ
WR GH TXH R VHJXUDGRU VXE URJD VH QR
GLUHLWR GR VHJXUDGR (VVD V~PXOD HVWi
KRMH SRVLWLYDGD QR DUWLJR TXH GLV
S}H ´3DJD D LQGHQL]DomR R VHJXUDGRU
VXE URJD VH QRV OLPLWHV GR YDORU UHVSHF
WLYR QRV GLUHLWRV H Do}HV TXH FRPSHWL
UHP DR VHJXUDGR FRQWUD R DXWRU GR GDQRµ
2 SDUiJUDIR SULPHLUR WHP XPD FHUWD H[
FHomR TXH QmR QRV LQWHUHVVD QR PRPHQ
WR 2V DUWLJRV H WUDWDUDP GH GXDV
TXHVW}HV WRUPHQWRVDV QR VHJXUR GH UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH FLYLO Ki XPD FRUUHQWH TXH
Ki PXLWR WHPSR YLQKD GHIHQGHQGR D DG
PLVVLELOLGDGH GD DomR GLUHWD GR WHUFHLUR
FRQWUD R VHJXUDGRU 8PD SHVVRD WHP
VHJXUR GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH FLYLO FRP
UHODomR DR VHX DXWRPyYHO EDWH HP DO
JXpP H GH UHSHQWH HVVH TXH FDXVRX R
DFLGHQWH QmR WHP FRQGLo}HV GH UHSDUDU
R GDQR PDV R VHJXUDGRU WHP (QWmR D
TXHVWmR p HVVD VH D YtWLPD VH R WHUFHL
UR TXH VRIUHX R SUHMXt]R SRGHULD PRYHU
DomR LQGHQL]DWyULD GLUHWDPHQWH FRQWUD
R VHJXUDGRU +i PXLWR WHPSR TXH HVVD
LGpLD YHP VHQGR WUDEDOKDGD QR VHQWLGR
GH TXH SRGH 2 &yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU
GHX XP SDVVR DYDQoDGR HPERUD QmR
SHUPLWD D GHQXQFLDomR GD OLGH DR VHJX
UDGRU SRUTXH VHQmR HOH YHP SDUD FRP
SOLFDU R SURFHVVR SHUPLWH WRGDYLD R
FKDPDPHQWR DR SURFHVVR ( VH HOH p
FKDPDGR D H[HFXomR SRGH VHU IHLWD GL
UHWDPHQWH FRQWUD R VHJXUDGRU (UD D
RSRUWXQLGDGH GH VH GDU XP SDVVR H GH VH
HVWDEHOHFHU D DomR GLUHWD FRQWUD R VH
JXUDGRU QR FDVR GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH FL
YLO 2 DUWLJR QmR R IH] GLVSRQGR R
VHJXLQWH ´1R VHJXUR GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH
FLYLO R VHJXUDGRU JDUDQWH R SDJDPHQWR GH
SHUGDV H GDQRV GHYLGRV SHOR VHJXUDGR D
WHUFHLURµ 1RV SDUiJUDIRV ž ž ž H ž
HVWDEHOHFH XPD VpULH GH H[LJrQFLDV SDUD
TXH R VHJXUDGR QmR SHUFD HVVH GLUHLWR
1R DUWLJR HQWUHWDQWR DGPLWLX
D DomR GLUHWD QR FDVR GH VHJXUR REULJD
WyULR PDV QmR QR FDVR GR VHJXUR GH UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH FLYLO ´1RV VHJXURV GH UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGH OHJDOPHQWH REULJDWyULRV D
LQGHQL]DomR SRU VLQLVWURV VHUi SDJD SHOR
VHJXUDGRU GLUHWDPHQWH DR WHUFHLUR SUH
MXGLFDGRµ ( HVVD p D QRUPD TXH PH SD
UHFH GHYHULD HVWDU Oi QR DUWLJR WDP
EpP 6HULD XP DYDQoR HOLPLQDULD XPD
FDUUDGD GH Do}HV TXH DLQGD KRMH DFRQ
WHFHP R TXH GH FHUWD PDQHLUD QD SUi
WLFD PXLWDV VHJXUDGRUDV Mi ID]HP
4XDQGR RFRUUH R DFLGHQWH R YHtFXOR p
HQFDPLQKDGR SDUD XPD RILFLQD DXWRUL
]DGD H DOL FRQVHUWDGR GLUHWDPHQWH
&RP UHODomR DR VHJXUR GH SHVVRDV
JRVWDULD GH GHVWDFDU DSHQDV GRLV GLVSR
VLWLYRV R SULPHLUR GHOHV p R DUWLJR
TXH WDPEpP p XPD FRQVDJUDomR QD OHL
GDTXLOR TXH IRL FRQVWUXtGR SHOD MXULVSUX
GrQFLD 4XDQGR HQWUHL QD PDJLVWUDWX
UD VH DOJXpP IL]HVVH XP VHJXUR GH YLGD
SDUD D VXD FRQFXELQD TXH HUD XP SDOD
YUmR QmR WHULD YDOLGDGH &RQVWUXLX VH
GHEDWHX VH GLVFXWLX VH H D MXULVSUXGrQ
FLD SUDWLFDPHQWH Vy QmR DGPLWH FRPR
EHQHILFLiULD GR VHJXUR D DPDQWH 0DV
QR FDVR GH FRPSDQKHLUD GH FRQYLYrQ
FLD DGPLWH VH WUDQTLODPHQWH R VHJXUR
HP VHX IDYRU 2 DUWLJR DJRUD FRQVD
JUD HVVD UHJUD ´e YiOLGD D LQVWLWXLomR
GR FRPSDQKHLUR FRPR EHQHILFLiULR VH DR
WHPSR GR FRQWUDWR R VHJXUDGR HUD VHSD
UDGR MXGLFLDOPHQWH RX Mi VH HQFRQWUDYD
VHSDUDGR GH IDWRµ 1mR SUHFLVD QHP VHU
D XQLmR HVWiYHO 6H KRXYHU VHSDUDomR GH
IDWR VHUi YiOLGD D LQVWLWXLomR YDL GHVD
SDUHFHU GR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO SRUWDQWR R
DUWLJR GR &yGLJR GH TXH GLV
S}H ´QmR VH SRGH LQVWLWXLU EHQHILFLiULR
SHVVRD TXH IRU OHJDOPHQWH LQLELGD H UH
FHEHU D GRDomR GR VHJXUDGRµ
3RU ~OWLPR JRVWDULD GH GHVWDFDU R
DUWLJR PXLWR FXULRVR SRLV DJRUD YD
13. 218 - Anais do “EMERJ Debate o Novo Código Civil”
PRV WHU VXLFtGLR FRP SUD]R GH FDUrQFLD
2V VHQKRUHV VDEHP TXH FRP UHODomR DR
VXLFtGLR D MXULVSUXGrQFLD WDQWR GR 6X
SUHPR FRPR GR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XV
WLoD HQWHQGHX TXH Vy QmR p GHYLGD D LQ
GHQL]DomR VH VH WUDWDU GH VXLFtGLR SUH
PHGLWDGR e UDUtVVLPR R FDVR GH VXLFtGLR
SUHPHGLWDGR 4XDVH VHPSUH p IUXWR GH
GHSUHVVmR H SRU LVVR D LQGHQL]DomR p
VHPSUH GHYLGD DWp SRUTXH SURYDU D SUH
PHGLWDomR QmR p IiFLO (VVD SURYD FDEH
ULD DR VHJXUDGRU 2 DUWLJR GLVS}H R
VHJXLQWH ´2 EHQHILFLiULR QmR WHP GLUHL
WR DR FDSLWDO HVWLSXODGR TXDQGR R VHJX
UDGR VH VXLFLGD QRV SULPHLURV GRLV DQRV
GH YLJrQFLD LQLFLDO GR FRQWUDWR RX GD VXD
UHFRQGXomR GHSRLV GH VXVSHQVR REVHU
YDGR R GLVSRVWR QR SDUiJUDIR ~QLFR GR
DUWLJR DQWHFHGHQWHµ 6H D ILQDOLGDGH DTXL
HUD DIDVWDU D SUHPHGLWDomR DFDERX VH
HVWDEHOHFHQGR DSHQDV XP SUD]R PDLRU
GH SUHPHGLWDomR $JRUD VHUi SUHFLVR SOD
QHMDU XP VXLFtGLR FRP QR PtQLPR GRLV
DQRV GH DQWHFHGrQFLD 6H p FXULRVR RX
QmR p R TXH HVWi HVFULWR DTXL 2 OHJLVOD
GRU HQWHQGHX TXH QLQJXpP YDL SUHPH
GLWDU XP VXLFtGLR FRP GRLV DQRV GH DQ
WHFHGrQFLD GH VRUWH TXH VH R VXLFtGLR
RFRUUHU GRLV DQRV DSyV R VHJXUR SUHVX
PH VH TXH QmR IRL SUHPHGLWDGR 0DV VH
RFRUUHU DQWHV DLQGD TXH VHMD XP LQIH
OL] FRP SURIXQGD GHSUHVVmR HP XP HV
WDGR GH DOXFLQDomR HWF PHVPR DVVLP
VH DSOLFDUPRV D OHL FRPR HVWi HVFULWR
QmR KDYHUi LQGHQL]DomR e FODUR TXH DTXL
WDPEpP YDPRV WHU TXH ID]HU GLVWLQomR
FDGD FDVR p XP FDVR 6H HYLGHQFLDGR TXH
R VXLFtGLR GHFRUUHX GH XPD VLWXDomR GH
DQJ~VWLD GH DIOLomR GH SHUWXUEDomR GH
GHSUHVVmR GHYLGD VHUi D LQGHQL]DomR
7DOYH] VHUi FDVR GH VH LQYHUWHU R {QXV
GD SURYD 'XUDQWH HVVHV GRLV DQRV WHUi
TXH VH SURYDU TXH R VXLFtGLR QmR IRL SUH
PHGLWDGR 'HSRLV GH GRLV DQRV KDYHUi
XPD SUHVXQomR DEVROXWD GH TXH R VXLFt
GLR QmR IRL SUHPHGLWDGR $ LQWHUSUHWDomR
TXH IDoR GHVGH DJRUD p TXH QHVVH SHUt
RGR GH GRLV DQRV VHUi SUHFLVR SURYDU TXH
R VXLFtGLR QmR IRL SUHPHGLWDGR 'HSRLV
GRV GRLV DQRV KDYHUi SUHVXQomR DEVROX
WD GH TXH QmR KRXYH SUHPHGLWDomR
(QFHUUR UHODWDQGR D KLVWyULD GH XP
PHQLQR TXH PRUDYD QR LQWHULRU GH 0L
QDV *HUDLV H TXH XP GLD YHLR SDVVHDU
QR 5LR GH -DQHLUR FRP D VXD PmH RQGH
WHYH D RSRUWXQLGDGH GH FRQKHFHU R PDU
)RL XP GHVOXPEUDPHQWR %ULQFRX QD
SUDLD FDWRX FRQFKLQKDV SXORX RQGDV H
TXDQGR UHWRUQRX D VXD FLGDGH]LQKD QD
WDO UHODWRX HPSROJDGR DR VHX DY{ D VXD
QRYD DYHQWXUD ( WHUPLQRX R VHX UHODWR
ID]HQGR XPD SHUJXQWD YRY{ YRFr WDP
EpP FRQKHFH R PDU" (OH TXH HUD XP YH
OKR PDUXMR FRP PDLV GH WULQWD DQRV GH
QDYHJDomR DR VH UHOHPEUDU HP XP LQV
WDQWH GDV VXDV SURIXQGDV H[SHULrQFLDV
FRP R RFHDQR UHVSRQGHX FRP FHUWD LQ
VHJXUDQoD TXH WDPEpP FRQKHFLD R PDU
8P QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO p XP RFHDQR
SRLV DTXL HVWi WRGD D HVWUXWXUD GD RUGHP
MXUtGLFD EUDVLOHLUD (VWRX TXHUHQGR GL]HU
TXH HVVH RFHDQR TXH HVWi DTXL GLDQWH GH
WRGRV QyV SRGH VHU FRQKHFLGR GH GXDV
PDQHLUDV SRGH VHU FRQKHFLGR FRPR SRU
DTXHOH PHQLQR TXH EULQFRX QD SUDLD H
LPDJLQRX TXH FRQKHFLD R PDU H SRGH VHU
FRQKHFLGR FRPR SRU DTXHOH PDUXMR TXH
QDYHJRX WULQWD DQRV QR RFHDQR HQIUHQ
WRX WRGR WLSR GH WHPSHVWDGH H DLQGD WL
QKD FHUWD LQVHJXUDQoD DR GL]HU TXH FR
QKHFLD R PDU 7RGRV QyV WHUHPRV TXH
QDYHJDU QHVVH QRYR RFHDQR H LVVR FRPH
oDUi QR GLD TXH HVVH &yGLJR HQWUDU HP
YLJRU 3RGHUHPRV ILFDU QD SUDLD EULQFDQ
GR RX SRGHUHPRV LQLFLDU XPD YLDJHP IDQ
WiVWLFD H TXH QmR WHUi ILP 2 REMHWLYR GD
(0(5- p HVWLPXODU D WRGRV D TXH FRQKH
oDPRV SURIXQGDPHQWH HVVH &yGLJR H SRV
VDPRV DVVLP GDU D HOH D DSOLFDomR TXH
HOH PHUHFH 2EULJDGR SHOD DWHQomR